Shaping (im)mobility in border camps: a case study of the transformation of Calais camps and its actors

This paper explores the transition of informal temporary camps on the French border to a sustainable state, and discusses how local policy decisions and non-state actors worked together for the implementation of a semi-permanent exclusion system based on the refugee crisis. I observe this issue as a result of a securitization process. The securitization apparatus (speech acts and policies), produced the immobility of a group. In the other hand actors will emerge to produce mobility. When a situation is defined as a crisis, atypical actions can be employed to protect the «political community». I started from the assumption that dialectic relation between securitization and camps actors had a high impact on the projects of refugees, and so long in their mobility. This is a question of integration policies at the local level. I aim to highlight the local level relevance, where the integration is primarily implemented, and therefore local and regional context should matter as much as the national model for integration (Martiniello, 2013). In Calais, due to the lack of immigrants policies, civilians associations started to react and build informal camps, but due to recent "crisis" the Stat concentrated all refugees in a single camp, 6 kilometers from the city center, called bidonville.