[en] This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“Spectral Sampling Tools for Vegetation Biophysical Parameters and Flux Measurements in Europe” that provided a complete view on spectral sampling activities carried out within the different research teams in European countries. The results have highlighted that a wide variety of optical sensors are in use at flux sites across Europe, and responses further demonstrated that users were not always fully aware of the key issues underpinning repeatability and the reproducibility of their spectral measurements. The key findings of this survey point towards the need for greater awareness of the need for standardisation and development of a common protocol of optical sampling at the European EC sites.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Balzarolo, Manuela
Anderson, Karen
Nichol, Caroline
Rossini, Micol
Vescovo, Loris
Arriga, Nicola
Wohlfahrt, Georg
Calvet, Jean-Christophe
Carrara, Arnaud
Cerasoli, Sofia
Cogliati, Sergio
Daumard, Fabrice
Eklundh, Lars
Elbers, Jan A.
Evrendilek, Fatih
Handcock, Rebecca N.
Kaduk, Joerg
Klumpp, Katja
Longdoz, Bernard ; Université de Liège > Ingénierie des biosystèmes (Biose) > Echanges Ecosystèmes - Atmosphère
Matteucci, Giorgio
Meroni, Michele
Montagnani, Lenoardo
Ourcival, Jean-Marc
Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P.
Pontailler, Jean-Yves
Juszczak, Radoslaw
Scholes, Bob
Martin, Marjolaine ; Université de Liège > Agronomie, Bio-ingénierie et Chimie (AgroBioChem) > Microbiologie et génomique
Wylie, B.K.; Johnson, D.A.; Laca, E.; Saliendra, N.Z.; Gilmanov, T.G.; Reed, B.C.; Tieszen, L.L.; Worstell B.B. Calibration of Remotely Sensed, Coarse Resolution NDVI to CO2 Fluxes in a Sagebrush-Steppe Ecosystem. Remote Sens. Environ. 2003, 85, 243-255.
Aalto, T.; Ciais, P.; Chevillard, A.; Moulin, C. Optimal Determination of the Parameters Controlling Biospheric CO2 Fluxes over Europe Using Eddy Covariance Fluxes and Satellite NDVI Measurements. Tellus 2004, 56, 93-104.
Turner, D.P.; Ollinger, S.; Smith, M.L.; Krankina, O.; Gregory, M. Scaling Net Primary Production to a MODIS Footprint in Support of Earth Observing System Product Validation. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2004, 25, 1961-1979.
Grace, J.; Nichol, C.J.; Disney, M.; Lewis, P.; Quaife, T.; Bowyer, P. Can We Measure Terrestrial Photosynthesis from Space Directly, Using Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence? Global Change Biol. 2007, 13, 1484-1497.
Inoue, Y.; Peñuelas, J.; Miyata, A.; Mano, M. Normalized difference spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic efficiency and capacity at a canopy scale derived from hyperspectral and CO2 flux measurements in Rice. Remote Sens. Environ. 2008, 112, 156-172.
Carvalhais, N.; Reichstein, M.; Collatz, G.J.; Mahecha, M. D.; Migliavacca, M.; Neigh, C.; Tomelleri, E.; Benali, A.A.; Papale, D.; Seixas, J. Deciphering the Components of Regional Net Ecosystem Fluxes Following a Bottom-Up Approach for the Iberian Peninsula. Biogeosciences 2010, 7, 3707-3729.
Nagy, Z.Z; Pintér, K.; Czóbel S.Z.; Balogh, J.; Horváth, L.; Fóti, S.; Barcza, Z.; Weidinger, T.; Csintalan, Z.; Dinh, N.Q.; Grosz, B.; Tuba, Z. The Carbon Budget of a Semiarid Grassland in a Wet and a Dry Year in Hungary. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2006, 121, 21-29.
Gianelle, D.; Vescovo, L.; Marcolla, B.; Manca, G.; Cescatti, A. Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes and Canopy Spectral Reflectance of a Mountain Meadow. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2009, 30, 435-449.
Wohlfahrt, G.; Pilloni, S.; Hörtnagl, L.; Hammerle, A. Estimating Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Temperate Mountain Grasslands Using Broad-Band Vegetation Indices. Biogeosciences 2010, 7, 683-694.
Rossini, M.; Meroni, M.; Migliavacca, M.; Cogliati, S.; Busetto, L.; Cremonese, E.; Galvagno, M.; Gioli, B.; Magnani, F.; Miglietta, F.; Morra di Cella, U.; Siniscalco, C; Colombo, R. Estimation of Gross Ecosystem Production by Hyperspectral Measurements in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In Proceedings of the Third Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing, Valencia, Spain, 27 Septemeber-1 October 2010; Sobrino, J.A., Ed.; Universitat de València. de la Universitat de València: València, Spain, 2010; pp. 851-856.
