The thymic insulin-like growth factor axis: Involvement in physiology and disease

A repertoire of neuroendocrine-related genes is transcribed in the non-lymphoid compartment of the thymus, transposing the dual physiological role of this organ at the molecular level in T-cell development towards the establishment of central T-cell self-tolerance. The "neuroendocrine self" has been defined as a series of antigen sequences processed from precursors predominantly expressed in the thymus and first encountered by differentiating T-lymphocytes in their early life. All the members of the insulin gene family are expressed in the thymus according to a precise hierarchy and cellular topography, whereby IGF-II (epithelium of the subcapsular cortex and medulla) exceeds IGF-I (macrophages), which in turn far exceeds INS (rare subsets of medullary epithelial cells). This hierarchy in the degree of their respective thymic expression explains why IGF-II is more tolerated than IGF-I, and much more so than insulin. Evidence has been found for significant regulatory/tolerogenic properties in the IGF-II B:11-25 sequence after analysis of the cytokine secretion profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from ten DQ8+ type 1 diabetic adolescents. In the thymus, IGF ligands and receptors also intervene in the control of T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we also discuss how a disturbance in the intrathymic IGF-mediated signaling could contribute to the pathogenesis of T-cell leukemia.