American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (1995) Recommendations for use of uniform nomenclature pertinent to patients with severe alterations of consciousness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76:205-209.
Andrews K (2004) Medical decision making in the vegetative state: withdrawal of nutrition and hydration. NeuroRehabilitation 19:299-304.
Bauer G, Gerstenbrand F, Rumpl E (1979) Varieties of the locked-in syndrome. J Neurol 221:77-91.
Bekinschtein T, Leiguarda R, Armony J, Owen A, Carpintiero S, Niklison J, Olmos L, Sigman L, Manes F (2004) Emotion processing in the minimally conscious state. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 75:788.
Bekinschtein T, Tiberti C, Niklison J, Tamashiro M, Ron M, Carpintiero S, Villarreal M, Forcato C, Leiguarda R, Manes F (2005) Assessing level of consciousness and cognitive changes from vegetative state to full recovery. Neuropsychol Rehabil 15:307-322.
Boly M, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Damas P, Del Fiore G, Degueldre C, Franck G, Luxen A, Lamy M, Moonen G, Maquet P, Laureys S (2004) Auditory processing in severely brain injured Patients: differences between the minimally conscious state and the persistent vegetative atate. Arch Neurol 61:233-238.
Boly M, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Damas F, Luxen A, Lamy M, Moonen G, Maquet P, Laureys S (2005) Cerebral processing of auditory and noxious stimuli in severely brain injured patients: differences between VS and MCS. Neuropsychol Rehabil 15:283-289.
Boly M, Coleman MR, Davis MH, Hampshire A, Bor D, Moonen G, Maquet PA, Pickard JD, Laureys S, Owen AM (2007) When thoughts become action: an fMRI paradigm to study volitional brain activity in non-communicative brain injured patients. Neuroimage 36:979-992.
Boly M, Faymonville ME, Schnakers C, Peigneux P, Lambermont B, Phillips C, Lancellotti P, Luxen A, Lamy M, Moonen G, Maquet P, Laureys S (2008) Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: an observational study. Lancet Neurol 7:1013-1020.
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008) The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1124:1-38.
Cairns H, Oldfield RC, Pennybacker JB, Whitteridge D (1941) Akinetic mutism with an epidermoid cyst at the third ventricle. Brain 64:273-290.
Cavanna AE, Trimble MR (2006) The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 129:564-583.
Coleman MR, Davis MH, Rodd JM, Robson T, Ali A, Owen AM, Pickard JD (2009) Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Brain 132:2541-52.
Di HB, Yu SM, Weng XC, Laureys S, Yu D, Li JQ, Qin PM, Zhu YH, Zhang SZ, Chen YZ (2007) Cerebral response to patient's own name in the vegetative and minimally conscious states. Neurology 68:895-899.
Di H, Boly M, Weng X, Ledoux D, Laureys S (2008) Neuroimaging activation studies in the vegetative state: predictors of recovery? Clin Med 8:502-507.
Fins JJ, Schiff ND, Foley KM (2007) Late recovery from the minimally conscious state: ethical and policy implications. Neurology 68:304-307.
Giacino J, Whyte J (2005) The vegetative and minimally conscious states: current knowledge and remaining questions. J Head Trauma Rehabil 20:30-50.
Giacino J, Ashwal S, Childs N, Cranford R, Jennett B, Katz D, Kelly J, Rosenberg J, Whyte J, Zafonte R (2002) The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58:349-353.
Gill-Thwaites H (2006) Lotteries, loopholes and luck: misdiagnosis in the vegetative state patient. Brain Inj 20:1321-1328.
Guidelines for the determination of death (1981) Report of the medical consultants on the diagnosis of death to the President's Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical and behavioral research. J Am Med Assoc 246:2184-2186.
Hauk O, Johnsrude I, Pulvermuller F (2004) Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron 41:301-307.
Jennett B (2005) The assessment and rehabilitation of vegetative and minimally conscious patients: definitions, diagnosis, prevalence and ethics. Neuropsychol Rehabil 15:163-165.
Jennett B, Plum F (1972) Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 1:734-737.
Kok A (2001) On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. Psychophysiology 38:557-577.
Lammi MH, Smith VH, Tate RL, Taylor CM (2005) The minimally conscious state and recovery potential: a follow-up study 2 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:746-754.
Laureys S (2007) Eyes open, brain shut: the vegetative state. Sci Am 4:32-37.
Laureys S, Lemaire C, Maquet P, Phillips C, Franck G (1999a) Cerebral metabolism during vegetative state and after recovery to consciousness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 67:121.
Laureys S, Goldman S, Phillips C, Van Bogaert P, Aerts J, Luxen A, Franck G, Maquet P (1999b) Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: preliminary investigation using PET. Neuroimage 9:377-382.
