Role limite des medicaments hypoglycemiants oraux dans le diabete de type 1.

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2013), 68(1), 16-21

Management of type 1 diabetes essentially relies upon intensive insulin therapy adjusted according to careful home blood glucose monitoring. The potential role of oral antidiabetic agents is controversial ... [more ▼]

Management of type 1 diabetes essentially relies upon intensive insulin therapy adjusted according to careful home blood glucose monitoring. The potential role of oral antidiabetic agents is controversial and what so ever is limited in type 1 diabetes. Nevertheless, metformin may still be useful in the presence of obesity and/or insulin resistance while acarbose could reduce the amplitude of glycaemic fluetuations, namely postprandial hyperglycaemia and late postmeal glycaemic nadir. Both drugs may also minimize weight gain that results from intensive insulin therapy. Finally, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (glitpins), by inhibiting glucagon secretion, and inhibitors of renal SGLT2 cotransporters, thus promoting glucosuria independently of insulin, might also be beneficial in type 1 diabetes, although specific studies are still ongoing to verify this hypothesis. [less ▲]

Metformin revisited: A critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes.

in Diabètes & Métabolism (2013)

Metformin is unanimously considered a first-line glucose-lowering agent. Theoretically, however, it cannot be prescribed in a large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes because of numerous ... [more ▼]

Metformin is unanimously considered a first-line glucose-lowering agent. Theoretically, however, it cannot be prescribed in a large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes because of numerous contraindications that could lead to an increased risk of lactic acidosis. Various observational data from real-life have shown that many diabetic patients considered to be at risk still receive metformin and often without appropriate dose adjustment, yet apparently with no harm done and particularly no increased risk of lactic acidosis. More interestingly, recent data have suggested that type 2 diabetes patients considered at risk because of the presence of traditional contraindications may still derive benefit from metformin therapy with reductions in morbidity and mortality compared with other glucose-lowering agents, especially sulphonylureas. The present review analyzes the benefit-risk balance of metformin therapy in special populations, namely, patients with stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, renal impairment or chronic kidney disease, hepatic dysfunction and chronic respiratory insufficiency, all conditions that could in theory increase the risk of lactic acidosis. Special attention is also paid to elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, a population that is growing rapidly, as older patients can accumulate several comorbidities classically considered contraindications to the use of metformin. A review of the recent scientific literature suggests that reassessment of the contraindications of metformin is now urgently needed to prevent physicians from prescribing the most popular glucose-lowering therapy in everyday clinical practice outside of the official recommendations. [less ▲]

Preliminary data on Viséan (Carboniferous) corals and brachiopods from the strata between the Djebel Begaa and the Gara et Itima (Eastern Tafilalt, Morocco)

in Document de l'Institut Scientifique, rabat (2013), 27

Etude rétrospective de 438 salariés diabétiques dans un service interentreprises luxembourgeois de santé au travail - Enquête sur la relation entre la maladie diabétique et la survenue d'une décision d'inaptitude, d'un arrêt maladie prolongé ou d'un accident de travail.

in Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l'Environnement (2013), In press

A retrospective study was carried out from October 2004 until September 2006 in a Luxembourger occupational health service. The purposes of the medical checks performed during this period of time were ... [more ▼]

A retrospective study was carried out from October 2004 until September 2006 in a Luxembourger occupational health service. The purposes of the medical checks performed during this period of time were analysed as well as the related decision of occupational health practitioners. A total of 28244 persons attended the medical checks thereof 438 had diabetes (diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2). The risk of being declared unfit for a job was compared in workers populations with and without diabetes. The probabilities to consult an occupational practitioner after a long-time sick leave (more than 6 weeks long) or after an accident at work were also compared in both workers populations. The Woolf’s method was used to adjust all odds ratios for age and sex. The proportions of persons with diabetes appear similar to those found by age in the general population, however the risk of being declared unfit for a job was significantly higher for persons with diabetic than for non-diabetic persons (OR=3.14 ; 95% CI [2.30 - 4.28]). In 84% cases, diabetes wasn’t the only cause of unfitness (comorbidities, vascular complications…). Diabetes represented a higher risk of a long time sick leave (OR=1.99 ; 95% CI [1.44 - 2.77]), but it didn’t lead to an significant risk of accident at work (OR=1.92 ; 95% CI [0.94 - 2.26]). Our results suggest that several employees with diabetes seemed to be restricted from certain jobs or couldn’t maintain their jobs. Most often, the occupational practitioners decisions were not solely justified by the diabetes but by the coexistence of complications or comorbidities. This last argument, associated with an increased risk to be on sick leave for a long period, stresses the importance of the preventive actions in diabetes. However, the prejudice of a higher risk of occupational accidents due to diabetics seems unfounded. [less ▲]

