Nutrient Composition of Some Unconventional and Local Feed Resources Available in Senegal and Recoverable in Indigenous Chickens or Animal Feeding

Ayssiwede, Simplice Bosco; Zanmenou, J. C.; Issa, Y.; Hane, M. B.; Dieng, A.; Chrysostome, C A A M; Houinato, M. R.; Hornick, Jean-Luc; Missohou, A.

doi:10.3923/pjn.2011.707.717

Article (Scientific journals)

Nutrient Composition of Some Unconventional and Local Feed Resources Available in Senegal and Recoverable in Indigenous Chickens or Animal Feeding

Ayssiwede, Simplice Bosco; Zanmenou, J. C.; Issa, Y. et al.

2011 • In Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10 (8), p. 707-717

Peer reviewed

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/93357

DOI
10.3923/pjn.2011.707.717

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Ayssiwede_PJN_2011.pdf

Publisher postprint (87.84 kB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Nutriment; Chicken; Unconventional; Senegal; Feed

Abstract :

[en] This study was carried out to assess the nutrient composition of some unconventional and local feed resources available in Senegal so as to use them as protein supplement sources in the diets of indigenous chickens to enhance their productivity. Ten (10) unconventional and local ingredients from Senegal including leguminous leaves (Leuceana leucocephala, Cassia tora, Moringa oleifera, adansonia digitata, Sesbania rostrata), cucurbit (Citrullus vulgaris) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seeds, red and white cowpea (Vigna unguiculata seeds) and cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) were collected, sun-dried, processed into meal and analyzed for their chemical and macro-mineral composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples Dry Matter (DM) percent ranged from 89.3% (red cowpea) to 94.9% (C. vulgaris). The Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 24.7% (white cowpea) to 61.9% (cockroaches meal), with A. digitata leaves having the lowest value (12.9%). Citrullus and Hibiscus seeds meal recorded the highest (38.8% and 18.9%) Ether Extract (EE) values, followed respectively by cockroaches (11.1%), Moringa (9.8%), Leuceana (6.4%) and Sesbania leaves meal (5.1%), while the others were below 4.5%. The crude fiber (CF) content was globally high in the leaves, ranging from 11.7% (M. oleifera) to 16.8% (C. tora) while that of seeds and cockroaches ranged from 1.9% (white cowpea) to 19% (Citrullus seeds). A. digitata leaves gave the highest ash content (25.2%), followed by Cassia (15.2%), Moringa (13.6%), Leuceana (11.4%) and Sesbania leaves (7.1%), while the others were below 5.6%. The metabolizable energy (ME) value calculated for seeds and cockroaches meal ranged from 3161 kcal/kg DM (cockroaches) to 4270 kcal/kg DM (C. vulgaris) and that of leaves from 1873 (A. digitata) to 2888.9 kcal/kg DM (M. oleifera). Cassia leaves contained the highest level of calcium (3.1%), followed by Adansonia and Leuceana (1.81%), Moringa and Sesbania leaves (1.41%), whilst cockroaches, Hibiscus and Citrullus seeds meal recorded respectively 0.93, 0.81 and 0.55% of phosphorus. These results showed that all the ingredients samples contained appreciable quantities of all dietary nutrients tested for which more or less make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources.

Disciplines :

Animal production & animal husbandry

Author, co-author :

Ayssiwede, Simplice Bosco

Zanmenou, J. C.

Issa, Y.

Hane, M. B.

Dieng, A.

Chrysostome, C A A M

Houinato, M. R.

Hornick, Jean-Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Nutrition des animaux domestiques

Missohou, A.

