[en] According to Concrete Repair Manual as well as ACI 562-16 and European EN 1504-10 standards, a bond strength as a measure of adhesion is one the main feature of repair system necessary to be assessed. The most common laboratory and engineering method for bond strength evaluation is pull-off test. This is however a semi-destructive method that needs a repair in a place of measurement. Recently, the great interest in nondestructive techniques (NDT) development is noted. Impact-Echo (IE) is considered as one of the most promising methods for this purpose.
In this paper, the study on the usability the IE test based on frequency spectrum analysis for bond strength evaluation is analyzed. Both Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation and experimental tests were performed in order to obtain potential relations between IE frequency spectrum and parameters characterizing concrete substrate quality that may affect the final bond strength and the real value of pull-off bond strength measured on samples as well. It was concluded that the IE method can be a useful tool for interface quality and bond strength evaluations in concrete repair system. However, more complex signal analysis, e.g. wavelet analysis, should be considered in the future.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Garbacz, Andrzej; Warsaw University of Technology
Piotrowski, Tomacz; Warsaw University of Technology
Courard, Luc ; Université de Liège > Département ArGEnCo > Matériaux de construction non métalliques du génie civil
Kwaśniewski, Leslaw; Warsaw University of Technology
Language :
English
Title :
On the evaluation of interface quality in concrete repair system by means of impact-echo signal analysis
[1] Czarnecki, L., Chmielewska, B., Factors affecting the adhesion in building joints. Cement Wapno Beton 2 (2005), 74–85.
[2] Silfwerbrand, J., Beushausen, H., Bonded concrete overlays – bond strength issues. Beushausen, H., Dehn, F., Alexander, M.G., (eds.) Proceedings ICCRRR 2005 International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting, Cape Town, South Africa, 2006, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 19–21.
[3] Halicka, A., Jabłoński, Ł., Shear failure mechanism of composite concrete T-shaped beams. PI Civ. Eng.-Str 169:1 (2016), 67–75, 10.1680/stub.14.00127.
[4] Bissonnette, B., Courard, L., Garbacz, A., Concrete Surface Engineering. Modern Concrete Technology 18. 2015, CRC Press 272p. (ISBN-13: 978-1498704885).
[5] Courard, L., Parametric study for the creation of the interface between concrete and repair products. Mater. Struct. 33:1 (2000), 65–72, 10.1007/BF02481698.
[6] EN 1504. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures – Definitions – Requirements – Quality control and evaluation of conformity, CEN (Brussels).
[7] EN 1542. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures. Test methods – measurement of bond strength by pull-off. CEN (Brussels).
[8] Concrete Repair Manual. 2003, ACI International, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
[9] ACI 562–16: Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures and Commentary.
[10] Hola, J., Schabowicz, K., State-of-the-art non-destructive methods for diagnostic testing of building structures anticipated development trends. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 10:3 (2010), 5–18, 10.1016/S1644-9665(12)60133-2.
[11] Sansalone, M.J., Street, W.B., Impact-Echo. Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete and Masonry. 1997, Bulbrier Press, Ithaca NY.
[12] Lin, J.M., Sansalone, M., Poston, R., Impact-echo studies of interfacial bond quality in concrete: part II – effects of bond tensile strength. ACI Mater. J. 93:4 (1996), 318–326, 10.14359/9817.
[13] Garbacz, A., Courard, L., Bissonnette, B., A surface engineering approach applicable to concrete repair engineering. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. 61:1 (2013), 73–84, 10.2478/bpasts-2013-0006.
[14] Courard, L., Michel, F., Schwall, D., Van der Wielen, A., Piotrowski, T., Garbacz, A., Perez, F., Bissonette, B., Surfology: concrete surface evaluation prior to repair. Mammoli, AA., Brebbia, CA, (eds.) Materials Characterisation IV, Computational Methods and Experiments, 2009, WIT Press, 407–416, 10.2495/MC090381.
