Analyse de l’interaction entraîneur-sportifs. Analyse qualitative exploratoire d’un modèle original

Poster (2012, May)

Notre démarche, novatrice, s’inscrit dans une orientation sociale de la psychologie du sport. Selon Brown (2006), la psychologie sociale correspond à la compréhension d’un comportement individuel dans un ... [more ▼]

Notre démarche, novatrice, s’inscrit dans une orientation sociale de la psychologie du sport. Selon Brown (2006), la psychologie sociale correspond à la compréhension d’un comportement individuel dans un contexte social. La psychologie du sport, elle, se définit comme « l’étude de l’effet des facteurs psychologiques et émotionnels sur les performances et de l’influence de la pratique sportive sur ces mêmes facteurs » (Cox, 2005, p. 14). Notre objectif consistait à déterminer le lien entre, d’une part, ce que les coaches définissent comme leur(s) priorité(s) d’actions, ce qu’ils font concrètement et comment le vivent les sportifs et, d’autre part, ce qu’attendent ces derniers. Il s’agissait également de déterminer comment le lien entre ces quatre aspects influe sur la performance et comment la performance agit en retour sur ces aspects. Afin de développer une méthodologie rigoureuse, nous avons élaboré un modèle qui a servi de cadre de référence pour la collecte de données au sein de trois équipes de basket-ball de 1ère régionale féminine wallonne (deuxième niveau hiérarchique belge). Dans chaque site, nous avons sollicité à la fois les joueuses et les entraîneurs (interviews, focus group, observations et questionnaires). Dans la première équipe, un net décalage est mis en évidence entre le projet du coach, celui des joueuses et les moyens dont dispose le club. Il se manifeste par des comportements contradictoires et ambivalents entre joueuses et entraîneur, ce qui semble impacter considérablement la performance. La seconde équipe s’inscrit dans un cadre particulier (école de formation ne pouvant connaître ni promotion ni relégation). La jeunesse des joueuses et le style de coaching vécu comme oppressant par les plus jeunes débouche sur un climat susceptible de limiter la performance. Enfin, la troisième équipe se situe largement en-dessous du niveau attendu. Les joueuses composent avec un entraîneur démissionnaire et un préparateur physique porté aux nues dont le comportement est décrit comme affectif et protecteur. Ce constat fait obstacle à une vision objective des acteurs sur les résultats. Ces résultats plaident en faveur du modèle proposé et pour un approfondissement de l’étude des liens entre dimensions organisationnelle, groupale et individuelle dans l’étude de la performance sportive collective. [less ▲]

LARGE PENETRATION OF DISTRIBUTED PRODUCTIONS: DYNAMIC LINE RATING AND FLEXIBLE GENERATION, A MUST REGARDING INVESTMENT STRATEGY AND NETWORK RELIABILITY

Conference (2012, May)

Dynamic Line Rating (DLR), a.k.a determining the maximum rating of overhead lines based on real-time weather parameters has the potential to significantly increase the power transport & distribution ... [more ▼]

Dynamic Line Rating (DLR), a.k.a determining the maximum rating of overhead lines based on real-time weather parameters has the potential to significantly increase the power transport & distribution capacity of the grid in favorable weather conditions. Combining active network management (curtailable generation) with DLR as trigger offers a solution out-there for the <br />system operator that combines technical feasibility, adequate implementation timing and economic viability. Flexible generation being already in use on the ELIA network, the potential benefits of using it in conjunction with DLR will be analyzed. [less ▲]

Expression of specific pathways in the inflamed synovial membrane of osteoarthritis patient: Identification of new potential key intermediates

in Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (2012, April), 20(Supplement 1), 56

Purpose: Synovitis is a key factor in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology, contributing to both patient symptoms and disease progression. In this study, using an original methodology comparing normal ... [more ▼]

