Gravitational lensing by damped Ly-alpha absorbers

Assuming that (i) damped Ly-alpha absorbers (DLAs) arise in present-day-like spiral galaxies which are immersed in isothermal dark matter halos, (ii) that these galaxies obey the Tully-Fisher sigma/sigma_* = (L/L_*)^1/alpha_TF and the Holmberg R_L/R_* = (L/L_*)^alpha_H relations, and (iii) that they follow the Schechter luminosity distribution, we describe how their observed number density (dN/dz), distribution of column density (f(N)) as well as inferred cosmological density of HI (Omega_HI) derived from DLA surveys are affected by gravitational lensing (GL). The `by-pass' effect causes the lines-of-sight (LOSs) towards background QSOs to avoid the central parts of galaxies and reduces their effective cross-section for absorption; the `amplification bias' leads observers to select QSOs whose LOSs preferentially cross galaxies close to their Einstein radius. As a consequence, the determination of the quantities dN/dz, f(N) and Omega_HI from DLA surveys does not only depend on the redshift z and luminosity L of galaxies responsible for the absorbers but also on the column density profile of HI within the galaxies and on the redshift z_q and magnitude b_q of the background QSOs. For most of the existing surveys using b_q <~ 19 QSOs, the amplification bias dominates the combined effect resulting in a slight overestimate of dN/dz, f(N) and Omega_HI. We mainly find that observational strategies presently used to produce high-z DLA surveys result in avoiding the signature of significant GL effects: following our model, we determine that an overestimate of Omega_HI by more than 10% is unlikely for the z > 1.7 existing surveys, but may reach ~= 35% for the low redshift ones. However, we show that, in the absence of extinction by dust and micro-lensing effects, surveys ideally designed to enhance GL effects, i.e. to search for DLAs at z ~ 0.5 in front of very bright (b_q ~= 16), high-z (z_q > 1) QSOs, may lead 1) to overestimate by up to ~= 90% the number of DLAs per unit redshift; 2) to bias the survey towards high HI column density systems so that it could contain up to 4 times as many such systems, thus 3) to overestimate by up to ~= 170% the cosmological density of gas associated with those DLAs. Identification of the galaxies responsible for the DLAs may be severely biased towards luminous galaxies if 2/alpha_TF - alpha_H>0 this latter effect is greatly increased for log N_HI > 21 DLAs. Hence, GL effects on the quantities derived from surveys for z ~ 0.5 DLAs are of the same order, but of opposite direction, as the effects of extinction by dust (cf. Fall & Pei, 1993). However, the GL and dust extinction effects do not compensate each other: combining them in a consistent way is necessary to interpret existing DLA surveys. Furthermore, the effects due to micro-lensing should be simultaneously taken into account. We intend to report the results on the complex interplay between macro-lensing, micro-lensing and dust in a subsequent paper. We briefly present statistical tests specifically designed to check whether GL affects existing DLA surveys, and assuming that extinction by dust is negligible. We only find indications of GL effects for the z < 1 ones which, if confirmed, might even be stronger than predicted by our model. We show that an independent work on the same subject by Bartelmann & Loeb (1996) incorrectly treats the inclination effects for the intervening galaxies, thus undermining some of their main results and conclusions.