[en] Compared with present-day global plate tectonics, Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic plate tectonics may have involved faster moving, hotter plates that accumulated less sediment and contained a thinner section of lithospheric mantle. This scenario also fits with the complex geodynamic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield from 2.06 to 1.78 Ga when rapid accretion of island arcs and several microcontinent-continent collisions in a complex array of orogens was manifested in short-lived but intense orogenies involving voluminous magmatism. With a few exceptions, all major ore deposits formed in specific tectonic settings between 2.06 and 1.78 Ga and thus a strong geodynamic control oil ore deposit formation is suggested. All orogenic gold deposits formed syn- to post-peak metamorphism and their timing reflects the orogenic younging of the shield towards the SW and west. Most orogenic gold deposits formed during periods of crustal shortening with peaks at 2.72 to 2.67, 1.90 to 1.86 and 1.85 to 1.79 Ga. The ca. 2.5 to 2.4 Ga Ni-Cu PGE deposits formed both as part of layered igneous complexes and associated with mafic volcanism, in basins formed during rifling of the Archaean craton at ca. 2.5 to 2.4 Ga. Svecokarelian ca. 1.89 to 1.88 Ga Ni-Cu deposits are related to mafic-ultramafic rocks intruded along linear belts at the accretionary margins of microcratons. All major VMS deposits in the Fennoscandian Shield formed between 1.97 and 1.88 Ga, in extensional settings, prior to basin inversion and accretion. The oldest "Cyprus-type" deposits were obducted onto the Archaean continent during the onset of convergence. The Pyhasalmi VMS deposits formed at 1.93 to 1.91 Ga in primitive, bimodal arc complexes during extension of the arc. In contrast, the Skellefte VMS deposits are 20 to 30 million years younger and formed in a strongly extensional intra-arc region that developed on continental or mature arc crust. Deposits in the Bergslagen-Uusimaa belt are similar in age to the Skellefte deposits and formed in a microcraton that collided with the Karelian craton at ca. 1.88 to 1.87 Ga. The Bergslagen-Uusimaa belt is interpreted as an intra-continental, or continental margin back-arc, extensional region developed on older continental crust. Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits are diverse in style. At least the oldest mineralizing stages, at ca. 1.88 Ga, are coeval with calc-alkaline to monzonitic magmatism and coeval and possibly cogenetic subaerial volcanism more akin to continental arcs or to magmatic arcs inboard of the active subduction zone. Younger mineralization of similar style took place when S-type magmatism occurred at ca. 1.80 to 1.77 Ga during cratonization distal to the active N-S-trending subduction zone in the west. Possibly, interaction of magmatic fluids with evaporitic sequences in older rift sequences was important for ore formation. Finally, the large volumes of anorthositic magmas that characterize the Sveconorwegian Orogeny formed a major concentration of Ti in the SW part of the Sveconorwegian orogenic belt under granulite facies conditions, about 40 million years after the last regional deformation of the Sveconorwegian Orogeny, between ca. 930 and 920 Ma. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
W. Abouchami M. Boher A. Michard F. Albarède A major 2.1 Ga old event of mafic magmatism in West Africa Journal of Geophysical Research 95 1990 17605-17629
M.Z. Abzalov R.A. Both The Pechenga Ni-Cu deposit, Russia: Data on PGE and Au distribution and sulfur isotope compositions Mineralogy and Petrology 61 1997 119-143
K.-I. Åhäll S.-Å. Larson Growth-related 1.85-1.55 Ga magmatism in the Baltic Shield; a review addressing the tectonic characteristics of Svecofennian TIB 1-related and Gothian events GFF 122 2000 193-206
T. Alapieti J. Lahtinen Platinum-group element mineralization in layered intrusions of northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula, Russia in: L.J. Cabri (Eds) The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Beneficiation of Platinum-group Elements CIM Special Volume vol. 54 2002 507-546
T. Alapieti J. Kujanpää J.J. Lahtinen H. Papunen The Kemi stratiform chromitite deposit, northern Finland Economic Geology 84 1989 1057-1077
R.L. Allen P. Weihed S.-Å. Svenson Setting of Zn-Cu-Au-Ag massive sulfide deposits in the evolution and facies architecture of a 1.9 Ga marine volcanic arc, Skellefte district, Sweden Economic Geology 91 1996 1022-1053
R.L. Allen I. Lundström M. Ripa A. Simeonov H. Christofferson Facies analysis of a 1.9 Ga., continental margin, back-arc, felsic caldera province with diverse Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) sulfide and Fe oxide deposits, Bergslagen region, Sweden Economic Geology 91 1996 979-1008
R.L. Allen P. Weihed and the Global VHMS Research Project team Global comparison of volcanic-associated massive sulphide districts in; D.J. Blundell F. Neubauer A. von Quadt (Eds) The Timing and Location of Major Ore Deposits in an Evolving Orogen Geological Society, London, Special Publications no. 204 2002 13-37
Y.V. Amelin L.M. Heaman V.S. Semenov U-Pb geochronology of layered mafic intrusions in the eastern Baltic Shield: Implications for the timing and duration of Palaeoproterozoic continental rifting Precambrian Research 75 1995 31-46
A.T. Anderson M. Morin Two types of massif anorthosites and their implications regarding the thermal history of the crust in; Y.W. Isachsen (Eds) Origin of Anorthosites and Related Rocks New York State Museum Sciences Service Memoirs vol. 18 1969 57-69
M. Andersson J.E. Lie E.S. Husebye Tectonic setting of post-orogenic granites within SW Fennoscandia based on deep seismic and gravity data Terra Nova 8 1996 558-566
N.T. Arndt Komatiites, kimberlites and boninites Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B6 2003 2293 10.1029/2002JB002157
N.T. Arndt F. Albarède E.G. Nisbet Mafic and ultramafic magmatism in; M.J. de Wit L.D. Ashwal (Eds) Greenstone Belts 1997 Oxford Science Publications Oxford 233-254
L.D. Ashwal Anorthosites 1993 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 422 pp.