Language :

English

Title :

Nutrient Composition of Some Unconventional and Local Feed Resources Available in Senegal and Recoverable in Indigenous Chickens or Animal Feeding

Publication date :

2011

Journal title :

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

ISSN :

1680-5194

Publisher :

Asian Network for Scientific Information, Pakistan

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

707-717

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed

Available on ORBi :

since 18 June 2011

Statistics

Number of views

169 (24 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

2 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Acamovic, T.J. and J.P.F. D'Mello, 1984. Trypsin inhibition by Leucaena leaf meal, Leucaena seeds and mimosine. Leucaena Res. Rpts., 5: 74-75.
Achigan Dako, G.E., N. Fanou, A. Kouke, H. Avohou, R.S. Vodouhe and A. Ahanchede, 2006. Evaluation agronomique de trois espèces d'Egusi (Cucurbltaceae) utilisées dans l'alimentation au Bénin et élaboration d'un modèle de prédiction du rendement. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 10: 121-129.
Adeniji, A.A., 2007. Effect of replacing groundnut cake with maggot meal in the diet of broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 822-825.
AFNOR, 1993. Produits agricoles et alimentaires: Détermination de la cellulose brute, méthode générale. Norme française NF V03-040, Octobre 1993, Afnor, Paris.
AFNOR, 1984. Aliments des animaux: Dosage du calcium, methode par spectrométrie d'absorption atomique. Norme française NF V18-108, Septembre 1984, Afnor, Paris.
AFNOR, 1980. Aliments et produits animaux: Dosage du phosphore total, méthode spectrophotométrique. Norme française NF V18-106, juin 1980, Afnor, Paris.
AFNOR, 1977. Produits agricoles et alimentaires: Dosages de l'azote en vue du calcul de la teneur en protéines brutes, des cendres brutes, des matières grasses brutes et de l'humidité. Normes françaises NF V18-100, 101, 104 et 109, Octobre 1977, Afnor, Paris.
Afuang, W., P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker, 2003. Comprative nutritional evaluation of raw, methanol extracted residues and methanol extracts of moringa (Morlnga olelfera Lam.) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquacult. Res., 34: 1147-1159.
Ahmed, W.K.A. and J.F.B. Hudson, 1982. The fatty acid composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed oil. J. Sci., Food Agric., 33: 1305-1309.
Akbar, M.A. and P.C. Gupta, 1985. Proximate composition, tannin and mineral contents of different cultivars and of various plant parts of su babul (Leucaena leucocephala). Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 55: 808-812.
Akkasaeng, R., R.C. Gutteridge and M. Wanapat, 1989. Evaluation of trees and shrubs for forage and fuelwood in Northeast Thailand. Int. Tree Crops J., 5: 209-220.
Alalade, O.A. and E.A. lyayi, 2006. Chemical composition and the feeding value of azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 137-141.
Aletor, V.A. and O.A. Omodara, 1994. Studies on some leguminous browse plants, with particular reference to their proximate, mineral and some endogenous anti-nutritional constituents. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 46: 343-348.
Amaefule, K.U. and N.N. Nwagbara, 2004. The effect of processing on nutrient utilization of pigeon pea ('Cajanus cajan) seed meal and pigeon pea seed meal based diets by pullets. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 543-546.
APRC, Animal Production Research Center, 1999. The Nutrient Composition of Sudanese Animal Feeds. Central Animal Nutrition Research Laboratory, Bulletin N° 3, Kuku, Khartoum North, Sudan.
Atawodi, S.E., D. Mari, J.C. Atawodi and Y. Yahaya, 2008. Assessment of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as feed supplement in laying hens. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 317-321.
Awoniyi, T.A.M., V.A. Aletor and J.M. Aina, 2003. Performance of broiler chickens fed on maggot meal in place offish meal. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2: 271-274.
Ayanwale, B.A., Obun and A.V. Ayanwale, 2007. Effect of raw and roasted wild Afzelia africana seed meal based diets on broilers chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 27-30.
Basak, B., M.A.H. Pramanik, M.S. Rahman, S.U. Tarafdar and B.C. Roy, 2002. Azolla (Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1: 29-34.
