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Addressing the Legacy Costs in an NDC Reform: Conceptualization, Measurement, Financing
Jousten, Alain; Holzmann, Robert
2012In Holzmann, Robert; Robalino, David; Palmer, Edward (Eds.) NDC Pension Schemes in a Changing Pension World, Volume 2: Gender, Politics, and Financial Stability
 

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Keywords :
pensions; retirement; notional defined contribution
Abstract :
[en] The paper provides a framework for the conceptualization, definition and estimation of legacy costs that need to be addressed in a reform that transforms an unfunded defined contribution (NDB) scheme into a notional (or non-financial) defined contribution (NDC) scheme. As the new contribution rate is fixed and, perhaps, reduced, paying for the accrued to date liabilities leaves a financing gap that needs to be covered. The paper comes to the following key conclusions: (i) to render an NDC reform credible and fully effective in its desired results, it is crucial to determine the legacy costs of the reformed system – no matter how these costs will be financed; (ii) for a shift from an NDB scheme to a full NDC scheme with a fixed and long-term-sustainable contribution rate the legacy costs simply amounts to the actuarial deficit at the time of reform and is finite; (iii) different sources of the legacy deficit may be differentiated, in particular inherited legacy costs reflecting prior reforms and benefits above the steady-state under the old scheme; and reform-induced new legacy costs due to the shift toward a lower sustainable contribution rate; (iv) to estimate legacy costs, actuarially and macro-economically based projection models have advantages over pure actuarial studies, as they are less dependent on very technical parameter assumptions that may not be consistent with general equilibrium considerations; (v) distributive effects play both at the intergenerational and intra-generational level, as benefits and costs of the reform are borne unequally by different subgroups of the current and future population; (vi) in the developing world, one promising way to finance the legacy costs is the use of an increased coverage to strengthen the PAYG asset; (vii) for developed countries, theoretical models show that tax financing in particular via indirect taxes such as VAT is an interesting tool, but empirical limitations tend to dampen the real-world usefulness.
Disciplines :
Economic systems & public economics
Author, co-author :
Jousten, Alain ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > HEC-Ecole de gestion : UER > Théorie monétaire et macroéconomie
Holzmann, Robert
Language :
English
Title :
Addressing the Legacy Costs in an NDC Reform: Conceptualization, Measurement, Financing
Publication date :
2012
Main work title :
NDC Pension Schemes in a Changing Pension World, Volume 2: Gender, Politics, and Financial Stability
Editor :
Holzmann, Robert
Robalino, David
Palmer, Edward
Publisher :
The World Bank and Swedish Social Insurance Agency, Washington, D.C., United States
ISBN/EAN :
0821388487
Available on ORBi :
since 21 May 2010

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