Meroni, M.; Busetto, L.; Guanter, L.; Cogliati, S.; Crosta, G.F.; Migliavacca, M.; Panigada, C.; Rossini, M.; Colombo, R. Characterization of Fine Resolution Field Spectrometers Using Solar Fraunhofer Lines and Atmospheric Absorption Features. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 2858-2871.
Gamon, J.A.; Cheng, Y.F.; Claudio, H.; MacKinney, L.; Sims, D.A. A Mobile Tram System for Systematic Sampling of Ecosystem Optical Properties. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 246-254.
Nagai, S.; Nasahara, K.N.; Muraoka, H.; Akiyama, T.; Tsuchida, S. Field Experiments to Test the Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for Phenology Detection. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010, 150, 152-160.
Leuning, R.; Hughes, D.; Daniel, P.; Coops, N.C.; Newnham, G. A Multi-Angle Spectrometer for Automatic Measurement of Plant Canopy Reflectance Spectra. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 236-245.
Hilker, T.; Nesic, Z.; Coops, N.C.; Lessard, D. A New, Automated, Multi-Angular Radiometer Instrument for Tower-Based Observation of Canopy Reflectance (AMSPEC II). Instrum. Sci. Technol. 2010, 38, 319-340.
Hilker, T.; Coops, N.C.; Nesic, Z., Wulder, M.A.; Black, A.T. Instrumentation and Approach for Unattended Year round Tower Based Measurements of Spectral Reflectance. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2007, 56, 72-84.
Huemmerich, K.F.; Black, T.A.; Jarvis, P.G.; McCaughey, J.H.; Hall, F.G. High Temporal Resolution NDVI Phenology from Micrometeorological Radiation Sensors. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 27935-27944.
Pontailler, J.Y.; Hymus, G.J.; Drake, B.G. Estimation of Leaf Area Index Using Ground-Based Remote Sensed NDVI Measurements: Validation and Comparison with Two Indirect Techniques. Can. J. Remote Sens. 2003, 29, 381-387.
Garrity, S.R.; Vierling, L.A.; Bickford, K. A Simple Filtered Photodiode Instrument for Continuous Measurement of Narrowband NDVI and PRI over Vegetated Canopies. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010, 150, 489-496.
Ryu, Y.; Baldocchi, D.D.; Verfaillie, J.; Ma, S.; Falk, M.; Ruiz-Mercado, I.; Hehn, T.; Sonnentag, O. Testing the Performance of a Novel Spectral Reflectance Sensor, Built with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), to Monitor Ecosystem Metabolism, Structure and Function. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010, 150, 1597-1606.
Teillet, P.M.; Staenx, K.; Williams, D.J. Effects of Spectral, Spatial, and Radiometric Characteristics on Remote Sensing Vegetation Indices of Forested Regions. Remote Sens. Environ. 1997, 61, 139-149.
Tittebrand, A.; Spank, U.; Bernhofer, C. Comparison of Satellite-and Ground-Based NDVI above Different Land-Use Types. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2009, 98, 171-186.
Baldocchi, D.; Falge, E.; Gu, L.; Olson, R.; Hollinger, D.; Running, S.; Anthoni, P.; Bernhofer, C.H.; Davis, K.; Evans, R.; Fuentes, J.; Goldstein, A.; Katul, G.; Law, B.; Lee, X.; Malhi, Y.; Meyers, T.; Munger, W.; Oechel, W.; Paw, U.K.T.; Pilegaard, K.; Schmid, H.P.; Valentini, R.; Verma, S.; Vesala, T.; Wilson, K.; Wofsy, K. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour, and Energy Flux Densities. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2001, 82, 11, 2415-2434.
Gamon, J.A.; Rahman, A.F.; Dungan, J.L.; Schildhauer, M.; Huemmrich, K.F. Spectral Network (SpecNet): What Is It and Why Do We Need It? Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 227-235.
Castro-Esau, K.L.; Sanchez-Azofeifa, G.A.; Rivard, B. Comparison of Spectral Indices Obtained Using Multiple Spectroradiometers. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 276-288.
Longdoz, B.; Gross, P.; Granier, A. Multiple Quality Tests for Analyzing CO2 Fluxes in a Beech Temperate Forest. Biogeosciences 2008, 5, 719-729.
Evrendilek, F.; Karakaya, N.; Aslan, R.G.; Ertekin, C. Using Eddy Covariance Sensors to Quantify Carbon Metabolism of Peatlands: A Case Study in Turkey. Sensors 2011, 11, 522-538.
Eklundh, L.; Jin, H.; Schubert, P.; Guzinski, R.; Heliasz, M. An Optical Sensor Network for Vegetation Phenology Monitoring and Satellite Data Calibration. Sensors 2011, 11, 7678-7709.
Zerger, A.; Viscarra Rossel, R.A.; Swain, D.; Wark, T.; Handcock, R.N; Doerr, V.A.J.; Bishop-Hurley, G.; Doerr, E.; Gibbons, P.G.; Lobsey, C. Environmental Sensor Networks for Vegetation, Animal and Soil Sciences. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. 2010, 12, 303-316.
