This paper was published in Applied Optics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: [http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-41-33-6968]. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.
All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.
[en] Version 3 of the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment data set for some 30 trace and minor gas profiles is available. From the IR solar-absorption spectra measured during four Space Shuttle missions (in 1985, 1992, 1993, and 1994), profiles from more than 350 occultations were retrieved from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere. Previous results were unreliable for tropospheric retrievals, but with a new global-fitting algorithm profiles are reliably returned down to altitudes as low as 6.5 km (clouds permitting) and include notably improved retrievals of H2O, CO, and other species. Results for stratospheric water are more consistent across the ATMOS spectral filters and do not indicate a net consumption of H-2 in the upper stratosphere. A new sulfuric-acid aerosol product is described. An overview of ATMOS Version 3 processing is presented with a discussion of estimated uncertainties. Differences between these Version 3 and previously reported Version 2 ATMOS results are discussed. Retrievals are available at http://atmos.jpl.nasa.gov/atmos. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Irion, Fredrick W.
Gunson, Michael R.
Toon, Geoff C.
Chang, Albert Y.
Eldering, Annmarie
Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Groupe infra-rouge de phys. atmosph. et solaire (GIRPAS)
Manney, Gloria L.
Michelsen, Hope A.
Moyer, Elizabeth J.
Newchurch, Michael J.
Osterman, Gregory B.
Rinsland, Curtis P.
Salawitch, Ross J.
Sen, Bhaswar
Yung, Yuk L.
Zander, Rodolphe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Services généraux (Faculté des sciences) > Relations académiques et scientifiques (Sciences)
C. B. Farmer, O. F. Raper, and F. G. O’Callaghan, “Final report on the first flight of the ATMOS instrument during the Spacelab 3 mission, April 29 through May 6, 1985,” JPL publication 87-32 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., 1987).
M. R. Gunson, M. M. Abbas, M. C. Abrams, M. Allen, L. R. Brown, T. L. Brown, A. Y. Chang, A. Goldman, F. W. Irion, L. L. Lowes, E. Mahieu, G. L. Manney, H. A. Michelsen, M. J. Newchurch, C. P. Rinsland, R. J. Salawitch, G. P. Stiller, G. C. Toon, Y. L. Yung, and R. Zander, “The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment: deployment on the ATLAS Space Shuttle missions,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2333-2336 (1996).
R. H. Norton and C. P. Rinsland, “ATMOS data processing and science analysis methods,” Appl. Opt. 30, 389-400 (1991).
M. C. Abrams, M. R. Gunson, A. Y. Chang, C. P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, “Remote sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere from space with high-resolution Fourier-transform spectroscopy: development and methodology of data processing for the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment,” Appl. Opt. 35, 2774-2786 (1996).
M. C. Abrams, A. Y. Chang, M. R. Gunson, M. M. Abbas, A. Goldman, F. W. Irion, H. A. Michelsen, M. J. Newchurch, C. P. Rinsland, G. P. Stiller, and R. Zander, “On the assessment and uncertainty of atmospheric trace gas burden measurements with high resolution infrared solar occultation spectra from space by the ATMOS experiment,” Geophys., Res. Lett. 23, 2337-2340 (1996).
A. Goldman, C. Paton-Walsh, W. Bell, G. C. Toon, J.-F. Blavier, B. Sen, M. T. Coffey, J. W. Hannigan, and W. G. Mankin, “Network for the detection of stratospheric change Fourier-transform infrared intercomparison at Table Mountain Facility, November 1996,” J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30481-30503 (1999).
G. C. Toon, “The JPL MkIV interferometer,” Opt. Photon. News 2(10), 19-21 (1991).
G. C. Toon, J.-F. Blavier, and B. Sen are preparing a manuscript titled, “Balloon-borne FTIR solar absorption spectrometry for measurements of atmospheric composition.”
