[en] Air pollution is a systemic risk embedded in environmental, political, social and economic systems. Risk assessments on air pollution therefore involve communication between several stakeholders at multiple scale levels. This study focuses on a small part of the risk assessment, evaluating actions or decisions on both policy and research fields using an importance-performance/feasibility analysis as a scoring methodology. Subsequently, results were discussed by researchers and policy makers at a closed workshop to guarantee a safe place for knowledge integration. Learned aspects and new insights are useful for future scenarios on air pollution. This study was performed in Flanders, the European hot spot for air particulate matter. After 10 years of policy efforts in Flanders, the daily air particulate matter PM10 standard, which was enforced by the European Commission (EC) in 1999, is still being exceeded more times than allowed. No exemption for not achieving this standard was granted by the EC. What went wrong on policy and research fields in Flanders and how can this situation be prevented in the future taking into account the new PM2.5 standard that will be implemented in 2015 (European Directive 2008/50/EC)? Results of the importance-performance/feasibility analysis on actions related to PM research and policy in Flanders and discussions at the workshop, improving the communication between researchers and governmental stakeholders, are looked at.
Research center :
Spiral-risque
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Buekers, Jurgen; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
Stassen, Kristien; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
Int Panis, Luc; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
Hendrickx, Kim ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de science politique > Gouvernance et société
Torfs, Rudi; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
Language :
English
Title :
Ten Years of Research and Policy on Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Hot Spot Flanders
Alberty S., Mihalik B. The use of importance-performance analysis as an evaluative technique in adult education. Eval. Rev. 1989, 13:33-44.
Assmuth T., Hildén M. The significance of information frameworks in integrated risk assessment and management. Environ. Sci. Policy 2008, 11:71-86.
Balkanski Y., Myrhe G., Gauss M., Rädel G., Highwood E.J., Shine K.P. Direct radiative effect of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping and aviation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2010, 10:1659-1691.
Beckx C., Panis L.I., Artenze T., Janssens D., Torfs R., Broekx S., Wets G. A dynamic activity-based population modeling approach to evaluate exposure to air pollution: methods and application to a Dutch urban area. Environ. Impact Assess. 2009, 29:179-185.
Berghmans P., Bleux N., Int Panis L., Mishra V., Torfs R., Van Poppel M. Exposure assessment of a cyclist to PM10 and Ultrafine particles. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:1286-1298.
Borgatta E.F. My student, the purist: a lament. Sociol. Quart. 1968, 9:29-34.
Bridges J. Human health and environmental risk assessment: the need for a more harmonized and integrated approach. Chemosphere 2003, 52:1347-1351.
Briggs D.J. A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks. Environ. Health 2008, 7.
Burgess J., Limb M., Harrison C. Exploring environmental values through the medium of small groups: theory and practice. Environ. Plann. A 1998, 20:457-476.
Clason D.L., Dormody T.J. Analyzing data measured by individual Likert-type items. J. Agric. Educ. 1994, 35:31-35.
De Marchi B., Funtowicz S.O., Gough C., Pereira G., Rota A. The ULYSSES Voyage: The ULYSSES project at the JRC. Joint Research Centre - European Commission, Ispra, EUR 17760 EN 1998.
Dockery D., Pope C.A., Xu X., Spengler J., Ware J., Fay M., Ferris B., Speizer F. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329:1753-1759.
Dijkema M.B.A., Van der Zee S.C., Brunekreef B., van Strien R.T. Air quality effects of an urban highway speed limit reduction. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:9098-9105.
Dreborg K.H. Essence of backcasting. Futures 1996, 28:813-828.
FOD Economie De Belgen en hun wagens 2010.
Franklin M., Koutrakis P., Schwartz J. The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology 2008, 19:680-689.
Funtowicz S.O., Martinez-Alier J., Munda G., Ravetz J.R. Information Tools for Environmental Policy Under Conditions of Complexity, Environmental Issues Series, 9 1999, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Funtowicz S.O., Ravetz J.R. Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy 1990, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Funtowicz S.O., Ravetz J.R. Science for the post-normal age. Futures 1993, 25:735-755.
Hisschemöller M., Tol R.S.J., Vellinga P. The relevance of participatory approaches in integrated environmental assessment. Integr. Assess. 2001, 2:57-72.
IIASA, 2010. International Institute for Applied System Analysis: CAFE Scenario Analysis Report Nr. 2. (assessed August 2010). http://www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/CAFE_files/CAFE-MFR3.pdf.
Int Panis L., Rabl A., De Nocker L., Torfs R. Diesel or petrol? An environmental comparison hampered by uncertainty. Mitteilungen Institut für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Thermodynamik 2002, vol. 1:48-54. Technische Universität Graz, Austria, Heft 81.