Purpose: Synovitis is a key factor in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology, contributing to both patient symptoms and disease progression. In this study, using an original methodology comparing normal/reactive (N/R) and inflammatory (I) synovial membranes zones, we investigated the gene expression profiles of synovial cells from these areas and identified differentially regulated pathways. Methods: Synovial cells (SC) were isolated from OA synovial specimens obtained from 12 patients undergoing knee replacement. The inflammatory status of the synovial membrane was characterized by the surgeon according to macroscopic criteria including the synovial vascularization, the villi formation and the hypertrophic aspect of the tissue. At the surgery time, the synovial membrane was dissected and biopsies from N/R and I areas cultured separately for a period of 7 days. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit. RNA purity and quality were evaluated using the Experion RNA StdSens Analysis kit (Bio-rad Laboratories). Gene expression profiling between N/R and I areas was performed using Illumina’s multi-sample format Human HT-12 BeadChip (Illumina Inc.). Differential analysis was performed with the BRB array tools software. Class Comparison test between N/R and I areas was based on paired t-test where N/R and I were paired for each patient. The biological relevance of up- and down-regulated genes was analyses with Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (Ingenuity® Systems). Western blot was performed to confirm certain intermediate expression. Results: From among 47000 probes, 17500 were filtered out. Probes with a p-value below than 0.005 were chosen and classified as up- or down-regulated ones. By this way, 896 differentially expressed genes between N/R and I zones were identified. Among these, 576 genes were upregulated (I/NR > 1.5) and 320 downregulated (I/NR < 0.75). With Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, a significant number of the top ranking differentially expressed genes were identified as inflammatory, Wnt and angiogenic pathways. Interleukin (IL)-6 and -8, chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL16) and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) were identified as the most upregulated in I zones in the inflammatory pathway. Interestingly, the alarmin S100A9 was found strongly upregulated in this pathway. Wnt5A and LRP (Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) 5 were upregulated whereas FZD (Frizzled homolog) 2 and DKK (dickkopf homolog) 3 were downregulated in the Wnt signaling pathway. Finally, stanniocalcin (STC)-1, an intermediate in angiogenesis was identified as the most upregulated gene in I zones compared to N/R zones. This difference of expression was confirmed at the protein level. Conclusions: Using a unique culture system, this study is the first to identify different expression pattern between two areas of synovial membrane from the same OA patient. These differences concern several key pathways involved in OA pathogenesis, i.e. inflammation, Wnt and angiogenesis. This analysis also provided interesting information regarding new potent intermediates as S100A9 and STC-1. They could be potential targets for chondroitin sulfate, one of the most used molecules in the management of OA. New experiments are being perfomed at the moment to elucidate the potential effect of this molecule on these specific differentially expressed genes in the same culture system. [less ▲]

A plant's perspective of extremes: Terrestrial plant responses to changing climatic variability

in Global Change Biology (2012)

We review observational, experimental and model results on how plants respond to extreme climatic conditions induced by changing climatic variability. Distinguishing between impacts of changing mean ... [more ▼]

We review observational, experimental and model results on how plants respond to extreme climatic conditions induced by changing climatic variability. Distinguishing between impacts of changing mean climatic conditions and changing climatic variability on terrestrial ecosystems is generally underrated in current studies. The goals of our review are thus (1) to identify plant processes that are vulnerable to changes in the variability of climatic variables rather than to changes in their mean, and (2) to depict/evaluate available study designs to quantify responses of plants to changing climatic variability. We find that phenology is largely affected by changing mean climate but also that impacts of climatic variability are much less studied but potentially damaging. We note that plant water relations seem to be very vulnerable to extremes driven by changes in temperature and precipitation and that heatwaves and flooding have stronger impacts on physiological processes than changing mean climate. Moreover, interacting phenological and physiological processes are likely to further complicate plant responses to changing climatic variability. Phenological and physiological processes and their interactions culminate in even more sophisticated responses to changing mean climate and climatic variability at the species and community level. Generally, observational studies are well suited to study plant responses to changing mean climate, but less suitable to gain a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to climatic variability. Experiments seem best suited to simulate extreme events. In models, temporal resolution and model structure are crucial to capture plant responses to changing climatic variability. We highlight that a combination of experimental, observational and /or modeling studies have the potential to overcome important caveats of the respective individual approaches. [less ▲]