M. R. Gunson, C. B. Farmer, R. H. Norton, R. Zander, C. P. Rinsland, J. H. Shaw, and B.-C. Gao, “Measurements of CH4, N2O, CO, H2O, and O3in the middle atmosphere by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment on Spacelab 3,” J. Geophys. Res. 95, 13867-13882 (1990).
G. P. Stiller, M. R. Gunson, L. L. Lowes, M. C. Abrams, O. F. Raper, C. B. Farmer, R. Zander, and C. P. Rinsland, “Stratospheric and mesospheric pressure-temperature profiles from rotational analysis of CO2lines in atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/ATLAS 1 infrared solar occultation spectra,” J. Geophys. Res. 100, 3107-3117 (1995).
M. Lopez-Puertas, M. A. Lopez-Valverde, C. P. Rinsland, and M. R. Gunson, “Analysis of the upper atmospheric CO2(v2) vibrational temperatures retrieved from ATMOS/Spacelab 3 observations,” J. Geophys. Res. 97, 20469-20478 (1992).
L. R. Brown, M. R. Gunson, R. A. Toth, F. W. Irion, C. P. Rinsland, and A. Goldman, “The 1995 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) linelist,” Appl. Opt. 35, 2828-2848 (1996).
A. Goldman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Perrin, and J. M. Flaud, “HNO3line parameters: 1996 HITRAN update and new results,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60, 851-861 (1998).
L. S. Rothman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, D. P. Edwards, J. M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J. Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. McCann, R. R. Gamache, R. B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K. V. Chance, K. W. Jucks, L. R. Brown, V. Nemtchinov, and P. Varanasi, “The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edition,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60, 665-710 (1998).
A. Nikitin, J. P. Champion, V. G. Tyuterev, L. R. Brown, G. Mellau, and M. Lock, “The infrared spectrum of CH3D between 900 and 3200 cm-1: extended assignment and modeling,” J. Mol. Struct. 517, 1-24 (2000).
M. J. Newchurch, M. Allen, M. R. Gunson, R. J. Salawitch, G. B. Collins, K. H. Huston, M. M. Abbas, M. C. Abrams, A. Y. Chang, D. W. Fahey, R. S. Gao, F. W. Irion, M. Lowenstein, G. L. Manney, H. A. Michelsen, J. R. Podolske, C. P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, “Stratospheric NO and NO2abundances from ATMOS solar-occultation measurements,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2373-2376 (1996).
B. Sen, G. C. Toon, G. B. Osterman, J.-F. Blavier, J. J. Mar-gitan, and R. J. Salawitch, “Measurements of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3571-3585 (1998).
M. C. Abrams, G. C. Toon, and R. A. Schindler, “Practical example for the correction of Fourier-transform spectra for detector nonlinearity,” Appl. Opt. 33, 6307-6314 (1994).
A. Goldman, “Intercomparison of analysis of ground-based IR synthetic spectra,” presented at NDSC Infrared Working Group Meeting, Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change, Garmisch, Germany, 23-25 April (1996).
R. Zander, Ph. Demoulin, E. Mahieu, G. P. Adrian, C. P. Rin-sland, and A. Goldman, “ESMOSII/NDSC IR spectral fitting algorithms intercomparison exercise,” in Proceedings of the Atmospheric Spectroscopy Applications Workshop, A. Barbe and L. Rothman, eds. (University of Reims Champaigne, Ar-denne, 1993).
G. C. Toon, J.-F. Blavier, B. Sen, J. J. Margitan, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, D. Fahey, R. Gao, L. Del Negro, M. Proffitt, J. Elkins, P. A. Romashkin, D. F. Hurst, S. Oltmans, E. Atlas, S. Schauffler, F. Flocke, T. P. Bui, R. M. Stimpfle, G. P. Bonne, P. B. Voss, and R. C. Cohen, “Comparison of MkIV balloon and ER-2 aircraft measurements of atmospheric trace gases,” J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26,779-26,790 (1999).
Y. L. Yung, A. Y. T. Lee, F. W. Irion, W. B. DeMore, and J. Wen, “Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: isotope exchange with ozone and its use as a tracer in the middle atmosphere,” J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10,857-10,866 (1997).
