[en] Changes in milk production traits (i.e., milk yield, fat, and protein contents) with the pregnancy stage are well documented. To our knowledge, the effect of pregnancy on the detailed milk composition has not been studied so far. The mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum reflects the detailed composition of a milk sample and is obtained by a nonexhaustive and widely used method for milk analysis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of pregnancy on milk MIR spectrum in addition to milk production traits (milk yield, fat, and protein contents). A model including regression on the number of days pregnant was applied on milk production traits (milk yield, fat, and protein contents) and on 212 spectral points from the MIR spectra of 9,757 primiparous Holstein cows from Walloon herds. Effects of pregnancy stage were expressed on a relative scale (effect divided by the squared root of the phenotypic variance); this allowed comparisons between effects on milk traits and on 212 spectral points. Effect of pregnancy stage on production traits were in line with previous studies indicating that the model accounted well for the pregnancy effect. Trends of the relative effect of the pregnancy stage on the 212 spectral points were consistent with known and observed effect on milk traits. The highest effect of the pregnancy was observed in the MIR spectral region from 968 to 1,577 cm−1. For some specific wavenumbers, the effect was higher than for fat and protein contents in the beginning of the pregnancy (from 30 to 90 or 120 d pregnant). In conclusion, the effect of early pregnancy can be observed in the detailed milk composition through the analysis of the MIR spectrum of bovine milk. Further analyses are warranted to explore deeply the use of MIR spectra of bovine milk for breeding and management of dairy cow pregnancy.
Disciplines :
Animal production & animal husbandry Agriculture & agronomy
Author, co-author :
Laine, Aurélie ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Chimie des agro-biosystèmes
Ali, T.E., Schaeffer, L.R., Accounting for covariances among test day milk yields in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 67 (1987), 637–644.
Bittante, G., Cecchinato, A., Genetic analysis of the Fourier-transform infrared spectra of bovine milk with emphasis on individual wavelengths related to specific chemical bonds. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (2013), 5991–6006 10.3168/jds.2013-6583 23810593.
Bohmanova, J., Jamrozik, J., Miglior, F., Effect of pregnancy on production traits of Canadian Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (2009), 2947–2959 10.3168/jds.2008-1782 19448027.
Bonfatti, V., Di Martino, G., Carnier, P., Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for the detailed protein composition and contents of protein genetic variants of individual milk of Simmental cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94 (2011), 5776–5785 10.3168/jds.2011-4401 22118068.
Dagnachew, B.S., Meuwissen, T.H.E., Ådnøy, T., Genetic components of milk Fourier-transform infrared spectra used to predict breeding values for milk composition and quality traits in dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 96 (2013), 5933–5942 10.3168/jds.2012-6068 23831101.
De Marchi, M., Toffanin, V., Cassandro, M., Penasa, M., Invited review: Mid-infrared spectroscopy as phenotyping tool for milk traits. J. Dairy Sci. 97 (2014), 1171–1186 10.3168/jds.2013-6799 24440251.
Egger-Danner, C., Cole, J.B., Pryce, J.E., Gengler, N., Heringstad, B., Bradley, A., Stock, K.F., Invited review: Overview of new traits and phenotyping strategies in dairy cattle with a focus on functional traits. Animal 9 (2015), 191–207.
Friggens, N.C., Chagunda, M.G.G., Prediction of the reproductive status of cattle on the basis of milk progesterone measures: Model description. Theriogenology 64 (2005), 155–190 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.11.014 15935851.
Gajewski, Z., De Sousa, N.M., Beckers, J.F., Pawlinski, B., Olszewska, M., Thun, R., Kleczkowski, M., Concentration of bovine pregnancy associated glycoprotein in plasma and milk: Its application for pregnancy diagnosis in cows. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59 (2008), 55–64 19261971.
Gengler, N., Soyeurt, H., Dehareng, F., Bastin, C., Colinet, F., Hammami, H., Vanrobays, M.-L., Lainé, A., Vanderick, S., Grelet, C., Vanlierde, A., Froidmont, E., Dardenne, P., Capitalizing on fine milk composition for breeding and management of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (2016), 4071–4079 10.3168/jds.2015-10140 26778306.
Gengler, N., Tijani, A., Wiggans, G.R., Misztal, I., Estimation of (co)variance function coefficients for test day yield with a expectation-maximization restricted maximum likelihood algorithm. J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999), 1849.e1–1849.e23 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75417-2.
Gengler, N., Wiggans, G.R., Variance of effects of lactation stage within herd by herd yield. J. Dairy Sci., 84(Suppl. 1), 2001, 216 (Abstr.).
Grelet, C., Bastin, C., Gelé, M., Davière, J-B., Johan, M., Werner, A., Reding, R., Fernández Pierna, J.A., Colinet, F.G., Dardenne, P., Gengler, N., Soyeurt, H., Dehareng, F., Development of Fourier transform mid-infrared calibrations to predict acetone, β-hydroxybutyrate, and citrate contents in bovine milk through a European dairy network. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (2016), 4816–4825 10.3168/jds.2015-10477.
Grelet, C., Fernández Pierna, J.A., Dardenne, P., Baeten, V., Dehareng, F., Standardization of milk mid-infrared spectra from a European dairy network. J. Dairy Sci. 98 (2015), 2150–2160 10.3168/jds.2014-8764 25682131.