BABEL Working Group Evidence for Early Proterozoic plate tectonics from seismic reflection profiles in the Baltic Shield Nature 348 1990 34-38
A.H. Bailes A.G. Galley Evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Snow Lake arc assemblage and geodynamic setting for associated volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, Flin Flon Belt, Manitoba, Canada Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36 1999 1789-1805
G. Bark P. Weihed The new Lycksele-Storuman gold ore province, northern Sweden; with emphasis on the Early Proterozoic Fäboliden orogenic gold deposit in: D.G. Eliopoulos (eds) Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development 2003 Millpress Rotterdam 1061-1064
M.E. Barley B. Krapez D.I. Groves R. Kerrich The Late Archaean bonanza: metallogenic and environmental consequences of the interaction between mantle plumes, lithospheric tectonics and global cyclicity Precambrian Research 91 1998 65-90
S.-J. Barnes M. Often Ti-rich komatiites from northern Norway Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105 1990 42-54
S.-J. Barnes V.A. Melezhik S.V. Sokolov The composition and mode of formation of the Pechenga nickel deposits, Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia Canadian Mineralogist 39 2001 447-471
J.-D. Barnichon H. Havenith B. Hoffer R. Charlier D. Jongmans J.C. Duchesne The deformation of the Egersund Ogna massif, South Norway: finite element modelling of diapirism Tectonophysics 303 1999 109-130
C.T. Barrie M.D. Hannington (Eds) Volcanic-associated Massive Sulfide Deposits: Processes and Examples in Modern and Ancient Settings Reviews in Economic Geology vol. 8 1999 101-131
M.D. Barton D.A. Johnson Evaporitic-source model for igneous-related Fe oxide-(REE-Cu-Au-U) mineralization Geology 24 1996 259-262
T.B. Bayanova V.F. Smolkin N.V. Levkovich U-Pb geochronology study of Mount Generalskaya layered intrusion, northwestern Kola Peninsula, Russia Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Transactions (Section B, Applied Earth Science) 108 1999 83-90
S. Bergman L. Kübler O. Martinsson Description of regional geological and geophysical maps of northern Norrbotten County Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Ba 56 2001 110 pp.
J. Bergman Weihed U. Bergström K. Billström P. Weihed Geology and tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Boliden Au-Cu-As deposit, Skellefte District, northern Sweden Economic Geology 91 1996 1073-1097
A. Berthelsen M. Marker 1.9-1.8 Ga old strike-slip megashears in the Baltic Shield, and their plate tectonic implications Tectonophysics 128 1986 163-181
E. Bibikova T. Skiöld S. Bogdanova R. Gorbatschev A. Slabunov Titanite-rutile thermochronometry across the boundary between the Archaean craton in Karelia and the Belomorian Mobile Belt, eastern Baltic Shield Precambrian Research 105 2001 315-330
K. Billström O. Martinsson Links between epigenetic Cu-Au mineralizations and magmatism/deformation in the Norrbotten county, Sweden in: P. Weihed O. Martinsson (Eds) Abstract Volume and Field Trip Guidebook, 2nd Annual GEODE-Fennoscandian Shield Field Workshop on Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean Greenstone Belts and VMS Districts in the Fennoscandian Shield 28 August to 1 September, 2000, Gällivare-Kiruna, Sweden, Luleå University of Technology Research Report vol. 6 2000 6
K. Billström P. Weihed Age and provenance of host rocks and ores of the Paleoproterozoic Skellefte District, northern Sweden Economic Geology 91 1996 1054-1072
A. Bjørlykke G.L. Cumming D. Krstic New isotopic data from davidites and sulfides in the Bidjovagge gold-copper deposit, Finnmark, northern Norway Mineralogy and Petrology 43 1990 1-21
S.V. Bogdanova V.B. Pashkevich V.B. Buryanov I.B. Makarenko M.I. Orlyuk V.M. Skobelev V.I. Starostenko O.V. Legostaeva The 1.80-1.74 Ga gabbro-anorthosite-rapakivi Korosten Pluton in the Ukrainian Shield: A 3-D geophysical reconstruction of deep structure Tectonophysics 381 2004 5-27
M. Boher W. Abouchami A. Michard F. Albarède N.T. Arndt Crustal growth in West Africa at 2.1 Ga Journal of Geophysical Research 95 1991 17605-17629
C. Broman O. Martinsson Fluid inclusions in epigenetic Fe-Cu-Au ores in northern Norrbotten 2nd Annual GEODE-Fennoscandian Shield Field Workshop on Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean Greenstone Belts and VMS Districts in the Fennoscandian Shield. Luleå University of Technology Research Report vol. 6 2000 7 pp.
K.D. Card A review of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, a product of Archean accretion Precambrian Research 48 1990 99-156
R.G. Cawthorn Layered igneous rocks Development in Petrology 1996 Elsevier Science Amsterdam 531 pp.
B. Charlier J.C. Duchesne Whole-rock geochemistry of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered series: Bearing on crystallization processes of cumulus rocks NGU Special Publication 9 2003 35-37
R.A. Cliff D. Rickard K. Blake Isotope systematics of the Kiruna magnetite ores, Sweden: Part I. Age of the ore Economic Geology 85 1990 1770-1776
K.C. Condie Precambrian superplume events in: P.G. Eriksson W. Altermann D.R. Nelson W.U. Mueller O. Catuneanu (Eds) The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events 2004 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 163-173
M.J. de Wit R.A. Hart R.J. Hart The Jamestown ophiolite complex, Barberton mountain belt: A section through 3.5 Ga oceanic crust Journal of African Earth Sciences 6 1987 681-730
J.C. Duchesne Liquid ilmenite or liquidus ilmenite: A comment on the nature of ilmenite vein deposit in; D. Demaiffe (Eds) Petrology and Geochemistry of Magmatic Suites of Rocks in the Continental and Oceanic Crusts 1996 ULB-MRAC Bruxelles 73-82
J.C. Duchesne Fe-Ti deposits in Rogaland anorthosites (South Norway): geochemical characteristics and problems of interpretation Mineralium Deposita 34 1999 182-198
J.C. Duchesne B. Bingen The Rogaland anorthosite province: An introduction in: J.C. Duchesne (Eds) The Rogaland Intrusive Massifs, an Excursion Guide, NGU Report no. 29 2001 Geological Survey of Norway 13-24
J.C. Duchesne J. Hertogen Le magma parental du lopolithe de Bjerkreim-Sokndal (Norvège méridionale) Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 306 Série II 1988 45-48
J.C. Duchesne H. Schiellerup The iron-titanium deposits in the Rogaland anorthosite Province in: J.C. Duchesne (eds) The Rogaland Intrusive Massifs: An Excursion Guide NGU Report vol. 029 2001 56-75
J.C. Duchesne J.P. Liégeois J. Vander Auwera J. Longhi The crustal tongue melting model and the origin of massive anorthosites Terra Nova 11 1999 100-105
Å. Edfelt O. Martinsson The Tjårrojåkka Fe-oxide and Cu-Au occurrences, northern Sweden - products of one ore forming event? IAVCEI General Assembly 14-19 November 2004, Pucón, Chile 2004 Abstract volume (CD-ROM)
Å. Edfelt O. Martinsson Fennoscandian Shield - Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold deposits. Box 8-3 Ore Geology Reviews 27 2005 328-329
Å. Edfelt C. Broman O. Martinsson A preliminary fluid inclusion study of the Tjårrojåkka IOCG-occurrence, Kiruna area, northern Sweden GFF 126 2004 148
P. Eilu P. Weihed Fennoscandian Shield - Orogenic Gold deposits Ore Geology Reviews 27 2005 326-327
P. Eilu P. Sorjonen-Ward P. Nurmi T. Niiranen A review of gold mineralization styles in Finland Economic Geology 98 2003 1329-1353
Eilu, P., Pankka, H., Keinänen, V., Kortelainen, V., Niiranen, T., Pulkkinen, E., in press. Characteristics of gold mineralisation in the greenstone belts of northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper.
