[en] An ovarian cyst is classically defined as a fluid-filled space larger than 24 mm, that can persist for more than 7 to 10 days in the absence of a corpus luteum. The frequenc y of this pathology is between 7 to 15%. Contrary to the follicular cyst, the luteinised follicular cyst is characterized by the presence in its periphery of a luteal tissue. The ovarian cyst is a dynamic structure. Its presence doesn't interfere with the follicular waves but can modify their characteristics. An ovarian cyst results from or induces an absence of ovulation. Ovarian cyst diagnosis and especially the differential diagnosis between follicular and luteal cysts necessarily imply the use of ultrasonography to clearly identified their diameter and thickeness. The ultrasonography sensibility is better than that of transrectal palpation. Progesteronemia interpretation supposes the preliminary definition of a threshold. Behavioural(anoestrus or nymphomany), uterine(tonicity of the uterine horns) or vaginal (mucus) abnormalities can help to direct the diagnosis. [fr] Le kyste ovarien se définit le plus souvent comme une structure liquidienne de diamètre supérieur à 24 mm de diamètre, présent durant sept à dix jours sur l'ovaire en l'absence de corps jaune. La fréquence de cette affection est comprise entre 7 et 15 %. Le kyste folliculaire lutéinisé se distingue du kyste folliculaire par la présence à sa périphérie de tissu lutéal. Le kyste ovarien est une structure dynamique. Sa présence n'empêche pas l'apparition de vagues de croissance folliculaire dont les caractéristiques sont cependant modifiées. La présence d'un kyste ovarien traduit et/ou induit l'absence d'ovulation. Le diagnostic du kyste ovarien et surtout le diagnostic différentiel entre un kyste folliculaire et un kyste folliculaire lutéinisé implique nécessairement le recours à l'échographie pour identifier correctement le diamètre et l'épaisseur du kyste ovarien. La sensibilité de l'échographie s'avère supérieure à celle du diagnostic manuel. L'interprétation de la progestéronémie suppose la définition préalable d'un seuil. Les symptômes comportementaux (nymphomanie et anoestrus), utérins (tonicité) et vaginaux (écoulement de mucus) sont de nature à orienter le diagnostic.
Disciplines :
Animal production & animal husbandry Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Hanzen, Christian ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département clinique des animaux de production (DCP) > Obstétr. et path. de la reprod. des équidés, rumin. et porcs
Bascon, F.
Theron, Léonard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département clinique des animaux de production (DCP) > Obstétr. et path. de la reprod. des équidés, rumin. et porcs
Lopez Gatius, F.
Language :
French
Title :
Les kystes ovariens dans l'espèce bovine. 1. Définitions, symptômes et diagnostic
AL-DAHASH S.Y., DAVID J.S.E. Anatomical feature of cystic ovaries in cattle found during an abattoir survey. Vet. Rec.,1977, 101, 320-324.
AMBROSE D.J., SCHMITT E.J.-P., LOPES F.L., MATTOS R.C., THATCHER W.W. Ovarian and endocrine response associated with the treatment of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cows with gonadotrophin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2, with or without exogenous progesterone. Can. Vet. J., 2004, 45, 931-937.
ARCHBALD L.F., NORMAN S.N., TRAN T., LYLE S., THOMAS P.G.A. Does GnRH work as well as GnRH and PGF2 in the treatment of ovarian follicular cysts ? Vet. Med.,1991, 86, 1037-1040.
BAMBERG E., CHOI S., MOSTL E., KLARING W.J., STOCKL W. Steroid Homonegahalt und Aromataseaktivitat ijn ovarielzysten des Rindes. Zbl. Vet. Med. A, 1981, 28, 366-372.
BARTLETT P.C., NGATEGIZE P.K., KANEENE J.B., KIRK J.H., ANDERSON S.M., MATHER E.C. Cystic follicular disease in Michigan Holstein-Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and economic impact. Prev. Vet. Med.,1986, 4, 15-33.
BARTOLOME J., HERNANDEZ J., LANDAETA A., KELLEMAN A., SHEERIN P., RISCO C.A., ARCHBALD L.F. The effect of interval from day of administration of bovine somatotropin (bST) to synchronization of ovulation and timed-insemination on conception rate of dairy cows with and without ovarian cysts. Theriogenology, 2002, 57, 1293-1301.
