First Clarkforkian equivalent land mammal age in the latest Paleocene basal Sparnacian facies of Europe: Fauna, flora, paleoenvironment and (bio)stratigraphy

Smith, T.; Quesnel, F.; De Plöeg, G.; De Franceschi, D.; Métais, G.; De Bast, E.; Solé, F.; Folie, A.; Boura, A.; Claude, J.; Dupuis, C.; Gagnaison, C.; Iakovleva, A.; Maubert, F.; Prieur, J.; Roche, E.; Storme, Jean-Yves; Thomas, R.; Tong, H.; Yans, J.; Buffetaut, E.; Martin, Jeremy

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086229

Article (Scientific journals)

First Clarkforkian equivalent land mammal age in the latest Paleocene basal Sparnacian facies of Europe: Fauna, flora, paleoenvironment and (bio)stratigraphy

Smith, T.; Quesnel, F.; De Plöeg, G. et al.

2014 • In PLoS ONE, 9 (1)

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/172075

DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0086229

PubMed
24489703

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Smith et al., 2014 PO.pdf

Publisher postprint (11.83 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Arctocyon; Arecaceae; Betulaceae; Champsosaurus; Cornaceae; Eocene; Europe; Menispermaceae; North America; Paleocene; Plesiadapis tricuspidens; Teilhardimys musculus; Vitaceae

Abstract :

[en] The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is correlated with the first occurrences of earliest modern mammals in the Northern Hemisphere. The latest Paleocene Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, that has yielded rodents and carnivorans, is the only exception to this rule. However, until now no pre-PETM localities have yielded modern mammals in Europe or Asia. We report the first Clarkforkian equivalent Land Mammal Age in the latest Paleocene deposits of the basal Sparnacian facies at Rivecourt, in the north-central part of the Paris Basin. The new terrestrial vertebrate and macroflora assemblages are analyzed through a multidisciplinary study including sedimentologic, stratigraphic, isotopic, and palynological aspects in order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment and to evaluate biochronologic and paleogeographic implications. The mammals are moderately diverse and not abundant, contrary to turtles and champsosaurs. The macroflora is exceptional in preservation and diversity with numerous angiosperms represented by flowers, fruits, seeds and wood preserved as lignite material, revealing an abundance of Arecaceae, Betulaceae, Icacinaceae, Menispermaceae, Vitaceae and probably Cornaceae. Results indicate a Late Paleocene age based on carbon isotope data, palynology and vertebrate occurrences such as the choristoderan Champsosaurus, the arctocyonid Arctocyon , and the plesiadapid Plesiadapis tricuspidens. However, several mammal species compare better with the earliest Eocene. Among these, the particular louisinid Teilhardimys musculus, also recorded from the latest Paleocene of the Spanish Pyrenees, suggests a younger age than the typical MP6 reference level. Nevertheless, the most important aspect of the Rivecourt fauna is the presence of dental remains of a rodent and a "miacid" carnivoran, attesting to the presence of two modern mammalian orders in the latest Paleocene of Europe. Interestingly, these two groups are also the only modern groups recorded from the latest Paleocene of North America, making Rivecourt the first direct equivalent to the Clarkforkian Land Mammal Age outside of North America. © 2014 Smith et al.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Smith, T.; Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium

Quesnel, F.; DGR/GAT, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (French Geological Survey), UMR 7327 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-BRGM, Orléans, France

De Plöeg, G.; Centre Permanent d'Initiatives Pour l'Environnement des Pays de l'Oise, Verberie, France

De Franceschi, D.; Centre de Recherche Sur la Paleobiodiversite et Les Paleoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Métais, G.; Centre de Recherche Sur la Paleobiodiversite et Les Paleoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

De Bast, E.; Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium

Solé, F.; Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium

Folie, A.; Direction Opérationnelle Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium

Boura, A.; Centre de Recherche Sur la Paleobiodiversite et Les Paleoenvironnements (UMR7207 CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Claude, J.; Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France

