paleoseismology; magnetic susceptibility; North Anatolian Fault; terrestrial gastropods; radiocarbon dating
Abstract :
[en] The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a ~1500-km-long, arcuate, dextral strike-slip fault zone in northern Turkey that extends from the Karliova triple junction to the Aegean Sea. East of Bolu, the fault zone exhibits evidence of a sequence of large (Mw>7) earthquakes that occurred during the 20th century that displayed a migrating earthquake sequence from east to west. Prolonged human occupation in this region provides an extensive, but not exhaustive, historical record of large earthquakes prior to the 20th century that covers much of the last 2000 years. In this study, we extend our knowledge of rupture events in the region by evaluating the stratigraphy and chronology of sediments exposed in a paleoseismic trench across a splay of the NAF at Destek, ~6.5 km east of Lake Ladik (40.868°N, 36.121°E). The trenched fault strand forms an uphill-facing scarp and associated sediment trap below a small catchment. The trench exposed a narrow fault zone that has juxtaposed a sequence of weakly-defined paleosols interbedded with colluvium against highly-fractured bedrock. We mapped magnetic susceptibility variations on the trench walls and found evidence for multiple visually unrecognized colluvial wedges. This technique was also used to constrain a predominantly dip-slip style of displacement on this fault splay. Sediments exposed in the trench were dated using both charcoal and terrestrial gastropod shells to constrain the timing of the earthquake events. While the gastropod shells consistently yielded 14C-ages that were too old (by ~900 years), we obtained highly reliable 14C-ages from the charcoal by dating multiple components of the sample material. Our radiocarbon chronology constrains the timing of seven large earthquakes over the past 3000 years prior to the 1943 Ladik earthquake, including event ages (including 2 sigma error):1437-1788AD, 1034-1321AD, 549-719AD, 17-585AD (1-3 events), 351BC-28AD, 700-392BC, 912-596BC. Our results indicate an average inter-event time of 385±166yrs (1 sigma)
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Fraser, I.
Pigati, J. S.
Hubert, Aurelia ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Géomorphologie
Vanneste, K.
Avsar, K.
Altinok, S.
Language :
English
Title :
A 3000-year record of ground rupturing earthquakes along the central North Anatolian Fault near Lake Ladik, Turkey
Publication date :
2009
Journal title :
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
ISSN :
0037-1106
eISSN :
1943-3573
Publisher :
Seismological Society of America, El Cerrito, United States - California
Volume :
99
Pages :
2681-2703
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Name of the research project :
Understanding the Irregularity of Seismic Cycles: A Case Study in Turkey
Funders :
EU Marie Curie Excellence Grant Project (MEXT-CT-2005-025617: Seismic Cycles)
Ambraseys, N. N. (1970). Some characteristic features of the Anatolian fault zone, Tectonophysics 9, 143-165.
Ambraseys, N. N. (2001). Reassessment of earthquakes, 1900-1999, in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, Geophys. J. Int. 145, no. 2, 471-485.
Ambraseys, N. N., and C. Finkel (1995). The Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas: A Historical Review, 1500-1800, Muhittin Salih Eren, Istanbul, 0-240.
Ambraseys, N. N., and C. F. Finkel (1987). Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899-1915, Annales geophysicae B, Terr. Planet. Phys. 5, no. 6, 701-725.
Ambraseys, N. N., and J. Jackson (1998). Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Geophys. J. Int. 133, no. 2, 390-406.
Barka, A. A. (1996). Slip distribution along the North Anatolian fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, no. 5, 1238-1254.
Barka, A. A., and P. L. Hancock (1984). Neotectonic deformation patterns in the convex-northwards arc of the North Anatolian fault zone, In The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean, Geological Society of London, Special Publications 17, 763-774.
Barka, A. A., and K. Kadinsky-Cade (1988). Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity, Tectonics 7, no. 3, 663-684
Barka, A. A., S. H. Akyüz, H. A. Cohen, and F. Watchorn (2000). Tectonic evolution of the Niksar and Tasova-Erbaa pull-apart basins, North Anatolian fault zone: Their significance for the motion of the Anatolian block, Tectonophysics 322, 243-264.
Berrill, J. B. (1988). Diversion of faulting by hills, Q. J. Eng. Geol. 21, 371-374.
Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey-A synthesis, Geodinamica Acta 14, 3-30.
Faccenna, C., O. Bellier, J. Martinod, C. Piromallo, and V. Regard (2006). Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 242, no. 1-2, 85-97.
Flerit, F., R. Armijo, G. King, and B. Meyer (2004). The mechanical interaction between the propagating North Anatolian Fault and the back-arc extension in the Aegean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224, no. 3, 347-362.