Albergel, C.; Calvet, J.-C.; Gibelin, A.L.; Lafont, S.; Roujean, J.-L.; Berne, C.; Traullè, O.; Fritz, N. Observed and Modeled Ecosystem Respiration and Gross Primary Production of a Grassland in Southwestern France. Biogeosciences 2010, 7, 1657-1668.
Meroni, M.; Barducci, A.; Cogliati, S.; Castagnoli, F.; Rossini, M.; Busetto, L.; Migliavacca, M.; Cremonese, E.; Galvagno, M.; Colombo, R.; Morra di Cella, U. The HyperSpectral Irradiometer HSI, a New Instrument for Long-Term and Unattended Field Spectroscopy Measurements. Rev. Sci. Instr. 2011, 82, 043106.
Daumard, F.; Champagne, S.; Fournier, A.; Goulas, Y.; Ounis, A.; Hanocq, J.-F.; Moya, I. A Field Platform for Continuous Measurement of Canopy Fluorescence. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2010, 48, 3358-3368.
Milton, E.J.; Schaepman, M.E.; Anderson, K.; Kneubuhler, M; Fox, N. Progress in Field Spectroscopy. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 113, 92-109.
Schaepman-Strub, G.; Schaepman, M.E.; Painter, T.H.; Dangel, S.; Martonchik, J.V. Reflectance Quantities in Optical Remote Sensing Definitions and Case Studies. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 27-42.
Kantzas, E.P.; McGonigle, A.J.S.; Bryant, R.G. On Ultraviolet Spectrometers for Volcanic SO2 Measurements. Sensors 2009, 9, 3256-3268.
Meroni, M.; Colombo, R. 3S: A Novel Program for Field Spectroscopy. Comput. Geosci. 2009, 35, 1491-1496.
Wang, Q.; Tenhunen, J.; Dinh, N.; Reichstein, M.; Vesala, T.; Keronen, P. Evaluation of Seasonal Variation of MODIS Derived Leaf Area Index at Two European Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Sites. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 93, 225-237.
Wilson, T.B.; Meyers, T.P. Determining Vegetation Indices from Solar and Photosynthetically Active Radiation Fluxes. Agr. Forest Meteorol. 2007, 144, 160-179.
Jenkins, J.P.; Richardson, A.D.; Braswell, B.H.; Ollinger, S.V.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Smith, M.-L. Refining Light-Use Efficiency Calculations for a Deciduous Forest Canopy Using Simultaneous Tower-Based Carbon Flux and Radiometric Measurements. Agr. Forest Meteorol. 2007, 143, 64-79.
Anderson, K.; Milton, E.J.; Rollin, E.M. Calibration of Dual-Beam Spectroradiometric Data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2006, 27, 975-986.
Gao, B.-C.; Montes, M.J.; Ahmad, Z.; Davis, C.O. Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Ocean Color from Space. Appl. Opt. 2000, 39, 887-896.
van Leeuwen, Willem J.D.; Barron, J.O. Spectral Vegetation Indices and Uncertainty: Insights from a User's Perspective. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote 2006, 44, 7, 1931-1933.
Gitelson, A.A.; Dall'Olmo, G.; Moses, W.M.; Rundquist, D.C.; Barrow, T.; Fisher, T.R.; Gurlin, D.; Holz, J. A Simple Semi-Analytical Model for Remote Estimation of Chlorophyll-a in Turbidwaters: Validation. Remote Sens. Environ. 2008, 112, 3582-3593.
Zhao, M.; Running, S.W.; Nemani, R.R. Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terrestrial Primary Production to the Accuracy of Meteorological Reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, G01002.
Schmid, H.P. Footprint Modeling for Vegetation Atmosphere Exchange Studies: A Review and Perspective. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2002, 113, 159-184.
Vesala, T.; Kljun, N.; Rannik, Ü.; Rinne, J.; Sogachev, A.; Markkanen, T.; Sabelfeld, K.; Foken, T.; Leclerc, M.Y. Flux and Concentration Footprint Modelling: State of the Art. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 152, 653-666.
Anderson, K.; Dungan, J.L.; MacArthur, A. On the Reproducibility of Field Measured Reflectance Factors in the Context of Vegetation Studies. Remote Sens. Environ. 2011, 15, 1893-1905.
Markham, B.L.; Williams, D.J.; Schafer, J.R.; Wood, F.; Kim, M.S. Radiometric Characterisation of Diode Array Field Spectroradiometers. Remote Sens. Environ. 1995, 41, 317-330.
Gamon, J.A.; Peñuelas, J.; Field, C.B. A Narrow-Waveband Spectral Index that Tracks Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Efficiency. Remote Sens. Environ. 1992, 41, 35-44.