More authors (12 more)

Language :

English

Title :

First Clarkforkian equivalent land mammal age in the latest Paleocene basal Sparnacian facies of Europe: Fauna, flora, paleoenvironment and (bio)stratigraphy

Publication date :

2014

Journal title :

PLoS ONE

eISSN :

1932-6203

Publisher :

Public Library of Science

Volume :

Issue :

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 18 September 2014

Statistics

Number of views

47 (5 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

6 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Russell DE (1964) Les mammifères paléocènes d'Europe. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série C 8: 1-324.
Smith T, Rose KD, Gingerich PD (2006) Rapid Asia-Europe-North America geographic dispersal of earliest Eocene primate Teilhardina during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (30): 11223-11227. (Pubitemid 44156500)
Teilhard de Chardin P (1927) Les Mammifères de l'Eocène inférieur de la Belgique. Mémoires du Musée Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 6: 1-33.
Smith T, Smith R (1996) Synthèse des données actuelles sur les vertébrés de la transition Paléocène- Eocène de Dormaal (Belgique). Bulletin de la Sociétébelge de Géologie 104: 119-131. (Pubitemid 28115351)
Smith T (2000) Mammals from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7): Palaeobiogeographical and biostratigraphical implications. In Schmitz, B., Sundquist, B. & Andreansson, F.P. (eds.): Early Paleogene warm climates and biosphere dynamics. GFF 122: 148-149.
Schmidt-Kittler N Ed (1987) European Reference Levels and correlation tables. Münchner Geowissenshaften Abhandlungen A 10: 13-31.
BiochroM'97 (1997) Synthèse et tableaux de corrélations. In Aguilar, J.P., Legendre, S. & Michaux, J. (eds.): Actes du Congrès BiochroM'97. Mémoires et Travaux de l'EPHE, Institut de Montpellier 21, 769-805.
Magioncalda R, Dupuis C, Smith T, Steurbaut E, Gingerich PD (2004) Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion in organic carbon and pedogenic carbonate: Direct comparison in a continental stratigraphic section. Geology 32 (7): 553-556. (Pubitemid 39033203)
Yans J, Strait SG, Smith T, Dupuis C, Steurbaut E, et al. (2006) High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy and mammalian faunal change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Honeycombs area of the Southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. American Journal of Science 306: 712-735. (Pubitemid 46351343)
De Ploëg G, Dutheil D, Gheerbrant E, Godinot M, Jossang A, et al. (1998) Un nouveau gisement paléontologique à la base de l'Eocène dans la région de Creil (Oise). Strata 9: 108-110.
Nel A, de Ploëg G, Dejax J, Dutheil D, De Franceschi D, et al. (1999) Un gisement sparnacien exceptionnel à plantes, arthropodes et vertébrés (Eocène basal, MP7): Le Quesnoy (Oise, France). C R Acad Sci Paris (Sci Terre Planètes) 329: 65-72.
Cavagnetto C (2000) La palynoflore d'un gisement d'ambre de l'Eocène basal du Bassin Parisien (Le Quesnoy, France). Palaeontographica Abt B 255 (4-6): 147-171.
De Franceschi D, De Ploëg G (2003) Origine de l'ambre des faciès sparnaciens (Éocène inférieur) du Bassin de Paris: le bois de l'arbre producteur. Geodiversitas 25 (4): 633-647.
Jacques FMB, De Franceschi D (2005) Endocarps of Menispermaceae from Le Quesnoy outcrop (Sparnacian facies, Lower Eocene, Paris Basin). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 135: 61-70. (Pubitemid 40793426)
Cavelier C (1968) Coupes détaillées des sondages exécutés dans le Paléogène du Bassin de Paris à Chaignes (Eure), Montjavoult (Oise), Cires-lès-Mello - Le Tillet (Oise), Ludes (Marne). Mémoire BRGM 59: 13-52.