Stockage de carbone et flux de gaz à effet de serre en prairie (synthèse bibliographique)

in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2013), 17(1), 103-117

Grassland carbon (C) sequestration can play an important role in mitigating total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of livestock production systems. An accurate inventory of livestock production system ... [more ▼]

Grassland carbon (C) sequestration can play an important role in mitigating total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of livestock production systems. An accurate inventory of livestock production system contribution to GHG emissions requires to think in terms of global budget, by considering both the GHG sources and the mitigation potential trough grassland soil carbon sequestration. There is a huge variability in C and GHG balances of grasslands that is mainly due to management practices and climatic conditions. The present article shows that, to reduce the uncertainties of the results, long term measurements at the field scale are necessary. Also, it shows the importance of taking the fluxes of the three main GHGs (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane) into account when calculating the GHG budget. This article also highlights the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms driving the fluxes, in relation to environmental factors and management practices, in order to propose mitigation strategies able to enhance soil carbon sequestration in soils and to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. [less ▲]

Preserved automatic inhibition effect after 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area

Poster (2013)

Background: It is widely accepted that medial frontal regions are involved in voluntary action control. Indeed, Sumner et al. (2007) have recently suggested that one of the mechanisms through which the ... [more ▼]

Background: It is widely accepted that medial frontal regions are involved in voluntary action control. Indeed, Sumner et al. (2007) have recently suggested that one of the mechanisms through which the supplementary motor area (SMA) contributes to voluntary control is automatic and unconscious motor inhibition. In this study, they administered a visuo-motor subliminal masked prime task (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 2003) to two patients with micro-lesions of the SMA and demonstrated an absence of automatic and unconscious inhibition as evoked by masked prime stimuli. This finding has been supported by neuroimaging data (D'Ostilio et al., 2012). Here, the aim of our research was to corroborate this result by means of a “virtual lesion” approach. Methods: For this purpose, we examined the effects of 1 Hz rTMS (train of 20 min; stimulus intensity 120 % of resting motor threshold) over the SMA of ten healthy volunteers, previously localized by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), on reaction time (RT) performance in the subliminal masked prime task. The functional localizer experiment consisted of four blocks of sequential finger tapping and 15 s of rest after each block. Imaging data were analyzed with SPM 8 and then were imported into the Brainsight software version 2.1.5. With such system, we were able to navigate across the subjects’ brain. The peak voxel in the SMA for each subject (at a statistical threshold of p < 0.05 uncorrected) was used as a target point for the rTMS session. Results: The mean motor threshold was 50.9 % of maximal stimulator output (SD: ± 4.86 %). Wilcoxon tests showed a significant effect of compatibility on RTs (sham: Z = 2.7, p = 0.007; rTMS: Z = 2.8, p = 0.005) and accuracy rate (sham: Z = 2.5, p = 0.01; rTMS: Z = 2.1, p = 0.03), subjects being slower and making more errors in compatible trials (sham: 391.64 ± 52 ms, 87.3 % of accuracy; rTMS: 396.66 ± 37 ms, 86.3 % of accuracy) in comparison to incompatible trials (sham: 357.45 ± 36 ms, 92.5 % of accuracy; rTMS: 356.25 ± 28 ms, 92.7 % of accuracy), suggesting motor inhibition. However, this NCE was preserved after rTMS over the SMA (RTs: Z = 0.87, p = 0.39; accuracy rate: Z = 0.71, p = 0.47). Conclusions: We conclude that long trains of low intensity 1 Hz rTMS did not affect the modulation of RT by subliminal stimuli, suggesting that the SMA might not be mandatory for the implementation of this automatic process. The limitation of this study is relative to the neural efficacy argument because we are not sure that TMS was strong enough to disturb the redundant organizational processing in the SMA or that other regions were not able to compensate for the virtually lesioned area. [less ▲]

Reproductive and productive performances of the stress-negative Piétrain pigs in the tropics: the case of Vietnam

in Animal Production Science (2013), 53(2), 173-179

The objective of the present study is to investigate the reproduction, production and semen traits of the stressnegative Piétrain line of pigs in the north of Vietnam, as well as to identify various ... [more ▼]