Bebay, C.E., 2006. Premiere evaluation de la structure et de I'importance du secteur avicole commercial et familial en Afrique de I'Ouest: synthese des rapports nationaux (Benin, Cameroun, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo), ECTAD/AGAP-FAO, pp: 47.
Becerra, M., T.R. Preston and B. Ogle, 1995. Effect of replacing whole boiled soya beans with azolla in the diets of growing ducks. Livest. Res. Rural Develop., 7 (3), URL address: [http://www.lrrd.Org/lrrd7/3/7.htm],
Bergeret, A., 1990. L'arbre nourricier en pays sahelien. Ministere de la Cooperation et du Developpement et Fondation de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme. Paris, pp: 237.
Bonfoh, B., P. Ankers, K. Pfister, L.J. Pangui and B.S. Toguebaye, 1997. Repertoire de quelques contraintes de I'aviculture villageoise en Gambie et propositions de solutions pour son amelioration. Proceedings INFPD WORKSHOP: M'Bour-Senegal, 9-13 Decembre 1997, pp: 135-147.
Bourdon, D., C. Fevrier, J.M. Perez, F. Lebas, B. Leclercq, M. Lessire and B. Sauveur, 1984. Composition des matieres premieres. In: INRA (Eds), Alimentation des animaux monogastriques: pores, lapins volailles, INRA: Paris, pp: 146-239.
Boussaid, El Hadj, M., 2004. Dry season feed supplements: the potential role of Cassia tora. In Community decision making aids for improved pasture resources in the Madiana Commune of Mali. Ph.D thesis in crop and soil environmental sciences, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, pp: 78-103.
Brewbaker, J.L., 1986. Leguminous trees and shrubs for Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. In: Blair G.J., Ivory D.A. and Evans T.R. (Eds), Forages in Southeast Asian and South Pacific Agriculture. Proceedings of an international workshop held at Cisarua, Indonesia. ACIAR Proceedings Series No. 12, Canberra, pp: 43-50.
Brown, D.L., A.A. Barnes, S.A. Rezende and KC. Klasing, 1987. Yield, composition and feeding value of irrigated Sesbania sesban var. Nubia leaves harvested at latitude 38°N during a Mediterranean summer. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 18: 247-255.
Buldgen, A., F. Detimmerman, B. Sail and R. Compere, 1992. Etude des parametres demographiques et zootechniques de la poule locale dans le bassin arachidier senegalais. Revue Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., 45: 341-647.
Cisse, M., M. Dornier, M. Sakho, A. Ndiaye, M. Reynes and O. Sock, 2009. Le bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): Composition et principals utilizations. Fruits, 64: 179-193.
Defang, H.F., A. Teguia, J. Awah-Ndukum, A. Kenfack, F. Ngoula and F. Metuge, 2008. Performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed boiled cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) and or black common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) meal diets. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7: 1351-1356.
Dhar, M., S.D. Chowdhury, M.A. Ali, M.J. Khan and M.A.H. Pramanik, 2007. Responses of semi-scavenging F1 crossbred (Rhode Island Red d x Fayoumi 9) grower and pre-layer chickens to diets of different nutrient density formulated with locally available feed ingredients. J. Poult. Sci., 44: 42-51.
D'Mello, J.P.F., 1992. Chemical constraints to the use of tropical legumes in animal nutrition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 38: 237-261.
D'Mello, J.P.F., 1982. Toxic factors in some tropical legumes. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 18: 41-46.
D'Mello, J.P.F. and T. Acamovic, 1989. Leucaena leucocephala in poultry nutrition-a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 26: 1-28.
D'Mello, J.P.F. and K.W. Fraser, 1981. The composition of leaf meal from Leucaena leucocephala. Trop. Sci., 23: 75-78.
Doumbia, F., 2002. L'approvisionnement en intrants de la filiere avicole moderne au Senegal. These Med. Vet., EISMV: Dakar, 27.
Ekpenyong, T.E., 1986. Nutrient and amino acid composition of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 15: 183-187.
El-Adawy, J.A. and A.H. Khalil, 1994. Characteristics of Roselle seeds as a new source of protein and lipid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 42: 1896-1900.
Emenalom, O.O. and A.B.I. Udedibie, 2005. Evaluation of different heat processing methods on the nutritive value of Mucuna pririens (velvet bean) seed meals for broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 543-548.
