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That crisis idea! Refugee camps in European borders, from urgent condition to sustainable state
Da Silva, Amanda Carolina
2016
 

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Keywords :
crisis; refugee; camps of Calais
Abstract :
[en] This article aims to explore the transition process of informal camps on the French border to a sustainable state, similarly to « ghettoization ». I observe this issue as a result of a securitizationprocess. I started from the assumption that the ethical and cultural dimensions have particular relevance in this process. This issue requires a transversal analysis, of policies and speeches of actors at local, national and international levels. This is a question of integration policies at the local level more than a question of national or European immigration models. I aim to highlight the local the local level relevance, where the integration is primarily implemented, and therefore local and regional context should matter as much as the national model for the analysis of integration (Martiniello, 2013). In Calais, due to the lack of local immigration policies the civilian population has been pushed to react, they started to build temporary camps, this initiative increased the social exclusion. The civil associations gained more relevance and followers by Facebook, what changes the engagement that pass from local to transnational. In Calais the migratory flow and the informal camps called jungles are known since 1999, until May 2014 these camps around the city center possessed temporary vocation, and were destroyed and rebuilt daily. Therefore, this is also a matter of security speeches. The definition of the context as a crisis situation made possible an agreement between the associations and the government, that amidthe destruction of small camps and concentrated all refugees in a single area, 6.1 kilometers from the city. The political decisions concerning the space occupied by these individuals aimed to make them invisible, placing them far from the city and limiting their access to city services, which by consequence led to the construction of a ghetto. When a situation is defined as a crisis, it passes immediately to the state security sphere, where atypical actions, (as border militarization, mass expulsions, police repression), can be employed to protect the «political community» and eliminate the source of the crisis. This means that in a context defined as a crisis, temporality gains an important dimension, as evokes short term solutions, mobilizing more efforts in building urgency camps than in the areas related to integration. On the other hand the temporary camps, while urgent measures will endure and be normalised, becoming durable spaces of exclusion. The originality of this proposal is to discuss how local policy decisions and non-state actors worked together with a system of temporary camps for the implementation of a complex, semi-permanent exclusion system. This is a matter of contextual perception as a crisis situation, which is designed by production of speeches, and will determine the nature and timeliness of actions and political elaborations. The idea of the refugee crisis is then mobilized to justify emergency actions and security policies; such as closing borders, construction and maintenance of camps as an emergency response.
Disciplines :
Political science, public administration & international relations
Author, co-author :
Da Silva, Amanda Carolina ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Doct. sc. pol. & soc. (ISHS - paysage)
Language :
English
Title :
That crisis idea! Refugee camps in European borders, from urgent condition to sustainable state
Publication date :
01 April 2016
Number of pages :
1
Event name :
Conable conference
Event organizer :
Rochester institut of technology
Event place :
New York, United States - New York
Event date :
du 30 mars au 2 avril 2016
Audience :
International
Funders :
RIT, Conable fundation
Available on ORBi :
since 01 March 2016

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