Goodfriend, G. A., and J. J. Stipp (1983). Limestone and the problem of radiocarbon dating of land-snail shell carbonate, Geology 11, no. 10, 575-577.
Guidoboni, E., and A. Comastri (2005). Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century, Istituto Nazionale di Geophysical e Vulcanologia, Bologna, 1037.
Guidoboni, E., A. Comastri, and G. Traina (1994). Catalogue of ancient earthquakes in the Mediterranean area up to the 10th century, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica, 504.
Hartleb, R., J. Dolan, H. Akyüz, and B. Yerli (2003). A 2000-year-long paleoseismologic record of earthquakes along the central North Anatolian fault, from trenches at Alayurt Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 93, no. 5, 1935-1954.
Hartleb, R., J. Dolan, O. Kozaci, H. Akyuz, and G. Seitz (2006). A 2500-yrlong paleoseismologic record of large, infrequent earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault at Cukurcimen Turkey, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 118, no. 7-8, 823.
Hilley, G. E., and J. J. Young (2008). Deducing paleoearthquake timing and recurrence from paleoseismic data, Part I: Evaluation of New Bayesian Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation methods applied to excavations with continuous peat growth, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98, no. 1, 383.
Hua, Q., and M. Barbetti (2004). Review of tropospheric bomb 14C data for carbon cycle modeling and age calibration purposes, Radiocarbon 43, no. 3, 1273-1298.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., R. Armijo, G. King, B. Meyer, and A. Barka (2002). Morphology, displacement, and slip rates along the North Anatolian Fault Turkey, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 2235.
Keefer, D. K., and M. E. Moseley (2004). Southern Peru desert shattered by the great 2001 earthquake: Implications for paleoseismic and paleo-El Nino-southern oscillation records, Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 30, 10878-10883.
Klinger, Y., K. Sieh, E. Altunel, A. Akoglu, A. Barka, T. Dawson, T. Gonzalez, A. Meltzner, and T. Rockwell (2003). Paleoseismic evidence of characteristic slip on the western segment of the North Anatolian fault Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 93, no. 6, 2317-2332.
Kondo, H., Y. Awata, O. Emre, A. Dogan, S. Ozalp, F. Tokay, C. Yildirim, T. Yoshioka, and K. Okumura (2005). Slip distribution, fault geometry, and fault segmentation of the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake rupture, North Anatolian fault Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 95, no. 4, 1234-1249.
Kondo, H., V. Ozaksoy, C. Yildirim, Y. Awata, O. Emre, and K. Okumura (2003). 3D trenching survey at Demire Tepe site on the 1944 Bolu-Gerede earthquake ruptures, North Anatolian fault system, Turkey, Seism. Res. Lett. 75, no. 2, 292.
Kozaci, O., J. F. Dolan, C. F. Finkel, and R. Hartleb (2007). Late Holocene slip rate for the North Anatolian fault, Turkey, from cosmogenic 36Cl geochronology: Implications for the constancy of fault loading and strain release rates, Geology 35, no. 10, 867-870.
Kozaci, O., J. F. Dolan, and C. F. Finkel (2009). A late Holocene slip rate for the central North Anatolian fault, at Tahtakopru, Turkey, from cosmogenic 10BE geochronology: Implications for fault loading and strain release rates, J. Geophys. Res. 114, B01405.
Lettis, W., J. Bachhuber, R. Witter, C. Brankman, C. E. Randolph, A. Barka, W. D. Page, and A. Kaya (2002). Influence of releasing step-overs on surface fault rupture and fault segmentation: Examples from the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake on the North Anatolian fault Turkey, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, no. 1, 19-42.
McCalpin, J. (1996). Paleoseismology, in International Geophysics Series, J. McCalpin (Editor), Academic Press, San Diego, 583
McClay, K., and M. Bonora (2001). Analog models of restraining stopovers in strike-slip fault systems, AAPG Bull. 85, no. 2, 233-260.
Okumura, K., T. Rockwell, T. Duman, F. Tokay, Y. Awata, H. Kondo, V. Ozaksoy, and C. Yildirim (2003). Refined slip history of the North Anatolian fault at Gerede on the 1944 rupture, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2003, Abstract S12B-0384.
Okumura, K., T. Yoshioka, and I. Kusçu (1994). Surface faulting on the North Anatolian fault in these two millennia, Proc. of the Workshop on Paleoseismology, Open-File Rept. (94-568), 143-144.
Okumura, K., T. Yoshioka, I. Kuscu, H. Kayanne, and Y. Suzuki (1993). Recent surface faulting along the North Anatolian fault east of Erzincan Basin, Turkey-A trenching survey, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 74, (Fall Meeting), F545.