BARTOLOME J.A., ARCHIBALD L.F., MORESEY P., HERNANDEZ J., TRAN T., KELBERT D., LONG K., RISCO C.A., THATCHER W.W. Comparison of synchronisation of ovulation and induction of estrus as therapeutic strategies for bovine ovarian cysts in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 2000, 53, 815-825.
BARTOLOME J., SOZI A, MCHALE J. Resynchronization of ovulation and timed insemination in lactating dairy cows. II. Assigning protocols according to stages of the oestrus cycle or presence of ovarian cysts or anoestrus. Theriogenology, 2005a, 63,1628-1642.
BARTOLOME J.A., THATCHER W.W., MELENDEZ P., RISCO C.A., ARCHBALD L.F. Strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2005b, 227, 1409-1414.
BIERSCHWAL C.J. A clinical study of cystic conditions in the bovine ovary. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1966, 149, 1591-1595.
BLEACH E.C.L., GLENCROSS R.G., KNIGHT P.G. Association between ovarian follicle development and pregnancy rates in dairy cows undergoing spontaneous oestrus cycles. Reproduction, 2004, 127, 621-629.
BOOTH J.M. The milk progesterone test as an aid to the diagnosis of cystic ovaries in dairy cows. Vet. Rec., 1988, 123, 437-439.
BORSBERY S., DOBSON H. Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds. Vet. Rec., 1989, 124, 217-219.
BOYD J.S., OMRAN S.N. Diagnostic ultrasonography of bovine female reproductive tract. In Practice, 1991, 13, 109-113.
BROWN E.M., ELMORE R.G., GARVERICK H.A.. Gonadotropin releasing hormone treatment of dairy cows with ovarian cysts: 2. Histology of ovarian cysts walls. Theriogenology, 1982, 17, 689-696.
CALDER M.D., SALFEN B.E., BAO B., YOUNGQUIST R.S., GARVERICK H.A. Administration of progesterone to cows with ovarian follicular cysts results in a reduction in mean LH and LH pulse frequency and initiates ovulatory follicular growth. J. Anim. Sci., 1999, 77, 3037-3042.
CANTLEY T.C., GARVERICK H.A., BIERSCHWAL C.J., MARTIN C.E., YOUNGQUIST R.S. Hormonal responses of dairy cows with ovarian cysts to GnRH. J. Anim. Sci., 1975, 41, 1666- 1673.
CARIÈre P.D., HARVEY D., LEE B., PRICE C.A. Follicular growth and spontaneous ovulation inn two cows with cystic ovarian strctures. Med. Vet. Quebec, 1994, 24, 166-170.
CARROL D.J., PIERSON R.A., HAUSER E.R., GRUMMER R.R., COMBS D.K. Variability of ovarian structures and plasma progesterone profiles in dairy cows with ovarian cysts. Theriogenology, 1990, 34, 349-370.
CASIDA L.E., CHAPMAN A.B. Factors affecting the incidence of cystic ovaries in a herd of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 1951, 34, 1200-1205.
CHAVATTE P.M., ARCHBALD L.F., RISCO C., RRAN T., SUMRAL D. Effectiveness of prostaglandin F2a in the initial treatment of bovine ovarian cyst. Theriogenology, 1993, 40, 745-755.
COOK D.L., SMITH C.A., PARFET J.R., YOUNGQUIST R.S., BROWN E.M., GARVERICK H.A. Fate and turnover rate of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle. J. Reprod. Fert., 1990, 90, 37-46.
CRANE M.B., BARTOLOME J., MELENDEZ P., DE VRIES A., RISCO C., ARCHBALD L.F. Comparison of synchronization of ovulation with timed insemination and exogenous progesterone as therapeutic strategies for ovarian cysts in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 2006, 65, 1563-1574.
DAY N. The diagnosis, differentiation and pathogenesis of COD. Vet. Med., 1991, 86, 753-760.
DE KRUIF A., KALIS C.H.J. Een vergelijkend onderzoek van enkele therapieën ter behandeling van ovariële follikelcysten bei het rund. Tijdschr. Diergeneesk., 1977, 22, 1299-1305.
DINSMORE R.P., WHITE M.E., GUARD C.L., JASKO D.J., PERDRIZET JA., POWERS PM., SMITH M.C. Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on clinical response and fertility in cows with cystic ovaries, as related to milk progesterone concentration and days after parturition. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1989, 195, 327-330.