E. Ekdahl Early Proterozoic Karelian and Svecofennian Formations and the Evolution of the Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone, Based on the Pielavesi Area, Central Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 373 1993 137 pp.
R.F. Emslie M.A. Hamilton R.J. Thiérault Petrogenesis of a Mid-Proterozoic anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) complex: Isotopic and chemical evidence from the Nain plutonic suite Journal of Geology 102 1994 539-558
C.D. Ettner A. Bjørlykke T. Andersen Fluid evolution and Au-Cu genesis along a shear zone: A regional fluid inclusion study of a shear zone-hosted alteration and gold and copper mineralization in the Kautokeino greenstone belt, Finnmark, Norway Journal of Geochemical Exploration 49 1993 233-267
D.C. Ettner A. Bjørlykke T. Andersen A fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Proterozoic Bidjovagge Au-Cu deposit, Finnmark, northern Norway Mineralium Deposita 29 1994 16-29
S.F. Foley S. Buhre D.E. Jacob Evolution of the Archaean crust by delamination and shallow subduction Nature 421 2003 249-252
M.S. Fram J. Longhi Phase equilibria of dikes associated with Proterozoic anorthosite complexes American Mineralogist 77 1992 605-616
D. Francis J. Ludden R. Johnstone W. Davis Picrite evidence for more Fe in Archaean mantle reservoirs Earth and Planetary Science Letters 167 1999 197-213
R. Frietsch The iron ore deposits in Sweden in; A. Zitman (Eds) The Iron Ore Deposits of Europe and Adjacent Areas 1977 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaft und Rohstoffe Hannover 279-293
R. Frietsch P. Tuisku O. Martinsson J.-A. Perdahl Cu-(Au) and Fe ore deposits associated with Na-Cl metasomatism in Early Proterozoic rocks of northern Fennoscandia: A new metallogenic province Ore Geology Reviews 12 1997 1-34
G. Gaaél Tectonic control of some Ni-Cu deposits in Finland J.E. Gill Proceedings, International Geological Congress, 24th session, Montreal 1972: Section 4 Mineral Deposits 1972 215-224
G. Gaál Proterozoic tectonic evolution and Late Svecokarelian plate deformation of the central Baltic Shield Geologische Rundschau 71 1982 158-170
G. Gaaél Nickel metallogeny related to tectonics in: H. Papunen G.I. Gorbunov (eds) Nickel-Copper Deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 333 1985 143-155
G. Gaál Tectonic styles of Early Proterozoic ore deposition in the Fennoscandian Shield Precambrian Research 46 1990 83-114
G. Gaál R. Gorbatschev An outline of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic Shield Precambrian Research 35 1987 15-52
Geological Survey of Finland Ore Deposit Data Base 2004 http://www.gsf.fi/explor/
R.J. Goldfarb D.I. Groves S. Gardoll Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis Ore Geology Reviews 18 2001 1-75
S.L. Goldstein N.T. Arndt R.F. Stallard The history of a continent from Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments and U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco river sand Chemical Geology 139 1997 271-298
R. Gorbatschev S. Bogdanova Frontiers in the Baltic Shield Precambrian Research 64 1993 3-21
G.I. Gorbunov V.G. Zagorodny W.I. Robonen Main features of the geological history of the Baltic Shield and the epochs of ore formation in: H. Papunen G.I. Gorbunov (Eds) Nickel-Copper Deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 333 1985 17-41
A.H. Green V.A. Melezhik Geology of the Pechenga ore deposits; a review with comments on ore forming processes in: R.R. Keays C.M. Lesher P.C. Lightfoot C.E.G. Farrow (Eds) Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and their Application to Mineral Exploration Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes vol. 13 1999 287-328
P. Grönholm The mesothermal Saattopora copper-gold deposit in the Palaeoproterozoic Central Lapland greenstone belt, Northern Finland in: N.J. Cook K. Sundblad (eds) Precambrian Gold in the Fennoscandian and Ukrainian Shields and Related Areas. Gold '99 Trondheim, Norway, 4-6 May 1999 1999 Geological Survey of Norway Trondheim 83
D.I. Groves R.J. Goldfarb M. Gebre-Mariam S. Hagemann F. Robert Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types Ore Geology Reviews 13 1998 1-28
T. Halkoaho K. Pietikäinen Ni and Au prospects of the Kuhmo and Suomussalmi greenstone belts in: H. Papunen P. Eilu (eds) Geodynamic Evolution and Metallogeny of the Central Lapland, Kuhmo and Suomussalmi Greenstone Belts, Finland Publication vol. 42 1999 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Turku 60-63
T. Halkoaho J. Liimatainen H. Papunen J. Välimaa Exceptionally Cr-rich basalts in the komatiitic volcanic association of the Archaean Kuhmo greenstone belt, eastern Finland Mineralogy and Petrology 70 2000 105-120
A. Hallberg The Enåsen gold deposit, central Sweden: 1. A Paleoproterozoic high sulphidation epithermal gold mineralization Mineralium Deposita 29 1994 150-162
M.A. Hamilton A.B. Ryan R.F. Emslie I.F. Ermanovics Identification of Paleaoproterozoic anorthosititic and monzonitic rocks in the vicinity of the Mesoproterozoic Nain plutonic suite, Labrador: U-Pb evidence Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies Current Research 1998-F, Report no. 11 1998 Geological Survey of Canada 23-40
E.J. Hanski Petrology of the Pechenga ferropicrites and cogenetic Ni-bearing gabbro-wehrlite intrusions, Kola Peninsula, Russia Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 367 1992 192 pp.