Palyvos, N., D. Pantosti, C. Zabci, and G. D'Addezio (2007). Paleoseismological evidence of recent earthquakes on the 1967 Mudurnu Valley earthquake segment of the North Anatolian fault zone, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 97, no. 5, 1646-1661.
Pigati, J. S., J. Quade, T. M. Shahanan, and C. V. Haynes (2004). Radiocarbon dating of minute gastropods and new constraints on the timing of late quaternary spring-discharge deposits in southern Arizona, USA, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204, 33-45.
Pucci, S. (2006). The Duzce segment of the north Anatolian fault zone (Turkey): Understanding its seismogenic behavior through earthquake geology, tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology, PhD Thesis, Universita degli studi di Perugia.
Reilinger, R., S. McClusky, P. Vernant, S. Lawrence, S. Ergintav, R. Cakmak, H. Ozener, F. Kadirov, I. Guliev, R. Stepanyan, M. Nadariya, G. Hahubia, S. Mahmoud, K. Sakr, A. ArRajehi, D. Paradissis, A. Al-Aydrus, M. Prilepin, T. Guseva, E. Evren, A. Dmitrotsa, S. V. Filikov, F. Gomez, R. Al-Ghazzi, and G. Karam (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions, J. Geophys. Res. 111, 1-26.
Reimer, P. J., M. G. L. Baillie, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. W. Beck, C. J. H. Bertrand, P. G. Blackwell, C. E. Buck, G. S. Burr, K. B. Cutler, P. E. Damon, R. L. Edwards, R. G. Fairbanks, M. Friedrich, T. P. Guilderson, A. G. Hogg, K. A. Hughen, B. Kromer, F. G. McCormack, S. W. Manning, C. B. Ramsey, R. W. Reimer, S. Remmele, J. R. Southon, M. Stuiver, S. Talamo, F. W. Taylor, J. Van Der Plicht, and C. E. Weyhenmeyer (2004). IntCal04 terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 Ka cal BP, Radiocarbon 46, no. 3, 1029-1058.
Rockwell, T. K., E. Aksoy, G. Ucarkus, A. Barka, D. Ragona, D. Dier, M. Ferry, Y. Klinger, R. Langridge, M. Meghraoui, A. Meltzner, and G. Seitz (2001). Results of paleoseismic studies after the 1999 Izmit earthquake: Implications for seismic hazard to Istanbul, European Union of Geosciences meeting, 2001, Strasbourg, Abstract 1, 292.
Rockwell, T., A. Barka, T. Dawson, S. Akyuz, and K. Thorup (2001). Paleoseismology of the Gazikoy-Saros segment of the North Anatolia fault, northwestern Turkey: Comparison of the historical and paleoseismic records, implications of regional seismic hazard, and models of earthquake recurrence, J. Seismol. 5, no. 3, 433-448.
Şengör, A. M. C., and N. Canitez (1982). The North Anatolian Fault, in Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics, H. Berekhemer and K. Hsu (Editors), American Geophysics Union, Boulder, Colorado, 7, 205-16.
Şengör, A. M. C., O. Tüysüz, C. Imren, M. Sakinç, H. Evidoǧan, N. Görür, X. Le Pichon, and C. Rangin (2005). The North Anatolian fault: A new look, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, no. 1, 37-112.
Slota, P. J., A. J. T. Jull, T.W. Linick, and L. J. Toolin (1987). Preparation of small samples for 14 C accelerator targets by catalytic reduction of CO, Radiocarbon 29, no. 2, 303-6.
Stein, R. S., A. A. Barka, and J. H. Dieterich (1997). Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering, Geophys. J. Int. 128, no. 3, 594-604.
Stuiver, M., and H. A. Polach (1977). Discussion: Reporting of 14 C data, in Radiocarbon 19, 355-363.
Sugai, T., O. Emre, T. Duman, T. Yoshioka, and I. Kuscu (1999). Geologic evidence for five large earthquakes on the north Anatolian Fault at Ilgaz, during the last 2000 years -a result of GSJ-MTA international cooperative research, in The Paleoseismology Workshop K. Satake and D. Schwartz (Editors), U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Rept. 99-400, Japan, 66-72.
Wdowinski, S., Y. Bock, G. Baer, L. Prawirodirdjo, N. Bechor, S. Naaman, R. Knafo, Y. Forrai, and Y. Melzer (2004). GPS measurements of current crustal movements along the Dead Sea fault, J. Geophys. Res. 109, 1-16.
Yoshioka, T., K. Okumura, I. Kuscu, and O. Emre (2000). Recent surface faulting of the North Anatolian fault along the 1943 Ladik earthquake ruptures, Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan 51, no. 1, 29-36.