G.A.Aarons,, S.A.Brown,, E.Stice,, & M.T.Coe, (2001). Psychometric evaluation of the marijuana and stimulant effect expectancy questionnaires for adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26(2), 219–236. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00103-9
V.Agosti,, E.Nunes,, & F.Levin, (2002). Rates of psychiatric comorbidity among U.S. residents with lifetime cannabis dependence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(4), 643–652.
A.Agrawal,, M.T.Lynskey,, K.K.Bucholz,, P.A.F.Madden,, & A.C.Heath, (2007). Correlates of cannabis initiation in a longitudinal sample of young women: The importance of peer influences. Preventive Medicine, 45(1), 31–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.04.012
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
R.M.Baron,, & D.A.Kenny, (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
C.Blaison,, D.Chassard,, J.-L.Kop,, & K.Gana, (2006). L'IAT (Implicit Association Test) ou la mesure des cognitions sociales implicites: Revue critique de la validité et des fondements théoriques des scores qu'il produit [IAT (Implicit Association Test) or the measurement of implicit social cognition: Critical review of the validity and the theoretical foundations of produced scores]. L'année psychologique, 106, 305–336.
M.Bonn-Miller,, & M.Zvolensky, (2009). An evaluation of the nature of marijuana use and its motives among young adult active users. American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 409–416. doi: 10.1080/10550490903077705
N.Brunello,, J.A.den Boer,, L.L.Judd,, S.Kasper,, J.E.Kelsey,, M.Lader,, & H.U.Wittchen, (2000). Social phobia: Diagnosis and epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacology, comorbidity and treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60(1), 61–74. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00140-8
C.M.Buchanan,, J.S.Eccles,, & J.B.Becker, (1992). Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones? Evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 62–107. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.62
J.D.Buckner,, M.O.Bonn-Miller,, M.J.Zvolensky,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2007). Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2238–2252. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.004
J.D.Buckner,, R.D.Crosby,, J.Silgado,, S.A.Wonderlich,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2012). Immediate antecedents of marijuana use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43(1), 647–655. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.010
J.D.Buckner,, R.G.Heimberg,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2011). Social anxiety and marijuana-related problems: The role of social avoidance. Addictive Behaviors, 36(1–2), 129–132. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.015
J.D.Buckner,, M.A.Mallott,, N.B.Schmidt,, & J.Taylor, (2006). Peer influence and gender differences in problematic cannabis use among individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(8), 1087–1102. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.002
J.D.Buckner,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2008). Marijuana effect expectancies: Relations to social anxiety and marijuana use problems. Addictive Behaviors, 33(11), 1477–1483. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.017
J.D.Buckner,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2009). Social anxiety disorder and marijuana use problems: The mediating role of marijuana effect expectancies. Depression and Anxiety, 26(9), 864–870. doi: 10.1002/da.20567
J.D.Buckner,, N.B.Schmidt,, A.R.Lang,, J.W.Small,, R.C.Schlauch,, & P.M.Lewinsohn, (2008). Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(3), 230–239. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002
J.D.Buckner,, J.Silgado,, & N.B.Schmidt, (2011). Marijuana craving during a public speaking challenge: Understanding marijuana use vulnerability among women and those with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.005
K.C.Burke,, J.D.Burke,, D.A.Regier,, & D.S.Rae, (1990). Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 511–518. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810180011002
R.F.Catalano,, & J.D.Hawkins, (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J.D.Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149–197). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
M.Claes, (2003). L'univers social des adolescents. Montréal, QC: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.
M.E.Collins, (2001). Transition to adulthood for vulnerable youths: A review of research and implications for policy. Social Service Review, 75, 271–291. doi: 10.1086/322209
N.Comeau,, S.H.Stewart,, & P.Loba, (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 803–825. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00238-6
J.A.Crippa,, A.W.Zuardi,, R.Martin-Santos,, S.Bhattacharyya,, Z.Atakan,, P.McGuire,, & P.Fusar-Poli, (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24, 515–523. doi: 10.1002/hup.1048
C.A.Essau,, J.Conradt,, & F.Petermann, (1999). Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(9), 831–843. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00179-X
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2008). 2008 Annual report: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2008
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2012). 2012 annual report: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/press/emcdda%E2%80%93europol-annual-report-reviews-new-drugs-entering-market-1573
D.M.Fresco,, M.E.Coles,, R.G.Heimberg,, M.R.Liebowitz,, S.Hami,, M.B.Stein,, & D.Goetz, (2001). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025–1035. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701004056
S.Frojd,, K.Ranta,, R.Kaltiala-Heino,, & M.Marttunen, (2011). Associations of social phobia and general anxiety with alcohol and drug use in a community sample of adolescents. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46(2), 192–199. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agq096
L.W.Galen,, & M.J.Henderson, (1999). Validation of cocaine and marijuana effect expectancies in a treatment setting. Addictive Behaviors, 24(5), 719–724. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00110-5
B.F.Grant,, D.S.Hasin,, C.Blanco,, F.S.Stinson,, S.P.Chou,, R.B.Goldstein,, & B.Huang, (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1351–1361.