E.S. Hanski The Nuttio serpentinite belt, central Lapland: An example of Paleoproterozoic ophiolitic mantle rocks in Finland Ofioliti 22 1997 35-46
E.S. Hanski V.F. Smolkin Pechenga ferropicrites and other Early Proterozoic picrites in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield Precambrian Research 45 1989 63-82
E. Hanski H. Huhma M. Vaasjoki Geochronology of northern Finland: A summary and discussion Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 33 2001 255-279
E. Hanski H. Huhma P. Rastas V.S. Kamenetsky The palaeoproterozoic komatiite-picrite association of Finnish Lapland Journal of Petrology 42 2001 855-876
D.R. Haughton P.L. Roeder B.J. Skinner Solubility of sulfur in mafic magmas Economic Geology 69 1974 451-467
P. Hedström A. Simeonov L. Malmström The Zinkgruvan ore deposit, south-central Sweden: A Proterozoic, proximal Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in distal volcanic facies Economic Geology 84 1989 1235-1261
O. Helovuori The geology and zinc-copper deposits of the Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi district, Finland Economic Geology 74 1979 1084-1101
C. Herzberg Depth and degree of melting of komatiite Journal of Geophysical Research 97 1992 4521-4540
A. Hietanen Generation of potassium poor magmas in the northern Sierra Nevada and the Svecofennian of Finland Journal of Research, US Geological Survey 3 1975 631-645
R.E.T. Hill Komatiite volcanology, volcanological setting and primary geochemical properties of komatiite-associated nickel deposits Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 1 2001 365-381
A. Hiltunen The Precambrian Geology and Skarn Iron Ores of the Rautuvaara Area, Northern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 318 1982 133 pp.
M.W. Hitzman Iron oxide-Cu-Au deposits: What, where, when, and why in: T.M. Porter (Eds) Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective 2000 Australian Mineral Foundation Adelaide 9-25
M.W. Hitzman N. Oreskes M.T. Einaudi Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits Precambrian Research 58 1992 241-287
H. Huhma R.A. Cliff V. Perttunen M. Sakko Sm-Nd and Pb isotopic study of mafic rocks associated with Early Proterozoic continental rifting; the Perapohja schist belt in northern Finland Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 104 1990 369-379
H. Huhma I. Mänttäri M. Vaasjoki Dating the Finnish Archaean greenstone belts- isotope geology H. Papunen P. Eilu Geodynamic Evolution and Metallogeny of the Central Lapland, Kuhmo and Suomussalmi Greenstone Belts, Finland. Joint Field Excursion and Workshop of GEODE, 11-16. September 1999 1999 72-74
H. Huhma T. Mutanen M. Whitehouse Oldest rocks of the Fennoscandian Shield: The 3.5 Ga Siurua trondhjemite gneiss in the Archaean Pudasjärvi granulite belt, Finland GFF 126 2004 10
T. Huhtala The geology and zinc-copper deposits of the Pyhäsalmi-Pielavesi District, Finland Economic Geology 74 1979 1069-1083
H.E. Huppert S.J. Sparks J.S. Turner N.T. Arndt Emplacement and cooling of komatiite lavas Nature 309 1984 19-22
O. Inkinen Copper, zinc, and uranium occurrences at Pahtavuoma in the Kittilä greenstone complex, northern Finland Economic Geology 74 1979 1153-1165
C. Juhlin S.-Å. Elming C. Mellqvist B. Öhlander P. Weihed A. Wikström Crustal reflectivity near the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary in northern Sweden and the implications for the tectonic evolution of the area Geophysical Journal International 150 2002 180-197
Y. Kähkönen R. Lahtinen M. Nironen Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal belts in southwestern Finland Guide vol. 37 1994 Geological Survey of Finland 43-47
J.A. Karhu Paleoproterozoic Evolution of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Sedimentary Carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 371 1993 87 pp.
J.L. Karsten E.M. Klein S.B. Sherman Subduction zone geochemical characteristics in ocean ridge basalts from the southern Chile ridge: implications of modern ridge subduction systems for the Archean Lithos 37 1996 143-161
T. Kilpeläinen Evolution and 3D Modelling of Structural and Metamorphic Patterns of the Palaeoproterozoic Crust in the Tampere-Vammala Area, Southern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 397 1998 124 pp.
G. Kimura J.N. Ludden J.-P. Desrochers R. Hori A model of ocean-crust accretion for the Superior Province, Canada Lithos 30 1993 337-355
H.J. Koark Zur Altersstellung und Entstehung der Sulfiderze vom Typus Falun Geologische Rundschau 52 1962 123-146
Koistinen, T., Stephens, M.B., Bogatchev, V., Nordgulen, Ø., Wennerström, M., Korhonen, J. (Eds.), 2001. Geological Map of the Fennoscandian Shield, Scale 1:2 000 000. Geological surveys of Finland, Norway and Sweden and the North-West Department of Natural Resources of Russia. ISBN: 951-690-810-1.
A. Kontinen The nature of the serpentinites, associated dolomite-skarn-quartz rocks and massive Co-Cu-Zn sulphide ores in the Outokumpu area, eastern Finland in: E. Hanski J. Vuollo (Eds) International Ophiolite Symposium and Field Excursion - Generation and Emplacement of Ophiolites Through Time. August 10-15, 1998, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Abstracts - Excursion Guide Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 26 1998 33
A. Kontinen J. Paavola H. Lukkarinen K-Ar ages of hornblende and biotite from Late Archaean rocks of eastern Finland - interpretation and discussion of tectonic implications Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 365 1992 1-31
O. Kontoniemi Geological setting and characteristics of the Palaeoproterozoic tonalite-hosted Osikonmäki gold deposit, southeastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 25 1998 39-80
Korja, A., 1995. Structure of the Svecofennian crust - growth and destruction of the Svecofennian orogen. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, Report S-31. 36 p.