DOUTHWAITE R., DOBSON H. Comparison of different methods of diagnosis of cystic ovarian disease in cattle and an assessment of its treatment with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device. Vet Rec., 2000, 147, 355-359.
ELMORE R.G., BIERSCHWAL C.J., YOUNGQUIST R.S., CANTLEY T.C., KESLER D.J., GARVERICK H.A. Clinical responses of dairy cows with ovarian cysts after treatment with 10000 I.U. hCG or 100 mcg GnRH. Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 1975, 70, 1346-1349.
ERB H.N. High milk production as a cause of cystic ovaries in dairy cows: evidence to the contrary. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 1984, 6, S215-S216.
ERB H.N. , MARTIN S.W. Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows: data. J. Dairy Sci., 1980, 63, 1911-1917.
FARIN P.W., YOUNGQUIST R.S, PARFET J.R., GARVERICK H.A. Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts in dairy cows by sector scan ultrasonography. Theriogenology, 1990, 34, 633-642.
FARIN P.W., YOUNGQUIST R.S., PARFET J.R., GARVERICK H.A. Diagnosis of luteal and follicular ovarian cysts by palpation per rectum and linear-array ultrasonography in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1992, 200, 1085-1089.
FARIN P.W., ESTIL C.T. Infertility due to abnormalities of the ovaries in cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 1993, 9, 291-308.
FOURICHON C., SEEGERS H., MALHER X. Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a meta-analysis. Theriogenology, 2000, 53, 1759-2000.
FRANCOS G. Beobachtungen zum Auftreten von Fortpflanzungsstorungen bei Milchviehherden in Israel. Dtsch. Tierartztl. Wochenschr., 1974, 81, 135-136.
FRICKE P.M. Scanning the future: ultrasonography as a reproductive management tool for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 2002, 85, 1918-1926.
FUJIMOTO Y. Pathological studies on sterility in dairy cows. Jpn. J. Vet. Res., 1956, 4, 129-142.
GARM O. Investigations on cyctic ovarian degeneration in the cow with special regard on etiology and pathogenesis. Cornell Vet.,1949, 39, 39-52.
Garverick H.A. Ovarian follicular Cysts in Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 1997, 80, 995-1004.
GINTHER O.J., KNOPF L., KASTELIC J.P. Temporal associations among ovarian events in cattle during oestrous cycle with 2 or 3 follicular waves. J. Reprod. Fert.,1989, 87, 223-230.
GÜMEN A., GUENTHER J.N., WILTBANK M.C. Follicular size and response to Ovsynch versus detection of estrus in anovular and ovular lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 2003, 86, 3184-3194.
HACKETT A.J., BATRA T.R. The incidence of cystic ovaries in dairy cattle housed in a total confinement system. Can. J. Comp. Med., 1985, 49, 55-57.
HALTER T.B., HAYES S.H., da Fonseca L., SILVIA W.J. Relationships between endogenous progesterone and follicular dynamics in lactating dairy cows with ovarian follicular cysts. Biol. Reprod., 2003, 69, 218-223.
HAMILTON S.A., GARVERICK H.A., KEISLER D.H., XU Z.Z., LOOS K., YOUNGQUIST R.S., SALFEN B.E. Characterization of ovarian follicular cysts and associated endocrine profiles in dairy cows. Biol. Reprod., 1995, 53, 890-898.
HANZEN CH. Aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, pathogéniques, hormonaux, histologiques et thérapeutiques du kyste ovarien dans l'espèce bovine. Spectrum Pfizer, 1988, 31, 1-8.
HANZEN CH. Etude des facteurs de risque de l'infertilité et des pathologies puerpérales et du postpartum chez la vache laitière et la vache viandeuse. Thèse de doctorat. Université de Liège : Liège, 1995.
HANZEN CH., PIETERSE M., SCENCZI O., DROST M. Relative accuracy of the identification of ovarian structures in the cow by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum. Vet. J., 2000, 159, 161-170.
HANZEN CH., BASCON F., THERON L., LOPEZ-GATIUS F. Les kystes ovariens dans l'espèce bovine. 2. Rappels physiologiques et étio- pathogénie. Ann. Méd. Vét., 2008b, accepté pour publication.