H. A. Michelsen, F. W. Irion, G. L. Manney, G. C. Toon, and M. R. Gunson, “Features and trends in Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Version 3 stratospheric water vapor and methane measurements,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 22,713-22,724 (2000).
H. A. Michelsen, G. L. Manney, F. W. Irion, G. C. Toon, M. R. Gunson, C. P. Rinsland, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, M. J. New-church, P. N. Purcell, E. E. Remsberg, J. M. Russell III, H. C. Pumphrey, J. W. Waters, R. M. Bevilacqua, K. K. Kelly, E. J. Hinsta, E. M. Weinstock, E.-W. Chiou, W. P. Chu, M. P. McCormick, and C. R. Webster, “ATMOS Version 3 water vapor measurements: comparisons with ATMOS Version 2 retrievals and observations from two ER-2 Lyman-a hygrometers, MkIV, HALOE, SAGE II, MAS, and MLS,” J. Geophys. Res. 107, 10.1029/2001JD000587 (2002).
Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate (SPARC), “Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor,” WCRP-113, WMO/TD-1043 (World Climate Research Programme of World Meterological Organization/Interna-tional Council for Science, Paris, France, 2000).
K. H. Rosenlof, S. J. Oltmans, D. Kley, J. M. Russell III, E.-W. Chiou, W. P. Chu, D. G. Johnson, K. K. Kelly, H. A. Michelsen, G. E. Nedoluha, E. E. Remsberg, G. C. Toon, and M. P. McCormick, “Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 1195-1198 (2001).
H. A. Michelsen, C. R. Webster, G. L. Manney, D. C. Scott, J. J. Margitan, R. D. May, F. W. Irion, M. R. Gunson, J. M. Russell III, and C. M. Spivakovsky, “Maintenance of high HCl/Clyand NOx/NOyin the Antarctic vortex: a chemical signature of confinement during spring,” J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26,419-26,436 (1999).
G. L. Manney, H. A. Michelsen, R. M. Bevilacqua, M. R. Gun-son, F. W. Irion, N. J. Livesey, J. Oberheide, M. Riese, J. M. Russell III, G. C. Toon, and J. M. Zawodny, “Comparison of ozone observations in early November 1994 in the context of meterological variability,” J. Geophys. Res. 106, 9923-9943 (2001).
C. R. Webster, H. A. Michelsen, M. R. Gunson, J. J. Margitan, J. M. Russell, G. C. Toon, and W. A. Traub, “Response of lower stratospheric HCl/Clyto volcanic aerosol: observations from aircraft balloon, Space Shuttle, and satellite instruments,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 11,711-11,719 (2000).
C. P. Rinsland, R. J. Salawitch, G. B. Osterman, F. W. Irion, B. Sen, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, and M. R. Gunson, “Stratospheric CO at tropical and mid-latitudes: ATMOS measurements and photochemical steady-state model calculations,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1395-1398 (2000).
G. L. Manney, H. A. Michelsen, F. W. Irion, G. C. Toon, M. R. Gunson, and A. E. Roche, “Lamination and polar vortex development in fall from ATMOS long-lived trace gases observed during November 1994,” J. Geophys. Res. 105, 29,023-29,038 (2000).
R. Zander, M. R. Gunson, C. B. Farmer, C. P. Rinsland, F. W. Irion, and E. Mahieu, “The 1985 chlorine and fluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOS observations at 30° north latitude,” J. Atmos. Chem. 15, 171-186 (1992).
R. Zander, E. Mahieu, M. R. Gunson, M. C. Abrams, A. Y. Chang, M. Abbas, C. Aellig, A. Engel, A. Goldman, F. W. Irion, N. Kampfer, H. A. Michelsen, M. J. Newchurch, C. P. Rinsland, R. J. Salawitch, G. P. Stiller, and G. C. Toon, “The 1994 northern mid-latitude budget of stratospheric chlorine derived from ATMOS/ATLAS-3 observations,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2357-2360 (1996).