Emenalom, O.O., A.B.I. Udedibie, B.O. Esonu and E.B. Etuk, 2005. Evaluation of processed velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) as a feed ingredient in starter diets for broilers chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 42: 301-307.
Emiola, A.I., O.D. Anthony and G.M. Robert, 2007. Influence of processing of Mucuna (Mucuna pririens var. utilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the performance and nutrient utilisation of broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 44: 168-174.
Farinu, G.O., S.O. Ajiboye and S. Ajao, 1992. Chemical composition and nutritive value of leaf protein concentrate from Leuceana leucocephala. J. Sci. Food Agric., 59: 127-129.
Foidl, N., H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker, 2001. Potentiel de Moringa oleifera en agriculture et dans I'industrie. In: Potentiel de developpement des produits de Moringa. Dar es-Salaam, Tanzanie, du 29 octobre au 2 Novembre 2001, pp: 35.
Fug lie, L.J., 1999. The miracle tree, Moringa oleifera'. Natural nutrition for the tropics. Church World Service, march 1999, Dakar, Senegal, pp: 20.
Gohl, B., 1981. Tropical feeds. FAO Animal Production and Health, Series 12, FAO: Rome, pp: 198-199.
Gupta, B.S., N. Satapathy, S.S. Chabbra and S.K. Ranjhan, 1970. Effect of Chakunda (Caas/'a tora, Linn) leaf meal on growth and egg production of white leghorn birds. Ind. Vet. J., 47: 1094-1101.
Hainida, E., I. Amin, H. Normah, N. Mohd-Esa and Z.A.B. Ainul, 2008. Effects of defatted dried roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds powder on lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemia rats. J. Sci. Food Agric., 88: 1043-1050.
Hofman, A., 2000. Amelioration de I'aviculture traditionnelle aux lies Comores: Impact de la semi- claustration et de la complementation par une provende locale sur la productivity de la volaille locale. Memoire de 3e doctorat en Medecine Veterinaire, FMV/Universite de Liege: Liege, pp: 71.
Hussain, J., P.V.V. Satyanarayana Reddy and V.R. Reddy, 1991. Utilisation of Leucaena leaf meal by broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 32: 131-137.
Hutagalung, R.I., 1981. The use of tree crops and their byproducts for intensive animal production. In: Smith, A.J. and Gunn, R.G. (Eds), Intensive Animal Production in Developing Countries. Occasional Publication No. 4. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod., pp: 151-184.
Ige, A.O., A.A. Odunsi, J.A. Akinlade, L.O. Ojedapo, S.A. Ameen, O.A. Aderinola and T.A. Rafiu, 2006. Glirircidia leaf meal in layer's diet: Effect on performance, nutrient digestibility and economy of production. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 5: 483-486.
Iheukwumere, F.C., E.C. Ndubuisi, E.A. Mazi and M.U. Onyekwere, 2008. Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed Cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Pak. J. Nutr., 7: 13-16.
Jones, R.J. and R.G. Megarrity, 1983. Comparative toxicity responses of goats fed on Leucaena leucocephala in Australia and Hawaii. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 34: 781-790.
Kakengi, A.M.V., J.T. Kaijage, S.V. Sarwatt, S.K. Mutayoba, M.N. Shem and T. Fujihara, 2007. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania. Livest. Res. Rural Develop., 19 (8), URL address: [http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/8/kake19120.htm],
Kalinganire, A., A. Uwamariya, B. Kone and M. Larwanou, 2007. Mise en place et gestion de banques alimentaires dans le Sahel. ICRAF, Note technique n°3, Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre, pp: 32.
Leclercq, B., Y. Henry and J.M. Perez, 1984. Valeur energetique des aliments destines aux animaux monogastriques. In: INRA (Eds), Alimentation des animaux monogastriques: Pores, lapins volailles, INRA: Paris, pp: 9-15.
Loukou, A.L., D. Gnakri, Y. Dje, A.V. Kippre, M. Malice, J.P. Baudoin and I.A. Zoro Bi, 2007. Macronutrient composition of three cucurbit species cultivated for seed consumption in Cote d'Ivoire. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6: 529-533.
Mahamat-Silaye, O., 1981. Etude de la composition chimique et de la valeur nutritive de quelques aliments du Senegal. Rapport de stage 2e annee, ORSTOM-Nutrition, septembre 1981, pp: 43.