HANZEN CH., BASCON F., THERON L., LOPEZ-GATIUS F. Les kystes ovariens dans l'espèce bovine. 3. Aspects thérapeutiques. Ann. Méd. Vét., 2008c, accepté pour publication.
HATLER T.B., HAYES S.H., LARANJA D.A., FONSECA L.F., SILVIA W.J. Relationship between endogenous progesterone and follicular dynamics in lactating dairy cows with ovarian follicular cysts. Biol. Reprod., 2003, 69, 218-223.
HERNANDEZ-LEDZEMA J.J., GARVERICK H.A., ELMORE R.G., BROWN E.M. Gonadotropin relasing-hormone treatment of dairy cows with ovarian cyst. 3. Steroids in ovarian follicular fluid and ovarian cyst fluid. Theriogenology, 1982, 17, 697-707.
IJAZ A., FAHNING M.L., ZEMJANIS R. Treatment and control of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle: a review. Br. Vet. J., 1987, 143, 226-237.
JASKO D.J., ERB H.N., WHITE W.E., SMITH D. Prostaglandin treatment and subsequent cystic ovarian disease in Holstein cows. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1984, 2, 212-213.
JEFCOATE I.A., AYLIFE T.R. An ultrasonographic study of bovine cystic ovarian disease and its treatment. Vet. Rec., 1995, 136, 406-410.
JOU P., BUCKREL B.C., LIPTRAP R.M., SUMMERLEE A.J.S., JOHNSON W.H. Evaluation of the effect of GnRH on follicular cysts in dairy cows using trans-rectal ultrasonography. Theriogenology, 1999, 52, 923-937.
KAHN W., LEIDL W. Ultrasonic characteristics of pathological conditions of the bovine uterus and ovaries. In : Taverne M.M., Willemse A.H. (eds), Diagnostic ultrasound and animal reproduction. Springer : Berlin, 1989, 53-65.
KESLER D.J., GARVERICK H.A., ELMORE R.G., YOUNGQUIST R.S., BIERSCHWAL C.J. Reproductive hormones associated with the ovarian cyst response to GnRH. Theriogenology, 1979, 12, 109-114.
KESLER D.J. Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Treatment of Dairy Cows with Ovarian Cysts. I. Gross Ovarian Morphology and Endocrinology. Theriogenology, 1981, 16, 207-217.
KESLER D.J., GARVERICK H.A. Ovarian cysts in dairy cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci., 1982, 55, 1147-1159.
KIRK J.H., HUFMAN E.M., LANE M. Bovine cystic ovarian disease: hereditary relationships and case study. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1982, 181, 474-476.
LESLIE K.E., BOSU W.T.K. Plasma progesterone concentrations in dairy cows with cystic ovaries and clinical responses following treatment with fenprostalene. Can. Vet. J., 1983, 24, 352-356.
LIEBETRAU R., OETZEL H. Ein weiterer Beitrag zulm Problem der Grosszystischen Ovardegeneration des Rindes. Monatsh. Veterinarmed.,1967, 22, 284-289.
LOPEZ-BEJAR M., LOPEZ-GATIUS F., CAMON J., RUTLLANT J., VALLS X., LABERNIA J., SANTOLARIA P. Morphological features and effects on reproductive parameters of ovarian cysts of follicular origin in superovulated rabbit does. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 1998, 33, 369-378.
LOPEZ-DIAZ M.C, BOSU W.T.K. A review and update of cystic ovarian degeneration in ruminants. Theriogenology, 1992, 37, 1163-1183.
LOPEZ-GATIUS F., SANTOLARIA P., YANIZ J., FENECH M., LOPEZ-BEJAR M. Risk factors for postpartum ovarian cysts and their spontaneous recovery or persistence in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 2002, 58, 1623-1632.
LOPEZ-GATIUS F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology, 2003, 60, 89-99.
LUBERS R. Genetic parameters for cystic ovarian disease in Dutch Black and white dairy cows. Wageningen University Thesis 1998.
MC NUT G.W. The corpus luteum of pregnancy in the cow (Bos taurus) and a brief discussion of the clinical ovarian changes. J. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1927, 72, 286-299.
MCLEOD B.J., WILIAMS M.E. Incidence of ovarian dysfunction in post partum dairy cows and the effectiveness of its clinical diagnosis and treatment. Vet. Rec., 1991, 128, 121-124.