Blondeau A, Fraisse C, Pomerol B, Pomerol C, Raffin C, et al. (1976) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 81 (Montdidier), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Aubry M-P, Thiry M, Dupuis C, Berggren WA (2005) The Sparnacian deposits of the Paris Basin: A lithostratigraphic classification. Stratigraphy 2-1: 65-100.
Rouvillois A (1960) Le Thanétien du Bassin de Paris (Etude hydrogéologique et micropaléontologique). Mémoire du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Sciences de la Terre, VIII, 153 p.
Feugueur L (1963) L'Yprésien du Bassin de Paris. Essai de monographie stratigraphique. Mémoire pour servir à l'explication de la Carte géologique de France 568 p.
Graves L (1847) Essai sur la topographie géognostique du Département de l'Oise. Imprimerie Desjardins, Beauvais. 804 p.
Aubry M-P, Ouda K, Dupuis C, Berggren WA, Van Couvering JA (2007) The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt). Episodes 30(4): 271-286.
Gingerich PD (1976) Cranial Anatomy and Evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates). University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 15. 140 p.
Godinot M (1980) La variabilité morphologique dentaire du Landenodon (Condylarthra) de Dormaal (Eocène, Belgique). Palaeovertebrata, Mémoire Jubilaire R. Lavocat: 167-196.
Russell DE (1980) Sur les condylarthres cernaysiens Tricuspiodons et Landenodon (Paléocène supérieur de France). Palaeovertebrata, Mémoire Jubilaire R Lavocat: 127-166.
Ladevèze S, Missiaen P., Smith T (2010) First skull of Orthaspidotherium edwardsi (Mammalia, "Condylarthra") from the late Paleocene of Berru (France) and phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic European family Pleuraspidotheriidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1559-1578.
Métais G, Gheerbrant E, Sen S (2012) Re-interpretation of the genus Parabunodon (Ypresian, Turkey): implications for the evolution and distribution of pleuraspidotheriid mammals. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92: 477-486.
Hooker JJ, Russell DE (2012) Early Palaeogene Louisinidae (Macroscelidea, Mammalia), their relationships and north European diversity. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 856-936.
Tabuce R, Telles Antunes M, Smith R, Smith T (2006) Dental variability and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51: 37-52. (Pubitemid 43264248)
Solé F, Smith R, Coillot T, De Bast E, Smith T (in press) Dental and tarsal anatomy of "Miacis" latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Gagnaison C, Prieur J, de Ploëg G (2009) Le gisement de vertébrés thanétiens (Paléocène supérieur, MP6) du Petit Pâtis près de Creil (Oise, France). Bulletin d'information du Bassin de Paris 46 (2): 3-11.
Sanchiz B (1998) Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York. 275 p.
Herre W (1950) Schwanzlurche aus dem Paleocän von Walbeck. Zoolegischer Anzeiger (Klatt-Festschrift) 145: 286-301.
Folie A, Smith R, Smith T (2013) New amphisbaenian lizards from the Early Paleogene of Europe and their implication in the early evolution of modern amphisbaenians. Geologica Belgica 16 (4): 227-235.
Estes R (1983) Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 10A: Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia, New York. 249 p.
Estes R, De Queiroz K, Gauthier J (1988) Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. In : Estes R. & Pregill G. (eds), Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families, Stanford, California. 119-281.
Rage J-C (2001) Fossil snakes from the Palaeocene of São José de Itaboraí, Brazil. Part II Boidae. Palaeovertebrata 30: 111-150.
Sigogneau-Russell D, de Heinzelin J (1979) Les Champsosaures européens: Mise au point sur le Champsosaure d'Erquelinnes (Landénien inférieur, Belgique), avec introduction stratigraphique. Annales de Paléontologie, Vertébrés 65 (2): 93-154.
