[en] The human dermis contains a series of dendritic cells which express different phenotypes including Factor XIIIa immunoreactivity. This compound is related to a blood coagulation factor participating in angiogenesis, in the final stages of the clotting cascade and in wound healing. In normal skin, Factor XIIIa is expressed in specific dermal dendrocytes (DD) derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage or from a mesenchymal origin. DD are located predominantly around the microvasculature in the adventitial dermis, at the dermo-epidermal junction, and around skin appendages, but normally not within the epidermis. Increased numbers of Factor XIIIa+ DD are present in a host of specific cutaneous inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. In tumor pathology, immunophenotypic differences are found between dermatofibromas and other fibrohistiocytic entities, most notably dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. In addition, Factor XIIIa+ DD are likely to be involved in the progression and regression of some malignancies including cutaneous melanoma and basal cell carcinoma.
Disciplines :
Dermatology
Author, co-author :
Quatresooz, Pascale ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Dermatopathologie
Paquet, Philippe ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Dermatopathologie
Hermanns-Lê, Trinh ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Dermatopathologie
Pierard, Gérald ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Dermatopathologie
Language :
English
Title :
Molecular mapping of Factor XIIIa-enriched dendrocytes in the skin (Review).
Arrese Estrada J and Piérard GE: Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes and the dermal microvascular unit. Dermatologica 180: 51-53, 1990.
Robert C, Fuhlbrigge RC, Kieffer JD, Ayehumic S, Hune RO, Cheng G, Grabbe S, von Adrian UH and Kupper TS: Interaction of dendritic cells with skin endothelium: a new perspective in immunosurveillance. J Exp Med 19: 627-635, 1999.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Fazaa B, Benzarti H, Kort R, Arrese JE, Nikkels AF, Kamoun MR and Piérard GE: Phenotypic heterogeneity in the fibroblast-like cells of the dermis. Giorn Int Dermatol Ped 6: 7-13, 1994.
Zaba LC, Fuentes-Duculan J, Steinman RM, Krueger JG and Lowes MA: Normal human dermis contains distinct populations of CD11c+BDCA- 117 dendritic cells and CD163+ FXIIIa+ macrophages. J Clin Invest 117: 2117-2525, 2007.
Talme T, Schultzberg M, Sundqvist KG and Marcusson JA: Somatostatin and Factor XIIIa immunoreactive cells in psoriasis during clobetasol propionate and calcipotriol treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 79: 44-48, 1999.
Quatresooz P and Piérard GE: Immunohistochemical clues at ageing of the skin microvascular unit. J Cutan Pathol Epub June 17, 2008.
Muszbek I, Adany R and Mikkola H: Novel aspect of blood coagulation factor XIII. Structure, distribution, activation, and function. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 33: 357-421, 1996.
Wozniak G and Noll T: Factor XIII and wound healing. Haemostaseologie 22: 59-62, 2002.
Tosetto A, Castaman G and Rodeghiero F: Acquired plasma factor XIII deficiencies. Haematologica 78: S5-S10, 1993.
Inbal A and Dardik R: Role of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) in angiogenesis and tissue repair. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 35: 162-165, 2006.
Cerio R, Griffiths CE, Cooper KD, et al: Characterization of factor XIIIa positive dermal dendritic cells in normal and inflamed skin. Br J Dermatol 121: 421-431, 1989.
Headington JT and Cerio R: Dendritic cells and the dermis. Am J Dermatopathol 12: 217-220, 1990.
Derrick EK, Barker JN, Khan A, et al: The tissue distribution of factor XIIIa positive cells. Histopathology 22: 157-162, 1993.
Cerio R, Spaull J, Oliver GF, et al: A study of factor XIIIa and MAC 387 immunolabeling in normal and pathological skin. Am J Dermatopathol 12: 221-233, 1990.
Hermanns-Lê T, Gerardy-Goffin F, Giet-Lesuisse M and Piérard GE: Ultrastructural study of melanoderma due to azidothymidine. Ann Pathol 13: 328-331, 1993.
Pimpinelli N, Romagnoli P, Bosi A, Santucci P, Mori M, Guidi S and Giannotti B: Dendritic cells in the skin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic monitoring. Eur J Dermatol 3: 310-317, 1993.