MENGE A.C., MARES S.E., TYLER W.J., CASIDA L.E. Variation and association among postpartum reproduction and production characteristics in Holstein-Friesian cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 1962, 45, 233 241.
MORROW C.A., ROBERTS S.J., MCENTE K., GRAY H.G Postpartum ovarian activity and uterine involution in dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1966, 149, 1596-1609.
MORROW D.A., ROBERTS S.J., MCENTE K. A review of ovarian activity and involution of the uterus and cervix in cattle. Cornell Vet., 1969, 59, 134-154.
NAKAO T. The ovarian condition diagnosed per rectum and its relations to serum concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol 17n and prognosis in cows with cystic ovaries. Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod., 1976, 21, 147-153.
NAKAO T., NUMATA Y., KUBO M., YAMAUCHI S. Treatment of cystic ovarian diseases in dairy cattle. Cornell Vet., 1978, 68, 161-178.
NAKAO T.M., TSURUBAYASHI S., HORICUHI T., NOMURA Y., ISHIBASHI M., KUBO M., KAWATA K. Effects of a systematic application of human chorionic gonadotropin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analog and bovine anterior pituitary gonadotropin in cows with ovarian disease. Theriogenology, 1979, 11, 385-397.
NAKAO T., SUGIHASHI A., SAGA N., TSUNODA N., KAWATA K. Use of milk progesterone enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of follicular cysts, luteal cyst and cystic corpus luteum in cows. Am. J. Vet. Res.,1983, 44, 888-890.
NANDA A.S., WARD W.R., DOBSON H. Treatment of cystic ovarian disease in cattle: an Update. Vet. Bull., 1989, 59, 537.
NESAN G.K., KING G.J. Relationship of peripheral estrogens and testosterone concentrations to sexual behaviour in normal and cystic cows. Can. Vet. J., 1981, 22, 9-11.
NESSAN G.K., KING G.J., MCKAY G.W., THOMSON J.D., BERTRAND W. Treatment of cystic ovarian degeneration in dairy cows with gonadotropic releasing hormone ort human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone. Can.Vet.J., 1977, 18, 33-37.
PETER A.T. Infertility due to abnormalities of the ovaries. In: Youngquist R.S.(Ed), Current therapy in large animal theriogenology. WB Saunders : Philadelphia, 1997, 349-354.
PETER A.T. An update on Cystic Ovarian Degeneration in cattle. Reprod. Dom. Anim., 2004, 39, 1-7.
PETERS A.R. Veterinary application of GnRH: questions of efficacy. Anim. Reprod. Sci,. 2005, 88, 155-167.
PIETERSE M.C. Ultrasonic characteristics of physiological structures on bovine ovaries. In: Taverne M.M., Willemse A.H. (Eds), Diagnostic ultrasound and animal reproduction. Spriger : Berlin, 1989, 53- 65.
RIBADU A.Y., WARD W.R., DOBSON H. Comparative evaluation of ovarian structures in cattle by palpation per rectum, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone concentration. Vet. Rec., 1994, 135, 452-457.
ROBERTS S.J. Clinical observations on cystic ovaries in dairy cattle. Cornell Vet., 1955, 45, 497-514.
RUIZ F.J., OLTENACU P.A., SMITH R.D. Cost-benefit evaluation of on-farm milk progesterone testing to monitor return to cyclicity and to classify ovarian cysts. J. Dairy Sci., 1992, 75, 1036-1043.
SAKAGUCHI M., SASAMOTO Y., SUZUKI T., TAKAHASHI Y., YAMADA Y. Fate of cystic ovarian follicles and the subsequent fertility of early postpartum cows. Vet. Rec., 2006, 159, 197-201.
SARTORI R., HAUGHIAN J., ROSA G.J.M., SHAVER R.D., WILTBANK M.C. Differences between lactating cows and nulliparous heifers in follicular dynamics, luteal growth and serum steroid concentations. J.Dairy Sci., 2000, 83 Suppl 1, 212.
SAUMANDE J., LE COUSTUMIER J., MARAIS C. Oestradiol and progesterone in nymphomaniac cows. Theriogenology, 1979, 12, 27-29.
SAUMANDE J., HUMBLOT P. The variability in the interval between estrus and ovulation in cattle and its determinants. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 2005, 85, 171-182.