Delfino M, Smith T (2012) Reappraisal of the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the middle Eocene alligatoroid Diplocynodon deponiae (Frey, Laemmert and Riess, 1987) based on a 3D-prepared specimen. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32: 1358-1369.
Delfino M, Smith T (2009) A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of 'Crocodylus' depressifrons Blainville, 1855 (Crocodylia, Crcodyloidea) based on the early Eocene remains from Belgium. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156: 140-167.
Broin F de (1977) Contribution à l'étude des Chéloniens. Chéloniens continentaux du Crétacé et du Tertiaire de France. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Nouvelle série. Série C, tome 33. 365 p.
Vitek NS (2012) Giant fossil soft-shelled turtles of North America. Palaeontologia Electronica, 15 (1): 43p.
Pérez-García A (2012) Berruchelus russelli, gen. et sp. nov., A Paracryptodiran Turtle from the Cenozoic of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 545-556.
Sukhanov VB (2000) Mesozoic turtles of Middle and Central Asia. In: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN (eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 309-367.
Martin LD (1992) The status of the Late Paleocene birds Gastornis and Remiornis. Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles County Sc Ser 36: 97-108.
Buffetaut E (2002) Giant birds at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: extinction or survival ? Geol Soc America Spec Paper 356: 303-306.
Mayr G (2009) Paleogene fossil birds. Springer, Berlin. 262 p.
Reineck HE, Singh IB (1980) Depositional sedimentary environments, with reference to terrigenous clastics. Springer Verlag, second revised and updated edition, Berlin, 551 pp.
Johnson HD, Baldwin CT (1996) Shallow clastic seas. In: Sedimentary environments: processes, facies and stratigraphy, READING HG Ed 7: 232-280.
Allen JRL (1964) Studies in fluviatile sedimentation. Six cyclothems from the Old Red Sandstone, Anglo-Welsh Basin. Sedimentology 3: 163-198.
Schumm SA (1977) The fluvial system. Wiley & Sons, New York. 338 p.
Plint AG (1983) Facies, environments and sedimentary cycles in the Middle Eocene, Bracklesham Formation of the Hampshire Basin: evidence for global sea-level changes? Sedimentology 30: 625-653.
Plint AG (1988) Sedimentology of the Eocene strata exposed between Poole Harbour and High Cliff, Dorset, UK. Tertiary Research 10(3): 107-145.
Bridge JS, Smith ND, Trent F, Gabel SL, Bernstein P (1986) Sedimentology and morphology of a low sinuosity river: Calamus River, Nebraska Sand Hills. Sedimentology 33:851-870.
Collinson JD (1996) Alluvial sediments. In: Sedimentary environments: processes, facies and stratigraphy, READING HG Ed. 3: 37-82.
Heilmann-Clausen C (1985) Dinoflagellate stratigraphy of the uppermost Danian to Ypresian in the Viborg 1 borehole, central Jylland, Denmark. Danm Geol UndersØg (A) 7: 69 pp.
De Coninck J, De Decker M, De Heinzelin J, Willems W (1981) L'Age des faunes d'Erquelinnes. Bull Soc belge Géol 90 (2): 121-154.
Steurbaut E (1998) High-resolution holostratigraphy of middle Paleocene to early Eocene strata in Belgium and adjacent areas. Palaeontographica Abt A 247: 91-156.
Knox RW O'B, Bosch A, Rasmussen ES, Heilmann-Clausen C, Hiss M, et al. (2010) Cenozoic. In: Petroleum Geological Atlas of the Southern Permian Basin Area, Doornenbal JC, Stvenson AG (Eds), EAGE Publications bv 12: 210-223.
Martini E (1971) Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In: Farinacci (Ed.), Proc. Second Conf. Planktonic Microfossils, Roma, 1970, Vol. 2. Tecnoscienza, Roma, 739-785.
Roche E (1973) Etude des Sporomorphes du Landénien de Belgique et de quelques gisements du Sparnacien français. Mém Servir Explic Cart Géol Minist Belg 13: 13-121.