Sueki H, Whitaker D, Buchsbaum M and Murphy GF: Interactions between dermal dendrocytes and mast cells in human skin. Implications for hemostasis and matrix repair. Lab Invest 69: 160-172, 1993.
Moretto JC, Soslow R and Smoller BR: Atypical cells in radiation dermatitis express Factor XIIIa. Am J Dermatopathol 20: 370-372, 1998.
Hermanns-Lê T, Paquet P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Arrese JE and Piérard GE: Regulatory function of factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes in incipient toxic epidermal necrolysis and graft-versus-host reaction. A hypothesis. Dermatology 198: 184-186, 1999.
Yamazaki K: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of elastofibroma: CD34, MEF-2, prominin 2 (CD133), and factor XIIIa-positive proliferating fibroblastic stromal cells connected by Cx43-type gap junctions. Ultrastruct Pathol 31: 209-219, 2007.
Akagi A, Tajima S, Ishibashi A, Matsubara Y, Takehana M, Kobayashi S and Yamaguchi N: Type XVI collagen is expressed in Factor XIIIa+ monocyte-derived dermal dendrocytes and constitutes a potential substrate for Factor XIIIa. J Invest Dermatol 118: 267-274,2002.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE, Hermanns-Lê T, Estrada JA, Verloes A and Mulliez N: Dermatopathological aspects of restrictive dermopathy. J Pathol 167: 223-228, 1992.
Trimble CL, Gray MH and McNutt NS: The distribution of Factor XIIIa-positive cells in the human fetus and placenta. Virch Arch A Pathol Anat 420: 513-518, 1992.
Meunier L, Gonzalez-Ramos A and Cooper KD: Heterogeneous populations of class II MHC+ cells in human dermal cell suspensions. Identification of a small subset responsible for potent dermal antigen-presenting cell activity with features analogous to Langerhans cells. J Immunol 151: 4067-4080, 1993.
Piérard GE, Tassoudji N, Arrese J, Nikkels A, Hermanns-Lê T and Piérard-Franchimont C: L1-protein in incipient lymphocyte-depleted graft-versus-host disease. Expression in keratinocytes and coexpression with factor XIIIa in dermal cells. Turk J Dermatopathol 7: 10-13, 1998.
Monteiro MR, Murphy EE, Galaria NA, Whitaker-Menezes D and Murphy GE: Cytological alterations in dermal dendrocytes in vitro: evidence for transformation to a non-dendritic phenotype. Br J Dermatol 143: 84-90, 2000.
Flagothier C, Goffin V, Hermanns-Lê T, Piérard GE and Quatresooz P: A four-generation Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with vascular dissections. Skin ultrastructure and biomechanical properties. J Med Eng Technol 31: 175-180, 2007.
Nestle FO, Zheng X, Thompson C, Turka L and Nickoloff BJ: Characterization of dermal dendritic cells obtained from normal human skin reveals phenotypic and functionally distinctive subsets. J Immunol 151: 6535-6545, 1993.
Quatresooz P, Hermanns-Lê T, Ciccarelli A, et al: Tensegrity and type I dermal dendrocytes in acromegaly. Eur J Clin Invest 35: 133-139, 2005.
Headington JT: The dermal dendrocyte. In: Advances in Dermatology. Callen JP, Dahl MV, Golitz LE (eds). Year book Medical Publ, Chicago, ppl59-171, 1986.
Altman DA, Fivenson DP and Lee MW: Minocycline hyperpigmentation as a model for in situ phagocytic activity of Factor XIII positive dermal dendrocytes. J Cutan Pathol 19: 340-345,1992.
Unver N, Frevschmidt-Paul P, Hörster S, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt T and Elsässer HP: Alterations in the epidermal-dermal melanin axis and factor XIIIa melanophages in senile lentigo and ageing skin. Br J Dermatol 155: 119-128, 2006.
Torocsik D, Bardos H, Nagy L, et al: Identification of factor XIII-A as a marker of alternative macrophage activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 62: 2132-2139, 2005.
Hermanns-Lê T and Piérard GE: Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocyte rarefaction in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classic type. Am J Dermatopathol 23: 427-430, 2001.
Hermanns-Lê T, Uhoda I, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al: Factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes and shear wave propagation in human skin. Eur J Clin Invest 32: 847-851, 2002.