A. Korja T. Korja U. Luostro P. Heikkinen Seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the Fennoscandian Shield - implications for Precambrian crustal evolution Tectonophysics 219 1993 129-152
Korsman, K., Koistinen, T., Kohonen, J., Wennerström, M., Ekdahl, E., Honkamo, M., Idman, H., Pekkala, Y. (Eds.), 1997. Suomen kallioperäkartta - Berggrundskarta Över Finland - Bedrock Map of Finland 1 : 1 000 000. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
K. Korsman T. Korja M. Pajunen P. Vinansalo GGT/SVEKA Working Group The GGT/SVEKA Transect structure and evolution of the continental crust in the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in Finland International Geological Reviews 41 1999 287-333
E. Korvuo The Saattopora gold ore and the Pahtavuoma Cu-Zn-U occurrences in the Kittilä region, northern Finland in: E. Korkiakoski P. Sorjonen-Ward (eds) Research and Exploration - Where do they Meet? 4th Biennial SGA Meeting, August 11-13, 1997, Turku, Finland. Excursion Guidebook B1: Ore Deposits of Lapland in Northern Finland and Sweden Guide vol. 43 1997 Geological Survey of Finland 21-25
J. Kousa E. Marttila M. Vaasjoki Petrology, geochemistry and dating of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the Pyhäjärvi area, central Finland in: M. Nironen Y. Kähkönen (eds) Geochemistry of Proterozoic Supracrustal Rocks in Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 19 1994 7-27
J. Kurki H. Papunen Geology and nickel-copper deposits of the Kianta area, Suomussalmi in: H. Papunen G.I. Gorbunov (Eds) Nickel-Copper Deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 333 1985 155-164
R. Lahtinen Crustal Evolution of the Svecofennian and Karelian Domains during 2.1-1.79 Ga, with Special Emphasis on the Geochemistry and Origin of 1.93-1.91 Ga Gneissic Tonalites and Associated Supracrustal Rocks in the Rautalampi Area, Central Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 378 1994 128 pp.
R. Lahtinen H. Huhma Isotopic and geochemical constraints on the evolution of the 1.93-1.79 Ga Svecofennian crust and mantle in Finland Precambrian Research 82 1997 13-34
R. Lahtinen A. Korja M. Nironen Paleoproterozoic orogenic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield at 1.92-1.77 Ga with notes on the metallogeny of FeOx-Cu-Au, VMS, and orogenic gold deposits in; D.G. Eliopoulos (Eds) Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development 2003 Millpress Rotterdam 1057-1060
R. Lahtinen A. Korja M. Nironen Paleoproterozoic orogenic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield at 1.92-1.77 Ga - the formation of a supercontinent GFF 126 2004 27
R. Lahtinen A. Korja M. Nironen Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution in: M. Lehtinen P.A. Nurmi O.T. Rämö (Eds) Precambrian Geology of Finland - Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield 2005 Elsevier Science, B.V. Amsterdam 481-532
M. Lehtonen M.-L. Airo P. Eilu E. Hanski V. Kortelainen E. Lanne T. Manninen P. Rastas J. Räsänen P. Virransalo The Stratigraphy, Petrology and Geochemistry of the Kittilä Greenstone Area, Northern Finland: A Report of the Lapland Volcanite Project Report of Investigation vol. 140 1998 Geological Survey of Finland 144 pp. (in Finnish with English summary)
C.M. Lesher Komatiite-associated nickel sulfide deposits in: J.A. Whitney A.J. Naldrett (Eds) Ore Deposition Associated with Magmas Reviews in Economic Geology vol. 4 1989 45-102
C.M. Lesher N.T. Arndt D.I. Groves Genesis of komatiite-associated nickel sulfide deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia: A distal volcanic model in: D.L. Buchanan M.L. Jones (Eds) Sulfide Deposits in Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks 1984 Institute of Mining and Metallurgy London 70-80
S. Lindblom C. Broman O. Martinsson Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in the Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit in greenstone at Kiruna, Sweden Mineralium Deposita 31 1996 307-318
Lindskog, L., 2001. Relationships between Fe-oxide Cu/Au deposits at Gruvberget-Kiruna District, northern Sweden. Unpublished B.Sc. Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. 123 pp.
D.H. Lindsley Do Fe-Ti oxide magmas exist? Geology: Yes; experiments: no! NGU Special Publication 9 2003 34-35
J. Longhi M.S. Fram J. Vander Auwera J.N. Montieth Pressure effects, kinetics, and rheology of anorthositic and related magmas American Mineralogist 78 1993 1016-1030
J. Longhi J. Vander Auwera M. Fram J.C. Duchesne Some phase equilibrium constraints on the origin of Proterozoic (Massif) anorthosites and related rocks Journal of Petrology 40 1999 339-362
T. Lundqvist M. Vaasjoki P.-O. Persson U-Pb ages of plutonic and volcanic rocks in the Svecofennian Bothnian Basin, central Sweden, and their implications for the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the basin GFF 120 1998 357-363
I. Lundström Lateral variations in supracrustal geology within the Swedish part of the southern Svecokarelian volcanic belt Precambrian Research 35 1987 353-365
E. Luukkonen Late Archaean and Early Proterozoic structural evolution in the Kuhmo-Suomussalmi terrain, eastern Finland Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Series A, II 78 1992 1-37
T. Mäki Lithogeochemistry of the Pyhäsalmi zinc-copper-pyrite deposit, Finland Prospecting in Areas of Glaciated Terrain. Symposium Proceedings, Sept. 1-2, 1986 Kuopio, Finland 1986 Institution of Mining and Metallurgy London 69-82
J. Mäkinen Geochemical Characteristics of Svecokarelidic Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions Associated with Ni-Cu Occurrences in Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 342 1987 109 pp.
H.V. Makkonen 1.9 Ga Tholeiitic Magmatism and Related Ni-Cu Deposition in the Juva Area, SE Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 386 1996 128 pp.
T. Manninen H. Huhma A new U-Pb zircon constraint from the Salla schist belt, northern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 33 2001 201-208
I. Mänttäri Lead Isotope Characteristics of Epigenetic Gold Mineralization in the Palaeoproterozoic Lapland Greenstone Belt, Northern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 381 1995 70 pp.
B. Marshall J.V. Smith F. Mancini Emplacement and implications of peridotite-hosted leucocratic dykes, Vammala Mine, Finland Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 117 1995 199-205
Martinsson, O., 1997. Tectonic setting and metallogeny of the Kiruna greenstones. Ph.D. Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 19. 19 pp.