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Degueldre C, Fiore GD, Damas P, Lambermont B, Janssens N, Aerts J, Franck G, Luxen A, Moonen G, Lamy M, Maquet P (2000a) Auditory processing in the vegetative state. Brain 123:1589-15601.
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Luxen A, Lamy M, Franck G, Maquet P (2000b) Restoration of thalamocortical connectivity after recovery from persistent vegetative state. Lancet 355:1790-1791.
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Berre J (2000c) Permanent vegetative state and persistent vegetative state are not interchangeable terms. In: Rapid response to Dyer C (2000) October 17, online Laureys S, Faymonville M, Maquet P (2002a) Quelle conscience durant le coma? Pour la Science 302:122-128.
Laureys S, Faymonville ME, Peigneux P, Damas P, Lambermont B, Del Fiore G, Degueldre C, Aerts J, Luxen A, Franck G (2002b) Cortical processing of noxious somatosensory stimuli in the persistent vegetative state. Neuroimage 17:732-741.
Laureys S, Owen A, Schiff D (2004a) Brain function in coma, vegetative state and related disorders. Lancet Neurol 3:537-546.
Laureys S, Perrin F, Faymonville M, Schnakers C, Boly M, Bartsch V, Majerus S, Moonen G, Maquet P (2004b) Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state. Neurology 63:916-918.
Laureys S, Perrin F, Schnakers C, Boly M, Majerus S (2005a) Residual cognitive function in comatose, vegetative and minimally conscious states. Curr Opin Neurol 18:726-733.
Laureys S, Pellas F, Van Eeckhout P, Ghorbel S, Schnakers C, Perrin F, Berre J, Faymonville ME, Pantke KH, Damas F, Lamy M, Moonen G, Goldman S (2005b) The locked-in syndrome: what is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless? Prog Brain Res 150:495-511.
Laureys S, Perrin F, Bredart S (2007) Self-consciousness in non-communicative patients. Conscious Cogn 16:722-741.
Laureys S, Boly M, Moonen G, Maquet P (2009) Coma. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. In: Squire L (ed) Academic Press, Oxford UK pp: 1133-1142.
Majerus S, Gill-Thwaites H, Andrews K, Laureys S (2005) Behavioral evaluation of consciousness in severe brain damage. Prog Brain Res 150:397-413.
Menon DK, Owen AM, Williams EJ, Minhas PS, Allen CMC, Boniface SJ, Pickard JD (1998) Cortical processing in persistent vegetative state. Lancet 352:200.
Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, Boly M, Pickard J, Tshibanda J-F, Owen AM, Laureys S (2010) Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. New Engl J Med 362:579-589.
Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD (2006) Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313:1402.
Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD (2007) Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect covert awareness in the vegetative state. Arch Neurol 64:1098-1102.
Plum F, Posner JB (1983) The diagnosis of stupor and coma. Davis FA, Philadelphia, PA
Posner JB, Saper CB, Plum F (2007) Plum and posner's diagnosis of stupor and coma. In: Davis (ed) The diagnosis of stupor and coma. Oxford University Press, New York
Schiff ND, Rodriguez-Moreno D, Kamal A, Kim KH, Giacino JT, Plum F, Hirsch J (2005) fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients. Neurology 64:514-523.
Schnakers C, Majerus S, Laureys S, Van Eeckhout P, Peigneux P, Goldman S (2005) Neuropsychological testing in chronic locked-in syndrome. Psyche, abstracts from the Eighth Conference of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC8). University of Antwerp, Belgium, p 11.
Schnakers C, Perrin F, Schabus M, Majerus S, Ledoux D, Damas P, Boly M, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Moonen G, Laureys S (2008) Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness. Neurology 71:1614-1620.
Schnakers C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Giacino J, Ventura M, Boly M, Majerus S, Moonen G, Laureys S (2009a) Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment. BMC Neurol 9:35.
Schnakers C, Perrin F, Schabus M, Hustinx R, Majerus S, Moonen G, Boly M, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Laureys S (2009b) Detecting consciousness in a total locked-in syndrome: an active event-related paradigm. Neurocase 15:1-7.
Silva S, Alacoque X, Fourcade O, Samii K, Marque P, Woods R, Mazziotta J, Chollet F, Loubinoux I (2010) Wakefulness and loss of awareness: brain and brainstem interaction in the vegetative state. Neurology 74:313-320.
Tommasino C, Grana C, Lucignani G, Torri G, Fazio F (1995) Regional cerebral metabolism of glucose in comatose and vegetative state patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 7:109-116.
Vanhaudenhuyse A, Noirhomme Q, Tshibanda LJ, Bruno MA, Boveroux P, Schnakers C, Soddu A, Perlbarg V, Ledoux D, Brichant JF, Moonen G, Maquet P, Greicius MD, Laureys S, Boly M (2010) Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 133:161-171.
Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians (2003) The vegetative state: guidance on diagnosis and management. Clin Med 3:249-254