Makkar, H.P.S. and K. Becker, 1997. Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. J. Agric. Sci., 128: 311-322.
Makkar, H.P.S. and K. Becker, 1996. Nutritional value and anti-nutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringa oleifera leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 63: 211-228.
Mbaiguinam, M., Y. Mahmout, M. Tarkodjiel, B. Delobel and J.M. Bessiere, 2005. Constituents of kawal, fermented Cassia obtusifolia leaves, a traditional food from Chad. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 4: 1080-1083.
Meite, A., G.K. Kouame, S. Kati-Coulibaly and M.A. Offoumou, 2008. Etude de la valeur nutritionnelle du pain normal et des pains composites contenant de la farine de graines delipidees de Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitacees). Bulletin Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, 77: 80-103.
Morimoto, S., G. Nonaka, R.F. Chen and I. Nishoka, 1988. Tannins and related compounds. LXI Isolation and structures of novel bi- and triflavanoids from the leaves of Cassia fistula (L.). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36: 39-47.
Munguti, J.M., D.M. Liti, H. Waidbacher, M. Straif and W. Zollitsch, 2006. Proximate composition of selected potential feedstuffs for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) production in Kenya. Die Bodenkultur, 57: 131-141.
NAS, 1979. Tropical legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp: 331.
Ndong, M., S. Wade, N. Dossou, A.T. Guiro and R. Diagne Gning, 2007. Valeur nutritionnelle du Moringa oleifera, etude de la biodisponibilite du fer, effet de I'enrichissement de divers plats traditionnels senegalais avec la poudre des feuilles. Afr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev., 7: 1-17.
Nuha, M.O., A.M.A. Isamand E.B. Elfadil, 2010. Chemical composition, antinutrients and extractable minerals of Sickle pod (Cassia obtusifolia) leaves as influenced by fermentation and cooking. Int. Food Res. J., 17: 775-785.
Nuhu, F., 2010. Effect of Moringa Leaf Meal (MOLM) on nutrient digestibility, growth, carcass and blood indices of weaner rabbits. Msc. Thesis, Animal Science Department of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources/Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology: Kumasi, pp: 107.
Nworgu, F.C. and F.O. Fasogbon, 2007. Centrosoma (Centrosoma pubescens) leaf meal as protein supplement for pullet chicks and growing pullets. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 255-260.
Odunsi, A.A., M.O. Ogunleke, O.S. Alagbe and T.O. Ajani, 2002. Effect of feeding Gliricidia sepium leaf meal on the performance and egg quality of layers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 1: 26-28.
Ojewola, G.S. and S.F. Udom, 2005. Chemical evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional animal protein sources. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 745-747.
Olugbemi, T.S., S.K. Mutayoba and F.P. Lekule, 2010a. Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9: 363-367.
Olugbemi, T.S., S.K. Mutayoba and F.P. Lekule, 2010b. Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion in cassava chip based diets fed to laying birds. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 22 (6), URL address: [http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/olug22118.htm]
Onibi, G.E., O.R. Folorunso and C. Elumelu, 2008. Assessment of partial Equi-protein replacement of soyabean meal with Cassava and Leucaena leaf meals in the diets of broiler chicken finishers. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 408-413.
Onu, P.N. and S.N. Okongwu, 2006. Performance characteristics and nutrient utilization of finisher broilers fed raw and processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 5: 693-697.
Ousman, A., M. Ngassoum and C. Kamga, 2005. Chemical composition of Cassia obtusi folia L. Leaves. J. Food Technol., 3: 453-455.
Pousga, S., 2007. Supplementation strategies for semiscavenging chickens in Burkina Faso: Evaluation of Some Local Feed Resources. Ph.D Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Uppsala, pp: 67.
Ranjhan, S.K., B.S. Gupta and S.S. Chabbra, 1971. Chemical composition and nutritive value of a summer legume, chakunda (Cassia tora Linn) hay with special reference to metabolizable energy for sheep. Ind. J. Anim. Health, 10: 217-221.