O. Martinsson Diversity and character of apatite iron ores and their relation to epigenetic Cu-Au deposits in the Norrbotten Fe-Cu-Au province, northern Sweden GSA Annual Meeting, Special session: Iron-Oxide(-Copper-Gold) Systems - Deposit Studies to Global Context, Boston 4 November 2001 GSA Website Abstracts with Programs vol. 33 2001 http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26785.htm
O. Martinsson P. Weihed Metallogeny of juvenile Palaeoproterozoic volcanic arcs and greenstone belts in rifted Archaean crust in the northern part of Sweden, Fennoscandian Shield in: C.J. Stanley (Eds) Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing 1999 A.A. Balkema Rotterdam 1329-1332
Martinsson, O., Hallberg, A., Broman, C., Godin-Jonasson, L., Kisiel, T., Fallick, T., 1997. Viscaria - a syngenetic exhalative Cu-deposit in the Palaeoproterozoic Kiruna greenstones. In: Martinsson, O., 1997. Tectonic setting and metallogeny of the Kiruna greenstones. Ph.D. Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 19, ISSN:1402.
V.A. Melezhik The geology and ore deposits of the Pechenga greenstone belt IGCP Project 336, Field Conference And Symposium, Rovaniemi, Finland, August 18-30, 1996; Field Trip Guidebook: Part III 1996 Geological Survey of Norway Trondheim 91 pp.
V.A. Melezhik K.A. Hudson-Edwards A.H. Green L.N. Grinenko The Pechenga area, Russia. 2. Nickel-copper deposits and related rocks Transactions, Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (Section B, Applied Earth Science) 103 1994 146-161
V.A. Melezhik L.N. Grinenko A.E. Fallick 2000-Ma sulfide concretions from the "Productive" Formation of the Pechenga greenstone belt, NW Russia: Genetic history based on morphological and isotopic evidence Chemical Geology 148 1998 61-94
T. Menard C.K. Ridgway H.H. Stowell C.M. Lesher Geochemistry and textures of metasomatic combs and orbicules in ultramafic rocks, Namew Lake, Manitoba Canadian Mineralogist 37 1999 431-442
M.Y. Mints R.G. Berzin N.G. Zamozhnyaya Y.M. Stupak A.K. Suleimanov A.N. Konilov I.I. Babarina Collision structures in the Early Precambrian crust of the eastern Baltic Shield: A geological interpretation of seismic data along profile 4B Doklady Earth Sciences 379 2001 515-520
F.P. Mitrofanov T.B. Bayanova Duration and timing of ore-bearing Paleoproterozoic intrusions of Kola Province in; C.J. Stanley (eds) Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing 1999 A.A. Balkema Rotterdam 1275-1278
T. Mutanen Geology and Ore Petrology of the Akanvaara and Koitelainen Mafic Layered Intrusions and the Keivitsa-Satovaara Layered Complex, Northern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 395 1997 233 pp.
A.J. Naldrett Magmatic Sulfide Deposits Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics vol. 14 1989 Oxford University Press 186 pp.
A.J. Naldrett World-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: Key factors in their genesis Mineralium Deposita 34 2001 227-240
D.R. Nelson Episodic crustal growth during catastrophic global-scale mantle overturn events in: P.G. Eriksson W. Altermann D.R. Nelson W.U. Mueller O. Catuneanu (Eds) The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events 2004 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 180-183
T. Niiranen E. Hanski E. Eilu General geology, alteration, and iron deposits in Palaeoproterozoic Misi region, northern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 75 2003 69-92
M. Nironen The Svecofennian Orogen: A tectonic model Precambrian Research 86 1997 21-44
E.G. Nisbet M.J. Cheadle N.T. Arndt M.J. Bickle Constraining the potential temperature of the Archaean mantle: A review of the evidence from komatiites Lithos 30 1993 291-307
J. Nuutilainen On the Geology of the Misi Iron Ore Province, Northern Finland Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Series A III, Geologica-Geographica 1968 98 pp.
J.O. Nyström F. Henriquez Magmatic features of iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Sweden: Ore textures and magnetite geochemistry Economic Geology 89 1994 820-839
H.E. O'Brien P.A. Nurmi J.A. Karhu Oxygen, hydrogen and strontium isotopic compositions of gold mineralization in the Late Archaean Hattu Schist Belt, eastern Finland in: P. Nurmi P. Sorjonen-Ward (Eds) Geological Development, Gold Mineralization and Exploration Methods in the Late Archaean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, Eastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 17 1993 291-306
J. Paludan U.B. Hansen N.Ø. Olesen Structural evolution of the Precambrian Bjerkreim-Sokndal intrusion, South Norway Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 74 1994 185-198
Pankka, H., 1992. Geology and mineralogy of Au-Co-U deposits in the Proterozoic Kuusamo volcanosedimentary belt, northeastern Finland. Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University. 233 pp.
H. Papunen Sulfide mineralogy of the Kotalahti and Hitura nickel-copper ores, Finland Annales Academiae Scientarum Fennicae, Series A, III 1971 109 pp.
H. Papunen Platinum-group elements in metamorphosed Ni-Cu deposits in Finland in: M.D. Prendergast M.J. Jones (Eds) Magmatic Sulphides - the Zimbabwe Volume 1989 Institution of Mining and Metallurgy London 165-176
H. Papunen Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in mafic-ultramafic orogenic intrusions. Examples from the Svecofennian areas, Finland in: D.G. Eliopoulos (Eds) Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development 2003 Millpress Rotterdam 551-554
H. Papunen G.I. Gorbunov (Eds) Nickel-Copper Deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 333 1985 394 pp.
H. Papunen A. Vorma Nickel deposits in Finland, a review in: H. Papunen G.I. Gorbunov (Eds) Nickel-Copper Deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 333 1985 123-143
H. Papunen T. Halkoaho T. Tulenheimo J. Liimatainen Excursion to the Kuhmo greenstone belt E. Hanski J. Vuollo International Ophiolite Symposium and Field Excursion; Generation and Emplacement of Ophiolites through Time; Abstracts, Excursion Guide Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 26 1998 91-106