Int Panis L., De Nocker L., Cornelis E., Torfs R. An uncertainty analysis of air pollution externalities from road transport in Belgium in 2010. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 334-335. 287-298.
Int Panis L., de Geus B., Vandenbulcke G., Willems H., Degraeuwe B., Bleux N., Mishra V., Thomas I., Meeusen R. Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: a comparison of cyclists and car passengers. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44:2263-2270.
Janssen S., Dumont G., Fierens F., Mensink C. Spatial interpolation of air pollution measurements using CORINE land cover data. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:4884-4903.
Kanaroglou P.S., Jerrett M., Morrison J., Beckerman B., Arain M.A., Gilbert N.L., Brook J.R. Establishing an air pollution monitoring network for intra-urban population exposure assessment: a location-allocation approach. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 36:2399-2409.
Kelly F.J., Kelly J. London air quality: a real world experiment in progress. Biomarkers 2009, 14:5-11.
Keune H., Morrens B., Loots I. Risk communication and human biomonitoring: which practical lessons from the Belgian experience are of use for the EU perspective?. Environ. Health 2008, 7:S11.
Knapp T.R. Treating ordinal scales as interval scales: an attempt to resolve the controversy. Nurs. Res. 1990, 39:121-123.
Knol, A., 2010. Health and the environment: assessing the impacts, addressing the uncertainties. Thesis. Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Labowitz S. Some observations on measurements and statistics. Soc. Forces 1967, 46:151-160.
Lefebvre W., Fierens F., Trimpeneers E., Janssen S., Van de Vel K., Deutsch F., Viaene P., Vankerkom J., Dumont G., Vanpoucke C., Mensink C., Peelaerts W., Vliegen J. Modelling the effects of a speed limit reduction on traffic-related elemental carbon (EC) concentrations and population exposure to EC. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:197-207.
Lumbreras J., Guijarro A., Lopez J.M., Rodriguez E. Methodology to quantify the effect of policies and measures in emission reductions from road transport Urban Transport XV - Urban Transport and the Environment. Trans. Built Environ. 2009, 107:565-574.
Martilla J., James J. Importance-performance analysis. J. Mark. 1977, 41:77-79.
Matsui H., Koike M., Takegawa N., Kondo Y., Griffin R.J., Miyazaki Y., Yokouchi Y., Ohara T. Secondary organic aerosol formation in urban air: temporal variations and possible contributions from unidentified hydrocarbons. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2009, 114:D04201.
McClellan R.O. Setting ambient air quality standards for particulate matter. Toxicology 2002, 181:329-347.
Moreno T., Querol X., Alastuey A., Gibbons W. Identification of chemical tracers in the characterization and source apportionment of inhalable inorganic airborne particles: an overview. Biomarkers 2009, 14:17-22.
Pereira A.G., Raes F., Pedrosa T.D.S., Rosa P., Brodersen S., Jørgensen M.S., Ferreira F., Querol X., Rea J. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43:5423-5432.
Pittau M.G., Romano D., Cirillo M.C., Coppi R. An optimal design for air pollution monitoring network. Environmetrics 1999, 10:351-360.
Pope C.A., Thun M.J., Namboodiri M.M., Dockery D.W., Evans J.S., Speizer F.E., Heath C.W. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of US adults. Am. J. Res. Crit. Care 1995, 151:669-674.
Renn O. Risk Governance: Towards an Integrative Approach 2005, International Risk Governance Council, Geneva, Switzerland.
Renn O. Participatory processes for designing environmental policies. Land Use Policy 2006, 23:34-43.
Riddle S.G., Robert M.A., Jakober C.A., Hannigan M.P., Kleeman M.J. Size-resolved source apportionment of airborne particle mass in a roadside environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:6580-6586.
Scecova V., Rossner P., Dostal M., Topinka J., Solansky I., Sram R.J. Urinary 8-oxodeoxyguanosine levels in children exposed to air pollutants. Mutat. Res.-Fund. Mol. Mutagen. 2009, 662:37-43.
Van Erp A.M.M., O'Keefe R., Cohen A.J., Warren J. Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality interventions. J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A 2008, 71:583-587.
Van Steertegem M. Milieuverkenning 2030 2009, Milieurapport Vlaanderen, VMM, Aalst, Belgium.
Vercauteren J., Matheeussen C., Wauters E., Roekens E., van Grieken R., Krata A., Makarovska Y., Maenhaut W., Chi X., Geypens B. Chemkar PM10: An extensive look at the local differences in chemical composition of PM10 in Flanders. Belgium. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:108-116.
WHO, World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide 2005, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.