SAVIO J.D., BOLAND M.P., ROCHE J.F. Development of dominant follicles and lenght of ovarian cycles in postpartum dairy cows. J. Reprod. Fert., 1990, 88, 581-591.
SEGUIN B.E. Ovarian cysts in dairy cows. In : Morow DA (ed), Current therapy in theriogenology. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 1980, 199-204.
SHORT R.V. Steroid concentrations in normal follicular fluid and ovarian cyst fluid from cows. J. Reprod. Fert., 1962, 4, 27-45.
SILVIA W.J, HATLER T.B., NUGENT A.M., LARANJA D.A., FONSECA L.F. Ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cows: an abnormality in folliculogenesis. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 2002, 23, 167-77.
SIROIS J., FORTUNE J.E. Ovarian follicular dynamics during the estrous cycle in heifers monitored by real- time ultrasonography. Biol. Reprod., 1988, 39, 308-317.
SPRECHER D.J., NEBEL R.L., WHITIER W.D. Predictive value of palpation per rectum vs milk and serum progesterone levels for the diagnosis of bovine follicular cysts and luteal cysts. Theriogenology, 1988, 30, 701-709.
SPRIGS D.N. Cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle with special reference to its treatment using a combination of chrorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone. Vet. Rec., 1968, 83, 231-238.
TANABE T.Y., BROFEE R.D. Treatment of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cows with chorionic gonadotropin. Theriogenology, 1982, 18, 497-512.
TODOROKI J. , NOGUCHI J., KIKUCHI K; Plasma concentrations of inhibin A in cattle with follicular cysts: relationships with turnover of follicular waves and plasma levels of gonadotropins and steroid hormones. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 2004, 27, 333-344.
TODOROKI J., KANEKO H. Formation of follicular cysts in cattle and therapeutic effects of controlled internal drug release. J. Reprod. Dev., 2006, 52, 1-11.
VAN HOLDER T., OPSOMER G., GOVAERE J.L., CORYN M., DE KRUIF A. Cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle: aetiology, pathogenesis, and risk factors. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd., 2002, 127, 146-155.
VAN HOLDER T., OPSOMER G., DE KRUIF A. Aetiology and pathogenesis of cystic ovarian follicles in dairy cattle: a review. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 2006, 46, 105-119.
VERONESI M.C., BATTOCHIO M., CAIROLI F., COMIN A., ISOLA M. Recovery rate and recovery time in cows with luteal and follicular ovarian cyst after treatment with buserelin. Vet. Sci. Commun., 2003, 27 (Suppl.1), 631-633.
WHITMORE H.L., HURTGEN J.P., MATHER E.C., SEGUIN B.E. Clinical response of dairy cattle with ovarian cysts to single or repeated treatments of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1979, 174, 1113-1115.
WILTBANK J.N., TYLER W.J., CASIDA L.E. A study of atretic large follicles in six sire-groups of Holstein-Friesian cows. J. Dairy Sci., 1953, 36, 1077-1082.
WILTBANK M.C., GUMEN A., SARTORI R. Physiological classification of anovulatory conditions in cattle. Theriogenology, 2002, 57, 21-52.
WOOLUMS A.R., PETER A.T Cystic ovarian condition in cattle. Part 1. Folliculogenesis and ovulation. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet., 1994a, 16, 935-943.
WOOLUMS A.R., PETER A.T Cystic ovarian condition in cattle. Part 2. Pathogenesis and treatment. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet., 1994b, 16, 1247-1252.
YANIZ J.L., MURUGAVEL K., LOPEZ-GATIUS F. Recent developments in oestrous synchronization of postpartum dairy cows with and without ovarian disorders. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 2004, 39, 86-93.
YOSHIOKA K., IWAMURA S., KAMOMAE H. Ultrasonic observations on the turnover of ovarian follicular cysts and associated changes of plasma LH, FSH, progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta in cows. Res. Vet. Sci., 1996, 61, 240-244.
ZEMJANIS R. Diagnostic and therapeutic: techniques in animal reproduction. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins : Baltimore,1970, 242 p.
ZULU V.C., NAKAO T., YAMADA K., MORIYOSHI M., NAKADA K., SAWAMUKAI Y. Clinical Response of Ovarian Cysts in Dairy Cows after PRID Treatment. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2003, 65, 57-62.