Penneys NS, Rademaker B, Jackson IT and Fasching MC: Loss of factor XIIIa in pig skin during tissue expansion. J Dermatol Sci 2: 62-65, 1991.
Quatresooz P and Piérard GE: Dermal dendrocyte ballooning. Am J Clin Dermatol 7: 391-392, 2006.
Chen KR and Carlson JA: Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis. Am J Clin Den-natol 9: 71-92, 2008.
Morganroth GS, Chan LS, Weinstein GD, Voorhees J and Cooper K: Proliferating cells in psoriatic dermis are composed primarily of T-cells, endothelial cells and Factor XIIIa+ perivascular dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 96: 333-340, 1991.
Van Neer F, Zememan V, Cerio R, Langtry J and Staughton RCD: The role of Factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes in HIV-1-positive psoriatics. Br J Dermatol 128: 29-33, 1993.
Regezi JA, Daniels TE, Saeb F and Nickoloff BJ: Increased submucosal Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Lab Med 13: 114, 1994.
Deguchi M, Aiba S, Ohtani H, Nagura H and Tagami H: Comparison of the distribution and numbers of antigen-presenting cells among T-lymphocyte-mediated dermatoses: CD1a+, factor XIIIa+, and CD68+ cells in eczematous dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus and graft-versus -host disease. Arch Dermatol Res 294: 297-302, 2002.
Wahl CE, Bouldin MB and Gibson LE: Erythema elevatum diutinum: clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of six patients. Am J Dermatopathol 27: 397-400, 2005.
Yoo YH, Park BS, Whitaker-Menezes D, et al: Dermal dendrocytes participate in the cellular pathology of experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. J Cutan Pathol 25: 426-434, 1998.
Hermanns-Lê T, Paquet P, Nikkels AF, et al: Prolonged imiquimod treatment and graft-versus-host reaction: histological mimicry in the pattern of monocyte-macrophage-dendrocyte lineage skin infiltration. Dermatology 206: 361-365, 2003.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Arrese Estrada J, Nikkels AF, et al: Dendrocytes et cellules dendritiques épidermiques au cours du photovieillissement. Ann Dermatol Venereol 117: 965-967, 1990.
Piérard GE, Nikkels AF, Arrese JE, et al: Dermal dendrocytes and photochemotherapy. Virchows Arch A 418: 311-314, 1991.
Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns-Lê T, et al: Factor XIIIa-positive dendritic cells in mycosis fungoides. Cancer J 5: 226-229, 1992.
Paquet P, Nikkels A, Arrese JE, Vanderkelen A and Piérard GE: Macrophage and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch Dermatol 130: 605-608, 1994.
Paquet P and Piérard GE: Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis. A comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol 19:127-132,1997.
Paquet P, Paquet F, Al Saleh W, Reper P, Vanderkelen A and Piérard GE: Immonuregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Dermatopathol 22: 413-417, 2000.
Paquet P, Jacob E, Damas P, Pirson J and Piérard G: Analytical quantification of the inflammatory cell infiltrate and CD95R expression during treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch Dermatol Res 297: 266-273, 2005.
Paquet P, Quatresooz P and Piérard GE: Factor XIIIa-positive dendrocytes in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome). Paradoxical activation in the skin and rarefaction in lymph nodes. Dermatology 206: 374-378, 2003.
Paquet P, Ribbens C and Piérard GE: Epidermal interleukin-8 and its receptor CXCR2 in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 32: 728-732, 2007.
Arrese Estrada J, Goffin F, Cornil F, et al: Dendrocytoclasis in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Acta Derm Venereol 71: 358-359, 1991.
Hermanns-Lẽ T, Arrese Estrada J, Benr Mosbah T, et al: Modulating effect of etretinate on dendrocytes and dermal structure. Afr J Dermatol 3: 21-27, 1990.
Piérard GE, Kligman AM, Stoudemayer T, et al: Comparative effects of retinoic acid, glycolic acid and a lipophilic derivative of salicylic acid on photodamaged epidermis. Dermatology 199: 50-53, 1999.
Smith KJ, Hamza S and Skelton H: Topical imidazoquinoline therapy of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma polarizes lymphoid and monocyte/ macrophage populations to a Th1 and M1 cytokine pattern. Clin Exp Dermatol 29: 505-512, 2004.