Hammami, H., Vandenplas, J., Vanrobays, M.-L., Rekik, B., Bastin, C., Gengler, N., Genetic analysis of heat stress effects on yield traits, udder health, and fatty acids of Walloon Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98 (2015), 4956–4968 10.3168/jds.2014-9148 25958288.
International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR), International agreement on recording practices. ICAR Recording Guidelines. Approved by the general assembly held in Cork, Ireland on June 2012, 2012, ICAR, Rome, Italy.
Loker, S., Miglior, F., Bohamanova, J., Jamrozik, J., Schaeffer, L.R., Phenotypic analysis of pregnancy effect on milk, fat and protein yields of Canadian Ayrshire, Jersey, Brown Swiss, and Guernsey breeds. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (2009), 1300–1312 10.3168/jds.2008-1425 19233823.
McParland, S., Banos, G., Wall, E., Coffey, M.P., Soyeurt, H., Veerkamp, R.F., Berry, D.P., The use of mid-infrared spectrometry to predict body energy status of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94 (2011), 3651–3661 10.3168/jds.2010-3965 21700055.
McParland, S., Berry, D.P., The potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of milk samples to predict energy intake and efficiency in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (2016), 4056–4070 10.3168/jds.2015-10051 26947296.
Misztal, I., BLUPF90 Family of Programs. http://nce.ads.uga.edu/wiki/doku.php/, 2012 Accessed August 2015.
Olori, V.E., Brotherstone, S., Hill, W.G., McGuirk, B.J., Effect of gestation stage on milk yield and composition in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 52 (1997), 167–176.
Penasa, M., De Marchi, M., Cassandro, M., Short communication: Effects of pregnanncy on milk yield, composition traits, and coagulation properties of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (2016), 4864–4869 10.3168/jds.2015-10168 27060832.
Robinson, G.K., That BLUP is a good thing: The estimation of random effects. Stat. Sci. 6 (1991), 15–32 10.1214/ss/1177011926.
Rutten, M.J.M., Bovenhuis, H., Hettinga, K.A., van Valenberg, H.J.F., van Arendonk, J.A.M., Predicting bovine milk fat composition using infrared spectroscopy based on milk samples collected in winter and summer. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (2009), 6202–6209 10.3168/jds.2009-2456 19923625.
Silvestre, A.M., Petim-Batista, F., Colaço, J., The accuracy of seven mathematical functions in modeling dairy cattle lactation curves based on test-day records from varying sample schemes. J. Dairy Sci. 89 (2006), 1813–1821 16606753.
Socrates, G., Infrared Characteristic Group Frequencies, 2nd ed., 1980, Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.
Soyeurt, H., Bruwier, D., Romnee, J.-M., Gengler, N., Bertozzi, C., Veselko, D., Dardenne, P., Potential estimation of major mineral contents in cow milk using mid-infrared spectrometry. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (2009), 2444–2454 10.3168/jds.2008-1734 19447976.
Soyeurt, H., Dardenne, P., Dehareng, F., Lognay, G., Veselko, D., Marlier, M., Bertozzi, C., Mayeres, P., Gengler, N., Estimating fatty acid content in cow milk using mid-infrared spectrometry. J. Dairy Sci. 89 (2006), 3690–3695 16899705.
Soyeurt, H., Dehareng, F., Gengler, N., McParland, S., Wall, E., Berry, D.P., Coffey, M., Dardenne, P., Mid-infrared prediction of bovine milk fatty acids across multiple breeds, production systems, and countries. J. Dairy Sci. 94 (2011), 1657–1667 10.3168/jds.2010-3408 21426953.
Soyeurt, H., Misztal, I., Gengler, N., Genetic variability of milk components based on mid-infrared spectral data. J. Dairy Sci. 93 (2010), 1722–1728 10.3168/jds.2009-2614 20338450.
Toffanin, V., De Marchi, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Cassandro, M., Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for prediction of the contents of calcium and phosphorus, and titrable acidity of milk and their relationship with milk quality and coagulation properties. Int. Dairy J. 41 (2015), 68–73 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.002.
van der Drift, S.G.A., Jorritsma, R., Schonewille, J.T., Knijn, H.M., Stegeman, J.A., Routine detection of hyperketonemia in dairy cows using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone in milk in combination with test-day information. J. Dairy Sci. 95 (2012), 4886–4898 10.3168/jds.2011-4417 22916893.
van Knegsel, A.T.M., van der Drift, S.G.A., Horneman, M., de Roos, A.P.W., Kemp, B., Graat, E.A.M., Short communication: Ketone body concentration in milk determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Value for the detection of hyperketonomia in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93 (2010), 3065–3069 10.3168/jds.2009-2847 20630223.
Vanlierde, A., Vanrobays, M.-L., Dehareng, F., Froidmont, E., Soyeurt, H., McParland, S., Lewis, E., Deighton, M.H., Grandl, F., Kreuzer, M., Gredler, B., Dardenne, P., Gengler, N., Hot Topic: Innovative lactation stage dependent prediction of methane emissions from milk mid-infrared spectra. J. Dairy Sci. 98 (2015), 5740–5747 10.3168/jds.2014-8436 26026761.
Wang, Q., Hulzebosch, A., Bovenhuis, H., Genetic and environmental variation in bovine milk infrared spectra. J. Dairy Sci. 99 (2016), 6793–6803 10.3168/jds.2015-10488 27179856.