A. Y. Chang, R. J. Salawitch, H. A. Michelsen, M. R. Gunson, M. C. Abrams, R. Zander, C. P. Rinsland, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, C. M. Volk, C. R. Webster, R. D. May, D. W. Fahey, R. S. Gao, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, R. M. Stimpfle, D. W. Kohn, M. H. Proffitt, J. J. Margitan, K. R. Chan, M. M. Abbas, A. Goldman, F. W. Irion, G. L. Manney, M. J. New-church, and G. P. Stiller, “A comparison ofmeasurements from ATMOS and instruments aboard the ER-2 aircraft: haloge-nated gases,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2393-2396 (1996).
J. W. Elkins, D. W. Fahey, J. M. Gilligan, G. S. Dutton, T. J. Baring, C. M. Volk, R. E. Dunn, R. C. Myers, S. A. Montzka, P. R. Wamsley, A. H. Hayden, J. H. Butler, T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, E. J. Dlugokencky, P. C. Novelli, D. F. Hurst, J. M. Lobert, S. J. Ciciora, R. J. McLaughlin, T. L. Thompson, R. H. Winkler, P. J. Fraser, L. P. Steele, and M. P. Lucarelli, “Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 347-350 (1996).
M. R. Gunson, M. C. Abrams, L. L. Lowes, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, C. P. Rinsland, M. K. W. Ko, N. D. Sze, and D. K. Weisenstein, “Increase in levels of stratospheric chlorine and fluorine loading between 1985 and 1992,” J. Geophys. Res. 95, 2223-2226 (1994).
M. M. Abbas, M. R. Gunson, M. J. Newchurch, H. A. Mich-elsen, R. J. Salawitch, M. Allen, M. C. Abrams, A. Y. Chang, A. Goldman, F. W. Irion, E. J. Moyer, R. Nagaraju, C. P. Rins-land, G. P. Stiller, and R. Zander, “The hydrogen budget of the stratosphere inferred from ATMOS measurements of H2O and CH4,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2405-2408 (1996).
H. A. Michelsen, G. L. Manney, M. R. Gunson, and R. Zander, “Correlations of stratospheric abundances of NOy, O3, N2O and CH4derived from ATMOS measurements,” J. Geophys. Res. 103, 28,347-28,359 (1998).
G. L. Manney, H. A. Michelsen, M. L. Santee, M. R. Gunson, F. W. Irion, A. E. Roche, and N. J. Livesey, “Polar vortex dynamics during spring and fall diagnosed using trace gas observations from the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy instrument,” J. Geophys. Res. 104, 18,841-18,866 (1999).
A. Lambert, R. G. Grainger, C. D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor, J. L. Mergenthaler, J. B. Kumer, and S. T. Massie, “Global evolution of the Mt Pinatubo volcanic aerosols observed by the infrared limb-sounding instruments CLAES and ISAMS on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite,” J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1495-1512 (1997).
S. T. Massie, T. Deshler, G. E. Thomas, J. L. Mergenthaler, and J. M. Russell, “Evolution of the infrared properties of the Mount Pinatubo aerosol cloud over Laramie, Wyoming,” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23,007-23,019 (1996).
P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. J. Bauman, J. B. Pollack, S. L. Brooks, P. Hamill, L. W. Thomason, L. L. Stowe, T. Deshler, E. G. Dutton, and R. W. Bergstrom, “Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol derived from diverse measurements and analyses,” J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18,745-18,763 (1996).
L. W. Thomason, L. R. Poole, and T. Deshler, “A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface area density deduced from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II measurements: 1984-1994,” J. Geophys. Res. 102,8967-8976 (1997).
A. Eldering, F. W. Irion, A. Y. Chang, M. R. Gunson, F. P. Mills, and H. M. Steele, “Vertical profiles of aerosol volume from high-spectral-resolution infrared transmission measurements. I. Methodology,” Appl. Opt. 40, 3082-3091 (2001).