Smith K, Hamza S, Germain M and Skelton H: Does imiquimod histologically rejuvenate ultraviolet radiation-damaged skin? Dermatol Surg 33: 1419-1428, 2007.
Arrese JE, Paquet P, Claessens N, et al: Dermal dendritic cells in anogenital warty lesions unresponsive to an immune-response modifier. J Cutan Pathol 28: 131-134, 2001.
Quatresooz P and Piérard GE: Imiquimod-responsive basal cell carcinomas and factor XIIIa-enriched dendrocytes. Clin Exp Dermatol 28: S27-S29, 2003.
Lago E, Carneiro S, Cuzzi T, Magalhaes G, Cassia F, Pessanha F and Ramos-e-Silva M: Clinical and immunohistochemical assessment of the effect of cyclosporin in keratinocytes and dermal dendrocytes in psoriasis. J Cutan Pathol 34: 15-21, 2007.
Andreopoulos A, Yiakoumis X, Antoniou TC, Andreopoulos G, Konstantopoulos K, Pangalis GA and Vaiopoulos G: Primary adult-onset macrophage activation syndrome with multisystemic tissue phagocytosis. Int J Hematol 86: 394-396, 2007.
Kraus MD, Haley JC, Ruiz R, Essary L, Moran CA and Fletcher CD: 'Juvenile' xanthogranuloma: an immunophenotypic study with a reappraisal of histogenesis. Am J Dermatopathol 23: 104-111, 2001.
Gonzalez Ruiz A, Bernal Ruiz AI, Aragoneses Fraile H, Peral Martinez I and Garcia Munoz M: Progressive nodular histiocytosis accompanied by systemic disorders. Br J Dermatol 143: 628-631, 2000.
Luz FB, Gaspar AP, Ramos-e-Silva M, Carvalho da Fonseca E, Villar EG, Cordovil Pires AR and Kalil-Gaspar N: Immunohistochemical profile of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Skinmed 4: 71-77, 2005.
Miettinen M and Fetsch JF: Reticulohistiocytoma (solitary epithelioid histiocytoma): a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 44 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 30: 521-528, 2006.
Jones EW, Cerio R and Smith NP: Epithelioid cell histiocytoma: anew entity. Br J Dermatol 120: 185-195, 1989.
Cerio R, Spaull J and Jones EW: Histiocytorna cutis: a tumour of dermal dendrocytes (dermal dendrocytoma). Br J Dermatol 120: 197-206, 1989.
Altman DA and Nickoloff BJ: Differential expression of Factor XIIIa and CD34 in cutaneous mesenchymal tumors. J Cutan Pathol 20: 154-158, 1993.
Dezfoulian B, Nikkels AF, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al: Epithelioid cell histocytoma: a report of two cases. Dermatology 190: 349-350, 1995.
Zelger BW, Offren D and Zelger BG: Atrophic variants of dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma. protuberans. Histopathology 26: 519-527, 1995.
Goldblum JR and Tuthill RJ: CD34 and factor-XIIIa immunore activity in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and dermatofibroma. Am J Dermatopathol 19: 147-153, 1997.
Rodriguez-Jurado R, Palacios C, Duran-McKinster C, Mercadillo P, Orozco-Covarrubias L, Saez-de-Ocariz Mdel M and Ruiz-Maldonado R: Medallion-like dermal dendrocyte hamartoma: a new clinically and histopathologically distinct lesion. J Am Acad Dermatol 51: 359-363, 2004.
Song Y, Sakamoto F and Ito M: Characterization of factor XIIIa+ dendritic cells in dermatofibroma: Immunohistochemical, electron and immunoelectron microscopical observations. J Dermatol Sci 39: 89-96, 2005.
Pérez LP, Zulaica A, Rodriguez L, Campo MC, Penaranda JM, Femandez-Redondo V and Toribio J: Multinucleate cell angiohistiocytoma. Report of five cases. J Cutan Pahtol 33: 349-352, 2006.
Lee J: Epithelioid cell histiocytoma with granular cells (another nonneural granular cell neoplasm). Am J Dermatopathol 29: 475-476, 2007.
Piérard GE, Arrese Estrada J, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al: Is there a link between dendrocytes, fibrosis and sclerosis? Dermatologica 181: 264-265, 1990.