Roche E, Dupuis C, Quesnel F (2009) Tentative high resolution palynostratigraphy of the Early Eocene in the southern North Sea Basin, In: Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene, Strong CP, Crouch EM, Hollis C (Eds), GNS Science Miscellaneous Series 16: 122.
Gruas-Cavagnetto C (1968) Étude palynologique de divers gisements du Sparnacien du bassin de Paris. Mém. Soc. Géol. France 110: 1-144.
Chateauneuf JJ, Gruas-Cavagnetto C (1968) Etude palynologique du Paléogène de quatre sondages du bassin parisien (Chaignes, Montjavoult, Le Tillet, Ludes). Mémoires du BRGM 59: 113-162.
Gruas-Cavagnetto C (1976) Etude palynologique du sondage de Cuise-la-Motte (Oise). Bull Inf Géol Bass Paris 13(2): 11-23.
Stott LD, Sinha A, Thiry M, Aubry M-P, Berggren WA (1996) The transfer of 12C changes from the ocean to the terrestrial biosphere across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: criteria for terrestrial-marine correlation. In: Correlalion of the early Paleogene in Northwest Europe, Knox RW O'B, Corfield R, Dunay RE (eds), Geological Society Special Publication, London 101: 381-399.
Magioncalda R, Dupuis C, Blamart D, Fairon-Demaret M, Perreau M, et al. (2001) L'excursion isotopique du carbone organique (δ13C org) dans les paléoenvironnements continentaux de l'intervalle Paleocène/Eocène de Varengeville (Haute-Normandie). Bull Soc Géol France 172 (3): 349-358.
Steurbaut E, Magioncalda R, Dupuis C, Van Simaeys S, Roche E, et al. (2003) Palynology, paleoenvironments, and organic carbon isotope evolution in lagoonal Paleocene-Eocene boundary settings in North Belgium, In: Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene, Wing SL, Gingerich PD, Schmitz B, Thomas E (eds), Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 369: 291-317.
Thiry M, Aubry MP, Dupuis C, Sinha A, Stott LD, et al. (2006) The Sparnacian deposits of the Paris Basin: δ13C isotope stratigraphy. Stratigraphy 3 (2): 119-138.
Collinson ME, Steart DC, Scott AC, Glasspool IJ, Hooker JJ (2007) Episodic fire, runoff and deposition at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164: 87-97. (Pubitemid 46099458)
Smith T, Dupuis C, Folie A, Quesnel F, Storme JY, et al. (2011) A new terrestrial vertebrate site just after the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Mortemer Formation of Upper Normandy, France. CR Palevol 10: 11-20.
Storme J-Y, Dupuis C, Schnyder J, Quesnel F, Garel S, et al. (2012) Cycles of humid-dry climate conditions around the P/E boundary: new stable isotope data from terrestrial organic matter in Vasterival section (NW France). Terra Nova 24: 114-122.
Quesnel F (2006) Méso-Cénozoïque, Cré tacé et Cénozoïque, 3 geological maps and 87 p of explanatory notes, In: Lacquement, F., Quesnel, F., Mansy, J.L., Moulouel, H., Vinchon, C., Gateau, C. et coll., 2006, La Géologie du territoire de l'Avesnois, Système d'information géologique, DVD, BRGM/RP-55465-FR.
Jehle M, Godinot M, Delsate D, Phélizon A, Pellouin J-L (2012) A new late Paleocene micromammal fauna from Montchenot (Paris Basin). Preliminary results. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. DOI 10.1007/s12549-012-0100- x.
Maas MC, Thewissen JGM, Sen S, Kazanci N, Kappelman J (2001). Enigmatic new ungulates from the early middle Eocene of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(3): 578-590.
Boyer DM, Costeur L, Lipman Y (2012) Earliest Record of Platychoerops (Primates, Plesiadapidae), A New Species From Mouras Quarry, Mont de Berru, France. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149: 329-346.
López-Martínez N, Peláez-Campomanes P (1999) New mammals from Southcentral Pyrenees (Tremp Formation, Spain) and their bearing on Late Paleocene marine-continental correlations. Bulletin Société Géologique de France 170: 681-686.