T. Parák The origin of the Kiruna iron ores Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 709 1975 209 pp.
S. Parman T.L. Grove J. Dann The production of Barberton komatiites in an Archean subduction zone Geophysical Research Letters 28 2001 2513-2516
P. Peltonen Metamorphic olivine in picritic metavolcanics from Southern Finland Geological Society of Finland Bulletin vol. 62 1990 99-114
P. Peltonen Petrogenesis of ultramafic rocks in the Vammala Nickel Belt: implications for crustal evolution of the Early Proterozoic Svecofennian arc terrane Lithos 34 1995 253-274
P. Peltonen Crystallization and re-equilibration of zoned chromite in ultramafic cumulates, Vammala Ni-Belt, southwestern Finland Canadian Mineralogist 33 1995 521-535
P. Peltonen Svecofennian mafic-ultramafic intrusions in; M. Lehtinen P.A. Nurmi O.T. Rämö (eds) The Precambrian Bedrock of Finland - Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield 2005 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 411-446
C.S. Perring P.J. Pollard G. Dong A.J. Nunn K.L. Blake The Lightning Creek Sill Complex, Cloncurry District, Northwestern Queensland: A source of fluids for the Fe oxide Cu-Au mineralization and sodic-calcic alteration Economic Geology 95 2000 1037-1089
A.R. Philpotts Origin of certain iron-titanium oxide and apatite rocks Economic Geology 62 1967 303-315
P. Piirainen The geology of the Archaean greenstone-granitoid terrain in Kuhmo, eastern Finland in: E. Marttila (eds) Archaean Geology of the Fennoscandian Shield; Proceedings of a Finnish-Soviet Symposium Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 4 1988 39-51
T.M. Porter Hydrothermal iron-oxide copper-gold and related ore deposits in: T.M. Porter (Eds) Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective 2000 Australian Mineral Foundation Adelaide 3-5
M. Poutiainen P. Grönholm Hydrothermal fluid evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Kutemajärvi gold telluride deposit, Southwest Finland Economic Geology 91 1996 1335-1353
M. Poutiainen S. Partamies Fluid inclusion characteristics of auriferous quartz veins in Archean and Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts of eastern and southern Finland Economic Geology 98 2003 1355-1369
I.S. Puchtel A.W. Hofmann Y.V. Amelin C.D. Garbe Schonberg A.V. Samsonov A.A. Shchipansky Combined mantle plume-island arc model for the formation of the 2.9 Ga Sumozero-Kenozero greenstone belt, SE Baltic Shield: Isotope and trace element constraints Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 1999 3579-3595
K. Puustinen B. Saltikoff M. Tontti Distribution and Metallogenic Types of Nickel Deposits in Finland Report of Investigation vol. 132 1995 Geological Survey of Finland 38 pp.
J. Räsänen H. Huhma U-Pb datings in the Sodankylä schist area, central Finnish Lapland in: M. Vaasjoki (Eds) Radiometric Age Determinations from Finnish Lapland and their Bearing on the Timing of Precambrian Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 33 2001 153-188
K. Rasilainen Geochemistry and wall rock alteration at the Kangasjärvi massive sulphide deposit, Central Finland in: S. Autio (Eds) Current Research 1989-1990 Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 12 1991 107-110
P. Rastas H. Huhma E. Hanski M.I. Lehtonen I. Härkönen V. Kortelainen I. Mänttäri J. Paakkola U-Pb isotopic studies on the Kittilä greenstone area, central Lapland, Finland in: M. Vaasjoki (Eds) Radiometric Age Determinations from Finnish Lapland and their Bearing on the Timing of Precambrian Volcano-sedimentary Sequences Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 33 2001 95-141
D. Rickard (Eds) The Skellefte Field Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ca vol. 62 1986 54 pp.
Roberts, M., 2002. Architecture, geochemistry and dynamics of Palaeoproterozoic seafloor hydrothermal systems preserved in a high grade metamorphic terrane, Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi District, Central Finland. Ph.D. Thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. 407 pp.
B. Robins J.R. Wilson The Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion in: J.C. Duchesne (Eds) The Rogaland Intrusive Massifs, an Excursion Guide NGU Report vol. 29 2001 Geological Survey of Norway 35-37
R.L. Romer O. Martinsson J.-A. Perdahl Geochronology of the Kiruna iron ores and hydrothermal alterations Economic Geology 89 1994 1249-1261
M.J. Russell N.T. Arndt Geodynamic and metabolic cycles in the Hadean Biogeosciences 1 2005 591-624
R.W.R. Rutland T. Skiöld R.W. Page Age of deformation episodes in the Palaeoproterozoic domain of northern Sweden, and evidence for a pre-1.9 Ga crustal layer Precambrian Research 112 2001 239-259
U. Schärer E. Wilmart J.C. Duchesne The short duration and anorogenic character of anorthosite magmatism: U-Pb dating of the Rogaland complex, Norway Earth and Planetary Science Letters 139 1996 335-350
H. Schiellerup D.D. Lambert T. Prestvik B. Robins J.S. McBride R.B. Larsen Re-Os isotopic evidence for a lower crustal origin of massif-type anorthosites Nature 405 2000 781-784
J.S. Scoates K.R. Chamberlain Orogenic to post-orogenic origin for the 1.76 Ga Horse Creek anorthosite complex, Wyoming, USA Journal of Geology 105 1997 331-343
A.I. Slabunov E.V. Bibikova The meso- and neo-Archaean of the Karelian and Belomorian provinces, Baltic Shield (geology, isotope geochemistry and geodynamic reconstructions) in: K.F. Cassidy J.M. Dunphy M.J. van Kranendonk (Eds) Fourth International Archaean Symposium; Extended Abstracts Australian Geological Survey Organisation Record 2001 359-361
N.H. Sleep B.F. Windley Archaean plate tectonics: Constraints and inferences Journal of Geology 90 1982 363-379
P. Sorjonen-Ward An overview of structural evolution and lithic units within and intruding the Late Archaean Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland in; P. Nurmi P. Sorjonen-Ward (Eds) Geological Development, Gold Mineralization and Exploration Methods in the Late Archaean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, Eastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 17 1993 9-102
P. Sorjonen-Ward E. Luukkonen Archaean rocks in: M. Lehtinen P.A. Nurmi O.T. Rämö (Eds) Precambrian Geology of Finland - Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield 2005 Elsevier Science, B.V. Amsterdam 19-99
P. Sorjonen-Ward P. Nurmi I. Härkönen H. Pankka Epigenetic gold mineralization and tectonic evolution of a Lower Proterozoic greenstone terrain in the northern Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield in: S.C. Sarkar (Eds) Metallogeny Related to Tectonics of the Proterozoic Mobile Belts 1992 Oxford and IBH Publishing New Delhi 37-52
P. Sorjonen-Ward A. Ord A. Kontonen P. Alt-Epping Y. Zhang U. Kuronen Geological constraints and numerical simulations of the formation and deformation of the Outokumpu Cu-Co-Ni-Zn-Au deposits in: J. Muhling (Eds) Predictive Mineral Discovery under Cover. Extended Abstracts, SEG Meeting, 27 September-1 October 2004. Perth, Western Australia Centre for Global Metallogeny, The University of Western Australia. Publication vol. 33 2004 285-288
M. Stein A.W. Hofmann Mantle plumes and episodic crustal growth Nature 372 1994 63-68
H. Stein J.W. Morgan R.J. Markey J. Wiszniewska A Re-Os study of the Suwalki anorthosite massif Geophysical Journal 4 1998 111-114
K. Sundblad A genetic reinterpretation of the Falun and Åmmeberg ore types, Bergslagen, Sweden Mineralium Deposita 29 1994 170-179
K. Sundblad Metallogeny of gold in the Precambrian of northern Europe Economic Geology 98 2003 1271-1290
S.A. Svetov Archean high-MgO volcanism in east Fennoscandia in; K.F. Cassidy J.M. Dunphy M.J. van Kranendonk (Eds) Fourth International Archaean Symposium; Extended Abstracts Australian Geological Survey Organisation Record 2001 199-201
E.C. Syme A.H. Bailes D.P. Price D.V. Ziehlke Flin Flon volcanic belt: geology and ore deposits at Flin Flon and Snow Lake, Manitoba Field Trip Guidebook, Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada Joint Meeting, Winnipeg 1982 90 pp.