Gilmour TK, Wilkinson B, Breit SN and Kossard S: Analysis of dendritic cell populations using a revised histological staging of morphoea. Br J Dermatol 143: 183-192, 2000.
Penneys NS, Smith KJ and Nemeth AJ: Factor XIIIa in the hamartomas of tuberous sclerosis. J Dermatol Sci 2: 50-53, 1991.
Mendoza FA, Artlett CM, Sandorfi N, Latinis K, Piera-Velazquez S and Jimenez SA: Description of 12 cases of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 35: 208-210, 2006.
Kucher C, Xu X, Pasha T and Elenitsas R: Histopathologic comparison of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and scleromyxedema. J Cutan Pathol 32: 484-490, 2005.
Cowper SE, Su LD, Bhawan J, Robin HS and LeBoit PE: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. Am J Dermatopathol 23: 383-393, 2001.
Jimenez SA, Artlett CM, Sandorfi N, et al: Dialysis-associated systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy): study of inflammatory cells and transforining growth factor beta 1 expression in affected skin. Arthritis Rheum 50: 2660-2666, 2004.
Daram SR, Cortese CM and Bastani B: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/ nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: report of a new case with literature review. Am J Kidney Dis 46: 754-759, 2005.
Parsons AC, Yosipovitch G, Sheehan DJ, et al: Transglutaminases: the missing link in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Am J Dermatopathol 29: 433-436, 2007.
Tsai CW, Chao CC, Wu VC, et al: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Kidney Int 72: 1294, 2007.
Stewart MI and Smoller BR: Dermal dendrocytes are decreased in collagenomas. J Cutan Pathol 20: 504-507, 1993.
Adany R and Muszbek L: Cells containing factor XIII subunit a in benign and soft tissue tumors. Histopathology 11: 1341-1343, 1987.
Erdag G, Oureshi HS, Patterson JW, et al: Solitary fibrous tumors of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 34: 844-850, 2007.
Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim SH, et al: Stromelysin-3 expression in the differential diagnosis of derinatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: comparison with factor XIIIa and CD34. Br J Dermatol 157: 319-324, 2007.
Fivenson DP, Beckers R, Dunstan RW and Nickoloff BJ: Dermal dendrocytes and T cells in canine mycosis fungoides: support for an animal model of human cutaneous cell lymphoma. Cancer 70: 2091, 1992.
Gilbran NS, Hembach DM and Holbrook KA: Immunolocalization of FXIHa+ dendritic cells in human bum wounds. J Surg Res 59: 378-386, 1995.
Griffin TD, Murphy GF, Sucki H, Telegan B, Johnson WC, Ditre CM, Yu RJ and Van Scott EJ: Increased factor XIIIa transglutaminase expression in dermal dendrocytes after treatment with α-hydroxyacids: potential physiologic significance. J Am Acad Dermatol 34: 196-203, 1996.
Fumal I, Braham C, Paquet P, Piérard-Franchimont C and Piérard GE: The beneficial toxicity paradox of antimicrobials in leg ulcer healing impaired by a polymicrobial flora: a proof-of-concept study. Dermatology 204: S70-S74, 2002.
Quatresooz P, Henry F, Paquet P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Harding K and Piérard GE: Deciphering cytokine pathways in chronic leg ulcers. Int J Mol Med 11: 411-418, 2003.
Paquet P, Jacob E, Quatresooz P, Jacquemin D and Piérard GE: Delayed reepithelialization and scarring deregulation following drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Burns 33: 100-104, 2007.
Nemeth AJ, Penneys NS and Bernstein HB: Fibrous papule: a tumor of fibrobistiocytic cells that contain Factor XIIIa. J Am Acad Dermatol 19: 1102-1106, 1988.
Greenberg CS, Birckbichler PJ and Rice RH: Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. FASEB J 5: 3071-3077, 1991.
Nickoloff BJ, Karabin GD, Barker JNW, Griffiths CEM, Sarma V, Mitras RS, Elder S, Kunkel SL and Dixit VM: Cellular localization of interleukin-8 audits inducer, tumor necrosis-alpha in psoriasis. Am J Pathol 138: 129-140, 1991.
Nemeth AJ and Penneys NS: Factor XIII is expressed by fibroblasts in fibrovascular tumors. J Cutan Pathol 16: 266-271, 1989.