Gheerbrant E, Codrea V, Hosu Al, Sen S, Guernet C, Lapparent de Broin Fr, Riveline J (1999) Découverte de vertébrés dans les Calcaires de Rona (Thanétien ou Sparnacien), Transylvanie, Roumanie: les plus anciens mammifères cénozoiques d'Europe Orientale. Eclogae Geologie Helvetiae, 92: 517-535. (Pubitemid 30222068)
Gingerich PD, Clyde WC (2001) Overview of Mammalian Biostratigraphy in the Paleocene-Eocene Fort Union and Willwood Formations of the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 33: 1-14.
Rose KD (1981) The Clarkforkian land-mammal age and mammalian faunal composition across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Papers on Paleontology 26: 1-115.
Solé F, Gheerbrant E, Godinot M (2011) New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications. Palaeontologica Electronica 14, 2: 41p. org/2011-2/258/index.html
Gingerich PD (1983) Systematics of Early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, 26: 187-225.
Heinrich RE, Strait SG, Houde P (2008) Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 82: 154-162. (Pubitemid 351157984)
Folk RL, Ward WC (1957) Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sediment Petrol 27: 3-26.
Yans J, Gerards T, Gerrienne P, Spagna P, Dejax J, et al. (2010) Carbon-isotope of fossil wood and dispersed organic matter from the terrestrial Wealden facies of Hautrage (Mons basin, Belgium). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 291: 85-105.
Pflug H (1952) Palynologie und Stratigraphie des eozänen Braunkohlen von Helmstedt. Paläeont Z 26: 112-137.
Pflug H (1953) Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des angiospermiden Pollens in der Erdgeschichte. Palaeontographica B95 (4-6): 60-171.
Krutzsch W (1958) Sporen- und Pollengruppen aus der Oberkreide und dem Tertiär Mitteleuropas und ihre stratigraphische Verteilung. Zeitschrilt für angewandte Geologie 11-12: 509-548.
Krutzsch W, Van Hoorne R (1977) Die Pollenflora von Epinois und Loksbergen in Belgien, Palaeontographica Abt B 163 (1-4): 1-110.
Fensom RA, Williams GL (2004) The Lentin and Williams Index of Fossil Dinoflagellates 2004 Edition. AASP Contribution Series 42, 909 p.
Blondeau A (1970) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 104 (Compiègne), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Solau J-L, Cruciani P-M, Maucorps J, Pomerol C (1974) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 105 (Attichy), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Guérin B, Salin R, Pomerol C (1975) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 129 (Villers-Cotterêt), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Pomerol C, Cavelier C, Blondeau A, Afchain C, Dubois R, et al. (1967) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 128 (Senlis), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Cavelier C (1967) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 127 (Creil), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Blondeau A, Cavelier C, Monciardini C (1970) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 103 (Clermont), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Blondeau A, Froehlich F, Pomerol B, Pomerol C (1978) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 80 (Saint-Just-en-Chaussée), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Blondeau A, Gruas-Cavagnetto C, Le Calvez Y, Lézaud L (1976) Etude paléontologique du sondage de Cuise (Oise). Bull Inf Géol Bass Paris 13: 3-31.
Solau J-L, Pomerol B, Maucorps J, Pomerol C, Bourse C, et al. (1976) Geological Map of France (1/50 000), sheet 82 (Chauny), Editions BRGM, Orléans.
Woodburne MO, Gunnell GF, Stucky RK (2009) Land mammal faunas of North America: Rise and fall during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Denver Mus Nat Sci Ann. 1: 1-80.
Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292: 686-693. (Pubitemid 32385533)