P.C. Thurston L.D. Ayres Archean and Proterozoic greenstone belts: setting and evolution in: P.G. Eriksson W. Altermann D.R. Nelson W.U. Mueller O. Catuneanu (Eds) The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events 2004 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 311-333
M. Toplis A. Corgne An experimental study of element partitioning between magnetite, clinopyroxene and iron-bearing silicate liquids with particular emphasis on vanadium Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144 2002 22-37
P. Tuisku The origin of scapolite in the Central Lapland schist area, northern Finland, preliminary results Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 331 1985 159-173
M. Vaasjoki Three decades of U-Pb mineral analyses at the Geological Survey of Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 33 2001 9-13
M. Vaasjoki P. Sorjonen-Ward S. Lavikainen U-Pb age determinations and sulfide Pb-Pb characteristics from the Late Archaean Hattu schist belt, Ilomantsi, eastern Finland in: P. Nurmi P. Sorjonen-Ward (Eds) Geological Development, Gold Mineralization and Exploration Methods in the Late Archaean Hattu Schist Belt, Ilomantsi, Eastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper no. 17 1993 103-131
M. Vaasjoki K. Taipale I. Tuokko Radiometric ages and other isotopic data bearing on the evolution of Archaean crust and ore in the Kuhmo-Suomussalmi area, eastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 71 1999 155-176
J. Vander Auwera J. Longhi Experimental study of a jotunite (hypersthene monzodiorite): Constraints on the parent magma composition and crystallization conditions (P, T, fO2) of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 118 1994 60-78
J. Vander Auwera J. Longhi J.C. Duchesne Some results on the role of P, T, and fO2 on ilmenite composition NGU Special Publication 9 2003 35-37
E. Vanhanen Geology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Fe-Co-Au-(U) Deposits in the Paleoproterozoic Kuusamo Schist Belt, Northeastern Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin vol. 399 2001 229 pp.
W. Vivallo L.-Å. Claesson Intra-arc rifting and massive sulphide mineralization in an Early Proterozoic volcanic arc, Skellefte District, northern Sweden in: T.C. Pharaoh R.D. Beckinsale D. Rickard (Eds) Geochemistry and Mineralization Of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites Geological Society, London, Special Publications no. 33 1987 69-79
N.J. Vlaar Archaean global dynamics Geologie en Mijnbouw 65 1986 91-101
J.I. Vuollo Paleoproterozoic basic igneous events in eastern Fennoscandian Shield between 2.45 Ga and 1.97 Ga, studied by means of dyke swarms and ophiolites in Finland Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Series A, Scientiae Rerum Naturalium, A 250 1994 (116 pp.)
L.R. Wager G.M. Brown Layered Igneous Rocks 1968 Oliver and Boyd Ltd. London 588 pp.
R.J. Walker J.W. Morgan E.J. Hanski V.F. Smolkin Re-Os systematics of Early Proterozoic ferropicrites, Pechenga Complex, northwestern Russia: evidence for ancient 187Os-enriched plumes Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 1997 3145-3160
C. Wanhainen C. Broman O. Martinsson The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag Deposit in Northern Sweden: A product of high salinity fluids Mineralium Deposita 38 2003 715-726
P. Ward Early Proterozoic deposition and deformation at the Karelian craton margin in southeastern Finland Precambrian Research 35 1987 71-93
A. Wasström The Knaften granitoids of Västerbotten County, northern Sweden Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 823 1993 60-64
P. Weihed A review of Palaeoproterozoic intrusive hosted Cu-Au-Fe-oxide deposits in northern Sweden Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 833 2001 4-32
P. Weihed P. Eilu Fennoscandian Shield - proterozoic VMS deposits Ore Geology Reviews 2005 324-325
P. Weihed J. Bergman U. Bergström Metallogeny and tectonic evolution of the Early Proterozoic Skellefte District, northern Sweden Precambrian Research 58 1992 143-167
P. Weihed K. Billström P.-O. Persson J. Bergman Weihed Relationship between 1.90-1.85 Ga accretionary processes and 1.82-1.80 Ga oblique subduction at the Karelian craton margin, Fennoscandian Shield GFF 124 2002 163-180
P. Weihed J. Bergman Weihed P. Sorjonen-Ward Structural evolution of the Björkdal gold deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden: implications for Early Proterozoic mesothermal gold in the late stage of the Svecofennian orogen Economic Geology 98 2003 1291-1309
P.J. Williams D. Guoyi P.J. Pollard C. Broman O. Martinsson C. Wanhainen G. Mark C.G. Ryan T.P. Mernagh The nature of iron oxide-copper-gold ore fluids. Fluid inclusion evidence from Norrbotten (Sweden) and the Cloncurry district (Australia) in; D.G. Eliopoulos (Eds) Mineral Exploration and Sustainable Development 2003 Millpress Rotterdam 1127-1130
J.R. Wilson B. Robins F. Nielsen J.C. Duchesne J. Vander Auwera The Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion, Southwest Norway in: R.G. Cawthorn (Eds) Layered Intrusions 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 231-256
J. Wiszniewska S. Claesson H.J. Stein J. Vander Auwera J.C. Duchesne The north-eastern Polish anorthosite massifs: Petrological, geochemical and isotopic evidence for a crustal derivation Terra Nova 14 2002 451-460
S. Yngström A.G. Nord G. Åberg A sulphur and strontium isotope study of the Aitik copper ore, northern Sweden Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 108 1986 367-372