Nickoloff BJ and Griffiths CEM: Factor XIIIa-expressing dermal dendrocytes in AIDS-associated cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 143: 1736-1737, 1989.
Nickoloff BJ and Griffiths CE: The spindle-shaped cells in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Histologic simulators include factor XIIIa dermal dendrocytes. Am J Pathol 135: 793-800, 1989.
Gray MH, Trinble CC and Zurn J: Relationship of factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes to Kaposi's sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115: 791-796, 1991.
Arrese Estrada J and Piérard GE: Dendrocytes in verruga peruana and bacillary angiomatosis. Dermatology 184: 22-25, 1992.
Regezi JA, Nickoloff BJ and Headington JT: Oral submucosal dendrocytes factor XIIIa+ and CD34+ dendritic cell populations in normal tissue and fibrovascular lesions. J Cutan Pathol 19: 398-406, 1992.
Watanabe H, Ishida. Y, Nagashima K, Makino T, Norisugi O and Shimizu T: Desmoplastic fibroblastorna (collagenous fibroma). J Dermatol 35: 93-97, 2008.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Arrese JE, Nikkels AF, et al:. Factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes and proliferative activity of cutaneous cancers. Virchows Arch 429: 43-48, 1996.
Denton KJ, Cotton DW, Wright A and Hird P: Factor XIIIa in nodular malignant melanoma and Spitz naevi. Br J Dermatol 12: 783-786, 1990.
Fullen DR and Headington JT: Factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendritic cells and HLA-DR expression in radial versus vertical growth-phase melanomas. J Cutan Pathol 25: 553-558, 1998.
Polak ME, Johnson P, Di Palma S, Higgins B, Hurren J, Borthwick NJ, Jager MJ, McCormick D and Cree IA: Presence and maturity of dendritic cells in melanoma lymph node metastases. J Pathol 207: 83-90, 2005.
Kanitakis J and Roca-Miralles M: Factor XIIIa-expressing dermal dendrocytes in Kaposi's sarcoma. A comparison between classical and immunosuppression-associated types. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat 420: 217-231, 1992.
Nemes Z and ThomAzy V: Factor XIIIa and the classic histiocytic markers in malignant fibrous histiocytoma: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 19: 822-829, 1988.
Wilk M, Zelger BG, Nilles M and Zelger B: The value of immunohistochemistry in atypical cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma. Am J Dermatopathol 26: 367-371, 2004.
Zelger B, Cerio R, Orchard G, et al: Histologic and immunohistochemical study comparing xanthoma disseminatum and histiocytosis X. Arch Dermatol 128: 1207-1212, 1992.
Misery L, Boucheron S and Claudy AL: Factor XIIIa expression in juvenile xanthogranuloma. Acta Derma Venereol 74 (Suppl): S43-S44, 1994.
Gray MH, Smoller BR, McNutt NS and Hsu A: Immunohistochemical demonstration of factor XIII a expression in neurofibromas: a practical means of differentiating these tumors from neurotized melanocytic nevi and schwannomas. Arch Dermatol 126: 472-476, 1990.
Takata M, Imai T and Hirone T: Factor XIII-positive cells in normal peripheral nerves and cutaneous neurofibroma. of type I neurofibromatosis. Am J Dermatopathol 16: 37-43, 1994.
Mahalingam M, Alter JN and Bhawan J: Multiple cellular neurothekeomas - a case report and review on the role of immunohistochemistry as a histologic adjunct. J Cutan Pathol 33: 51-56, 2006.
Alkhalidi H and Ghazarian D: Cellular neurothekeoma with a plexiform morphology: a case report with a discussion of the plexiform lesions of the skin. J Cutan Pathol 34: 264-269, 2007.
Wu RC, Hsieh YY, Chang YC and Kuo TT: Cellular neurothekeoma with melanocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 35: 241-245, 2008.
Nikkels AF, Arrese Estrada J, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al: CD68 and factor XIIIa expressions in granular-cell tumor of the skin. Dermatology 186: 106-108, 1993.
Hassanein AM, Atkinson SP, Al-Ouran SZ, Jain SM and Reith JD: Acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas: are they all low-grade neoplasms? J Cutan Pathol 35: 186-191, 2008.