Rao, P.U., 1996. Nutrient composition and biological evaluation of Mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds. Plant Foods Human Nutr., 49: 27-34.
Reyes, O.S. and A.C. Fermin, 2003. Terrestrial leaf meals or freshwater aquatic fern as potential feed ingredients for farmed abalone Haliotis asinina (Linnaeus, 1758). Aquacult. Res., 34: 593-599.
Richter, N., P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker, 2003. Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquacult. Res., 217: 599-611.
Samy, M.S., 1980. Chemical and nutritional studies on roselle seeds (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Zeith Ernahrungswisse, 19: 47-49.
Sarwatt, S.V., S.S. Kapange and A.M.V. Kakengi, 2002. Substituting sunflower seed cake with Moringa oleifera leaves as supplemental goat feed in Tanzania. Agro-Forestry Sys., 56: 241-247.
Satyanarayana Reddy, P.V.V., R. Ramachandra Reddy and K. Sudba Reddy, 1987. Utilisation of Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf meal in male chick diets. Ind. Vet. J., 64: 1078-1079.
Sauvant, D., J.M. Perez and G. Tran, 2004. Table de composition et de valeur nutritive des matieres premieres destinees aux animaux d'elevage: Pores, volailles, bovins, ovins, caprins, lapins, chevaux, poissons. 2 e edition revue et corrigee, INRA: Paris, pp: 301.
Semenye, P.P., 1990. Toxicity response of goats fed on Leucaena leucocephala forage only. Small Ruminant Res., 3: 617-620.
Shayo, C.M., B. Ogle and P. Uden, 1997. Comparison of water melon (Citrullus vulgaris)-seed meal, Acacia tortilis pods and sunflower-seed cake supplements in central Tanzania. 1: Nutritive value and influence on the rumen environment. Trop. Grasslands, 31: 124-129.
Singh, C., P. Kumar and A. Rekib, 1980. Note on some aspects of feeding Sesbania aegyptica fodder in goats. Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 50: 1017-1020.
Skerman, P.J., 1977. Tropical Forage Legumes. FAO: Rome, pp: 609.
Soliva, C.R., M. Kreuzer, G. Foidl, A. Machmuller and H.D. Hess, 2005. Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 118: 47-62.
Sonaiya, E.B. and S.E.J. Swan, 2004. Production en Aviculture Familiale. Manuel Technique de la FAO, Production et Sante Animales. FAO: Rome, Italie, pp: 134.
Suliman, G.M., S.A. Babiker and H.M. Eichinger, 2009. Growth performance of Sudan Baggara bulls fed diets containing Hibiscus (Karkade) seeds as a non-conventional protein source. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 21 (6), URL address [http://vwvw.lrrd.org/lrrd21/Irrd21.htm],
Suliman, H.B., A.M. Shommein and S.A. Shaddad, 1987. The pathological and biochemical effects of feeding fermented leaves of Cassia obtusifolia "Kawal" to broiler chicks. Avian Pathol., 16: 43-49.
Tamang, Y. and G. Samanta, 1993. Feeding value of azolla (Azolla pinnata) an aquatic fern in black bengal goats. Ind. J. Anim. Sci., 63: 188-191.
Tangendjaja, B., J.B. Lowry and R.B.H. Wills, 1984. Optimisation of conditions for the degradation of mimosine in leucaena leaf. J. Sci. Food Agric., 35: 613-616.
Ter Meulen, U., F. Pucher, M. Szyszka and El-Harith, 1984. Effects of administration of Leucaena meal on growth performance of and mimosine accumulation in growing chicks. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde, 48: 41-44.
Tomas-Jinez, M., A. Cortes-Cuevas, E. Avila-Gonzales, M. Casaubon-Huguenin and E.R. Salcedo, 1998. Effect of high levels of roselle seeds (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on broiler performance and hepatic function. Veterinarian-Mexico (Mexico), 29: 35-40.
Traore, E.H., 2006. Premiere evaluation de la structure et de I'importance du secteur avicole commercial et familial en Afrique de I'Ouest: Rapport du Senegal, ECT A D/AG A P- F AO, pp: 53.
Van Soest, P.J. and R.H. Wine, 1967. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feed, IV: determination of plant cell-wall constituents. J. Assoc. Offic. Analy. Chem., 50: 50-59.
Wee, K.L. and S. Wang, 1987. Effect of post-harvest treatment on the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaves. J. Sci. Food Agric., 39: 195-201.
Yagoub, A.E.G.A., M.A. Mohammed and A.A.A. Baker, 2008. Effect of soaking, sprouting and cooking on chemical composition, bioavailability of minerals and in vitro protein digestibility of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Seed. Pak. J. Nutr., 7: 50-56.