Observation of incretin effects during enteral feed transitions of critically ill patients

in e-SPEN Journal (2012), 7(4), 154-159

Background & aims: Critically ill patients are regularly feed via constant enteral (EN) nutrition infusions. However, the incretin effect or its impact on endogenous insulin concentration remains unclear ... [more ▼]

Background & aims: Critically ill patients are regularly feed via constant enteral (EN) nutrition infusions. However, the incretin effect or its impact on endogenous insulin concentration remains unclear. This study determines whether there is an EN-driven incretin effect in critically ill patients requiring glycaemic control. Methods: Clinically validated, model-based time-variant insulin sensitivity (S I) profiles were identified for 52 non-diabetic patients on Specialized Relative Insulin Nutrition Titration (SPRINT) glycaemic control during transitions off EN (ON/OFF), and back on to EN (OFF/ON). Incretin effects were observable via increased modelled S I after the OFF/ON transition or a decreased S I after the ON/OFF transition. Results: Patients exhibited a median -36% (IQR -82% to 24% p = 0.001) reduction after the ON/OFF feed transition, and a median of +32% (IQR -5% to 53%, p = 0.05) rise in measured S I after the OFF/ON transition. However, 32% of patients exhibited increased S I at the OFF/ON transition, and 37% exhibited reduced S I at the ON/OFF transition. The results are likely due to changes in patient condition over the 5-8 h considered outweighing this effect. Blood glucose was the same during both transitions with median shifts of -2% and -3% after the ON/OFF, and OFF/ON transitions (p > 0.5), respectively. Conclusions: Results imply a significant incretin effect is observed at a cohort level. The impact was stronger for the OFF/ON transition indicating that this effect may be blunted by long-term continuous EN infusions. These results provide the data to design conclusive studies, and to inform glycaemic control protocol development and implementation. © 2012 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. [less ▲]

Gliptin versus a sulphonylurea as add-on to metformin.

in Lancet (2012), 380

Genetic correlations of days open with production traits and contents in milk of major fatty acids predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry.

in Journal of Dairy Science (2012), 95(10), 6113-21

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic relationships between days open (DO) and both milk production traits and fatty acid (FA) content in milk predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry. The ... [more ▼]

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic relationships between days open (DO) and both milk production traits and fatty acid (FA) content in milk predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry. The edited data set included 143,332 FA and production test-day records and 29,792 DO records from 29,792 cows in 1,170 herds. (Co)variances were estimated using a series of 2-trait models that included a random regression for milk production and FA traits. In contrast to the genetic correlations with fat content, those between DO and FA content in milk changed considerably over the lactation. The genetic correlations with DO for unsaturated FA, monounsaturated FA, long-chain FA, C18:0, and C18:1 cis-9 were positive in early lactation but negative after 100 d in milk. For the other FA, genetic correlations with DO were negative across the whole lactation. At 5 d in milk, the genetic correlation between DO and C18:1 cis-9 was 0.39, whereas the genetic correlations between DO and C6:0 to C16:0 FA ranged from -0.37 to -0.23. These results substantiated the known relationship between fertility and energy balance status, explained by the release of long-chain FA in early lactation, from the mobilization of body fat reserves, and the consequent inhibition of de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland. At 200 d in milk, the genetic correlations between DO and FA content ranged from -0.38 for C18:1 cis-9 to -0.03 for C6:0. This research indicates an opportunity to use FA content in milk as an indicator trait to supplement the prediction of genetic merit for fertility. [less ▲]

Entrepreneuriat social : définitions, ressorts et défis

in Bayle, Emmanuel; Dupuis, Jean-Claude (Eds.) Management des entreprises de l'économie sociale et solidaire (2012)

L'entrepreneuriat social est un concept en vogue depuis une dizaine d’années. Souvent illustré par des « success stories » provenant des quatre coins du monde dans divers secteurs (santé, éducation ... [more ▼]