[15] Bissonnette, B., Courard, L., Vaysburd, A., Bélair, N., Concrete removal techniques: influence on residual cracking and bond strength. Concr. Int. 28:12 (2006), 49–55.
[16] Courard, L., Lenaers, J.-F., Michel, F., Garbacz, A., Saturation level of the superficial zone of concrete and adhesion of repair systems. Constr. Build. Mater. 25:5 (2011), 2488–2494, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.076.
[17] Garbacz, A., Górka, M., Courard, L., On the effect of concrete surface treatment on adhesion in repair systems. Mag. Concr. Res. 57 (2005), 49–60, 10.1680/macr.2005.57.1.49.
[18] Hoła, J., Sadowski, L., Reiner, J., Stach, S., Usefulness of 3D surface roughness parameters for nondestructive evaluation of pull-off adhesion of concrete layers. Constr. Build. Mater. 84:1 (2015), 111–120, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.014.
[19] Courard, L., Piotrowski, T., Garbacz, A., Near-to-surface properties affecting bond strength in concrete repair. Cem. Concr. Comp. 46 (2014), 73–80, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.11.005.
[20] Muldoon, R., Chalker, A., Forde, M.C., Ohtsu, M., Kunisue, F., Identifying voids in plastic ducts in post-tensioning prestressed concrete members by resonant frequency of impact–echo, SIBIE and tomography. Constr. Build. Mater. 21:3 (2007), 527–537, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.04.009.
[21] Hsiaoa, C., Cheng, C.C., Liou, T., Juang, Y., Detecting flaws in concrete blocks using the impact-echo method. NDT&E Int. 41:2 (2008), 98–107, 10.1016/j.ndteint.2007.08.008.
[22] Hola, J., Sadowski, L., Schabowicz, K., Nondestructive identification of delaminations in concrete floor toppings with acoustic methods. Automat. Constr. 20:7 (2011), 799–807, 10.1016/j.autcon.2011.02.002.
[23] Garbacz, A., Stress wave propagation troughout an interface: PCC composites-concrete substrate in repair system. Arch. Civ. Eng. Environ. 3:3 (2010), 35–44.
[24] Santos, P., Júlio, E., Santos, J., Towards the development of an in situ non-destructive method to control the quality of concrete-to-concrete interfaces. Eng. Struct. 32:1 (2011), 207–217, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.09.007.
[25] Kwaśniewski, L., Garbacz, A., Computer simulation of stress wave propagation in repair systems. Czarnecki, L., Garbacz, A., (eds.) Adhesion in Interfaces of Building Materials: a Multi-scale Approach, Advances in Materials Science and Restoration AMSR No. 2, 2007, Aedificatio Publishers, 207–216.
[26] Ovanesova, A.V., Suarez, L.E., Applications of wavelet transforms to damage detection in frame structures. Eng. Struct. 26:1 (2004), 39–49, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.08.009.
[27] Rucka, M., Wilde, K., Crack identification using wavelets on experimental static deflection profiles. Eng. Struct. 28:2 (2006), 279–288, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.009.
[28] Po-Liang, Y., Pei-Ling, L., Application of the wavelet transform and the enhanced Fourier spectrum in the impact echo test. NDT&E Int. 41:5 (2008), 382–394, 10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.01.002.
[29] MatLab 6.13., “Wavelet toolbox. User's guide”, The MathWorks (2006).
[30] Garbacz, A., Piotrowski, T., Courard, L., Analysis of stress wave propagation in repair systems using wavelet approach. Marchand, J., Bissonnette, B., Gagne, R., Jolin, M., Paradis, F., (eds.) 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering, RILEM PRO 51, 2006, RILEM Publications SARL, 10.1617/2351580028.092.
[31] A. Garbacz, T. Piotrowski, K. Zalegowski, G. Adamczewski, UIR-scanner potential to defekt detection in cocnrete, in: R. Wang, Z.H. Yang (Ed.), Progress in Polymers in Concrete, Advanced Materials Research 687 (2013) 359–365. doi:10.4028/ www.scientific.net/AMR.687.359.