The objective of the present study is to investigate the reproduction, production and semen traits of the stressnegative Piétrain line of pigs in the north of Vietnam, as well as to identify various factors (halothane genotype, generationorigin, parity, sex and month of the year) acting on these traits. The experiment was carried out on a purebred nucleus on Dong Hiep farm, Haiphong province in Vietnam. The reproduction performances and the sperm quality measures were based on 12 sows and 5 boars imported from Belgium as well as on 29 sows and 14 boars born in Vietnam, while the production performances were recorded only from 251 animals born in Vietnam. No significant differences were observed between halothane genotypes of sows for reproduction traits (P>0.0578). At the age of 7.5 months, bodyweight, backfat thickness and longissimus depth (7.5) of homozygous-dominant pigs were higher (P<0.05) than in heterozygotes. Homozygous-dominant boars had higher total number of spermatozoa than heterozygote boars (P < 0.05); similarly, Vietnam boars also presented higher total number of spermatozoa values than Belgium boars (P < 0.001). Vietnam sows had longer duration of pregnancy, more piglets born alive and heavier litter weight of weaning than Belgium sows (P < 0.01). Bodyweight at birth, at weaning, at 2, 5.5 and 7.5 months of age increased from the first to third parity (P < 0.05). Gilts had more lean meat than intact boars (P < 0.01). Compared with observations made in temperate countries, the reproduction and production performances, sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa of stress-negative Piétrain pigs were reduced, whereas lean meat percentage was not affected. This might be due to the different climate, although improving values for animals born in Vietnam might indicate adaptation of the animals and/or of the technicians with that breed. The results support the interest of the use of this new Piétrain line in tropical countries with ecological and climatic conditions similar to Vietnam. [less ▲]

Hydrolysis of starches and flours by sorghum malt amylases for dextrins production

in European Food Research & Technology (2013)

Corn and wheat starches as well as wheat and cassava flours were hydrolyzed using sorghum malt at 65 °C for 6 hours. During these reactions, dextrose equivalent (DE) values were followed under 3 ... [more ▼]

Corn and wheat starches as well as wheat and cassava flours were hydrolyzed using sorghum malt at 65 °C for 6 hours. During these reactions, dextrose equivalent (DE) values were followed under 3 concentrations of sorghum malt and of calcium chloride. Wheat flour presented the highest DE values and cassava flour had the highest hydrolysis yield. Thus, different dextrins were produced in a pilot plant and were analyzed by HPSEC and HPAEC-PAD for their molecular weight distribution and oligosaccharides composition respectively. The results indicated that oligosaccharides with broad molecular weight distributions were present in the dextrins produced and that the proportion of maltose was very high. [less ▲]

Flow-cytometric assessment of damages to Acetobacter senegalensis during freeze-drying process and storage

in Acetic Acid Bacteria (2013)

Downstream processes have great influences on bacterial starter production. Different modifications occur to cellular compounds during freeze-drying process and storage of bacterial starters. Consequently ... [more ▼]

Downstream processes have great influences on bacterial starter production. Different modifications occur to cellular compounds during freeze-drying process and storage of bacterial starters. Consequently, viability and culturability (multiplication capacity) undergo some changes. In this study, the effects of freeze-drying process and storage conditions were examined on cell envelope integrity, respiration and culturability of Acetobacter senegalensis. Freezing of cells protected with mannitol (20% w/w) did not affect cell multiplication and respiration considerably; however, 19% of cells showed compromised cell envelope after freezing. After drying, 1.96×1011 CFU/g were enumerated, indicating that about 34% of the cells could survive and keep their culturability. Drying of the cells induced further leakage in cell envelope and finally 81% of cells appeared as injured ones; however, 87% of the dried cells maintained their respiration capacity. Storage temperature had significant effect on cell multiplication ability; higher storage temperature (35°C) caused 8.59-log reduction in cell culturability after nine-month period of storage. Collapse of cell envelop integrity and respiration was observed at 35°C. At lower storage temperature (4°C), the culturability decreased about one-log reduction after nine months. Cell envelope integrity was subjected to minor changes during a period of nine month-storage at 4°C whereas a heterogeneous population of cells with different respiration capacity emerged at 4°C. These results indicate that a major part of cells undergone drying process and storage entered into viable but non-culturable state. In addition, usage of different culture media didn’t improve resuscitation. Besides, it seems that sub-lethal damages to cell envelope caused uptake of propidium iodide, however these kinds of injuries could not impress cell multiplications and respiration. [less ▲]

Inventaire des archives de la famille Nagelmackers

Report (2013)