L'entrepreneuriat social est un concept en vogue depuis une dizaine d’années. Souvent illustré par des « success stories » provenant des quatre coins du monde dans divers secteurs (santé, éducation, finance, culture, etc.), le concept s'impose progressivement dans le monde de l'entreprise, ainsi que dans les sphères académiques et politiques (Boschee 2006; Light 2008; Nicholls 2006b; Nyssens 2006). En plus de transformer les marchés existants, l'entrepreneuriat social a aussi contribué à créer de nouveaux marchés et de nouvelles niches, dans des domaines tels que le commerce équitable (Huybrechts 2012; Nicholls 2010a) ou la micro-finance (Armendáriz de Aghion & Morduch 2005; Battilana & Dorado 2010). Cette dernière est souvent présentée comme le porte-drapeau de l'entrepreneuriat social, notamment depuis que la Grameen Bank et son fondateur Mohammed Yunus se sont vu décerner le Prix Nobel de la Paix. Pratiquement absents des recherches universitaires avant la fin des années 90, l'entrepreneuriat social et les entreprises sociales sont devenus des thèmes de recherche importants depuis lors (Dacin et al. 2010; Defourny & Nyssens 2008b; Fayolle & Matlay 2010; Short et al. 2009), comme en témoigne le nombre croissant d'articles et de livres qui y sont consacrés . Des numéros spéciaux de différents journaux ont mis l'accent sur l'entrepreneuriat social et au moins deux nouveaux journaux ont vu le jour pour traiter spécifiquement de cette thématique et de sujets proches . Bien qu'il soit généralement bien admis que l'entrepreneuriat social et les entreprises sociales restent des notions fort contextuelles – donc contestables – qui peuvent être interprétées de différentes manières suivant l'idéologie et les objectifs des institutions qui les utilisent (Dart 2004; Dey & Steyaert 2010; Nicholls 2010c), certains traits communs commencent néanmoins à faire consensus au sein de la communauté scientifique. Le but de la première section est de présenter et de définir la notion d'entrepreneuriat social. Ensuite, l’entrepreneuriat social est comparé à d’autres notions proches mais néanmoins distinctes. La troisième section se penche sur les origines et les motivations de l'entrepreneuriat social dans une perspective historique. Dans la quatrième section, nous proposons quelques pistes pour mesurer l’ampleur du phénomène. Finalement, les conclusions de ce chapitre évoquent un certain nombre de défis à relever pour les acteurs de terrain, le monde politique et les chercheurs. [less ▲]

Genetic parameters of milk production traits and fatty acid contents in milk for Holstein cows in parity 1 – 3

in Journal of Animal Breeding & Genetics (2012)

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein contents, somatic cell count, and 17 groups and individual milk fatty acid (FA) contents ... [more ▼]

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein contents, somatic cell count, and 17 groups and individual milk fatty acid (FA) contents predicted by mid-infrared spectrometry for first-, second- and third-parity Holstein cows. Edited data included records collected in the Walloon region of Belgium from 37 768 cows in parity 1, 22 566 cows in parity 2 and 8221 in parity 3. A total of 69 (23 traits for three parities) single-trait random regression animal test-day models were run. Approximate genetic correlations among traits were inferred from pairwise regressions among estimated breeding values of cow having observations. Heritability and genetic correlation estimates from this study reflected the origins of FA: de novo synthetized or originating from the diet and the body fat mobilization. Averaged daily heritabilities of FA contents in milk ranged between 0.18 and 0.47. Average daily genetic correlations (averaged across days in milk and parities) among groups and individual FA contents in milk ranged between 0.31 and 0.99. The genetic variability of FAs in combination with the moderate to high heritabilities indicated that FA contents in milk could be changed by genetic selection; however, desirable direction of change in these traits remains unclear and should be defined with respect to all issues of importance related to milk FA. [less ▲]

Genetics of the mid-infrared predicted lactoferrin content in milk of dairy cows

Conference (2012)