E.Guillem,, C.Notides,, F.Vorspan,, M.Debray,, I.Nieto,, M.Leroux,, & J.P.Lepine, (2011). Cannabis expectancies in substance misusers: French validation of the marijuana effect expectancy questionnaire. American Journal on Addictions, 20(6), 543–554. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00171.x
A.D.Hathaway, (2003). Cannabis effects and dependency concerns in long-term frequent users: A missing piece of the public health puzzle. Addiction Research & Theory, 11(6), 441–458. doi: 10.1080/1606635021000041807
J.Hayaki,, C.E.Hagerty,, D.S.Herman,, M.A.de Dios,, B.J.Anderson,, & M.D.Stein, (2010). Expectancies and marijuana use frequency and severity among young females. Addictive Behaviors, 35(11), 995–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.017
K.Hecimovic,, S.P.Barrett,, C.Darredeau,, & S.H.Stewart, (2013). Cannabis use motives and personality risk factors. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 729–732. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.025
R.Jessor, (1993). Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk settings. American Psychologist, 48, 117–126. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.2.117
K.Johnson,, J.L.Mullin,, E.C.Marshall,, M.O.Bonn-Miller,, & M.Zvolensky, (2010). Exploring the mediational role of coping motives for marijuana use in terms of the relation between anxiety sensitivity and marijuana dependence. American Journal on Addictions, 19(3), 277–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00041.x
D.Kenny,, D.Kashy,, & N.Bolger, (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D.Gilbert, S.Fiske, & G.Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 233–265). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
A.Kokkevi,, S.Nic Gabhainn,, & M.Spyropoulou, (2006). Early initiation of cannabis use: A cross-national European perspective. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), 712–719. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.009
H.C.Kraemer,, A.E.Kazdin,, D.R.Offord,, R.C.Kessler,, P.S.Jensen,, & D.J.Kupfer, (1997). Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 337–343. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160065009
R.Larson,, & L.Asmussen, (1991). Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions. In M.E.Colten & S.Gore (Eds.), Adolescent stress: Causes and consequences (pp. 21–41). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
C.M.Lee,, C.Neighbors,, & B.A.Woods, (2007). Marijuana motives: Young adults' reasons for using marijuana. Addictive Behaviors, 32(7), 1384–1394. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.010
M.R.Liebowitz, (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141–173.
C.Masia-Warner,, E.A.Storch,, D.B.Pincus,, R.G.Klein,, R.G.Heimberg,, & M.R.Liebowitz, (2003). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents: An initial psychometric investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(9), 1076–1084.
R.McGee,, S.Williams,, R.Poulton,, & T.Moffitt, (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95(4), 491–503. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x
R.E.Nisbett,, & T.D.Wilson, (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.
J.Olivares,, R.Sanchez-Garcia,, & J.A.Lopez-Pinna, (2009). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents. Psicothema, 21(3), 486–491.
A.Oyefeso, (1991). Personality differences among five categories of student cannabis users. Indian Journal of Behavior, 15, 28–35.
M.Pearson,, C.Steglich,, & T.Snijders, (2006). Homophily and assimilation among sport-active adolescent substance users. Connections, 27(1), 47–63.
H.Proudfoot,, L.Vogl,, W.Swift,, G.Martin,, & J.Copeland, (2010). Development of a short cannabis problems questionnaire for adolescents in the community. Addictive Behaviors, 35(7), 734–737. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.012
J.Schafer,, & S.A.Brown, (1991). Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 558–565. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.558
E.Schmits,, A.Heeren,, & E.Quertemont, (2014). The self-report version of the LSAS-CA: Psychometric properties of the French version in a non-clinical adolescent sample. Psychologica Belgica, 54(2), 181–198. doi: 10.5334/pb.al
Schmits, E., Mathys, C., & Quertemont, E. (2015). A longitudinal study of cannabis use initiation among high school students: Effects of social anxiety, expectancies, peers and alcohol. Journal of adolescence, 41, 43–52.
Schmits, E., Maurage, P., Thirion, R., Quertemont, E. (2015). Dissociation between implicit and explicit expectancies of cannabis use in adolescence. Psychiatry Research, 230, 783–791.
E.Schmits,, E.Quertemont,, E.Guillem,, & C.Mathys, (in press). Validation of the marijuana effect expectancies questionnaire (MEEQ) in a non-clinical French-speaking adolescent sample. Psychologica Belgica.
N.Schwarz, (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54, 93–105.
J.S.Simons,, & A.M.Arens, (2007). Moderating effects of sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward on associations between marijuana effect expectancies and use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 409–414. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.21.3.409
L.P.Spear, (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 417–463.
S.M.Stahl, (2000). Essential psychopharmacology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
