Delay in feed access and spread of hatch: Importance of early nutrition

[en] In a commercial hatchery, chicks (or poults) hatch over a 24-48 hour period. All chicks remain in the incubator until the majority of the chicks have emerged from the shell. Once removed from the incubator, the newly hatched chick has to undergo several hatchery treatments and is then transported before being placed on the broiler farm. This means that, under practical conditions, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 hours. In addition, the time of hatch within the hatching window and the spread of hatch cause variability in the amount of time that chicks are feed deprived. Literature on feed deprivation after hatch clearly demonstrates the detrimental effects of any delay in feed access on performance of the chicks with respect to growth, immune system activation, digestive enzyme stimulation and organ development. Improved management strategies, such as shortening the hatching window or the time to first feeding by specific management measures, provide an alternative in dealing with the negative effects caused by a delay in feed access. The development of pre-starter diets that better meet the needs of the newly hatched chicks or in ovo feeding to bridge the gap between hatch and first feeding provide other alternatives in overcoming these problems. However, speculation remains regarding the importance of in ovo or early feeding, or whether the in ovo or early feeding itself is responsible for the beneficial effects reported. The aim of the following review is to discuss the current status of research into early feeding and to stimulate future and further research regarding these topics. © World's Poultry Science Association 2010.

Disciplines :

Animal production & animal husbandry

Author, co-author :

Willemsen, H.; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Debonne, M.; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Swennen, Q.; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium

Everaert, Nadia ; KU Leuven > Department of Biosystems > Division Livestock-Nutrition-Quality

Careghi, C.; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Han, H.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China

Bruggeman, V.; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Tona, K.; Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture University of Lome, Togo

Decuypere, E.; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium

Language :

English

Title :

Delay in feed access and spread of hatch: Importance of early nutrition

Publication date :

2010

Journal title :

World's Poultry Science Journal

ISSN :

0043-9339

Publisher :

Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

177-188

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 18 December 2013

Statistics

Number of views

271 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

755 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

130

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

128

OpenCitations

Bibliography

BAMELIS, F., KEMPS, B., MERTENS, K., DE KETELAERE, B., DECUYPERE, E. and DE BAERDEMAEKER, J. (2005) An automatic monitoring of the hatching process based on the noise of the hatching chicks. Poultry Science 84: 1101-1107.
BATAL, A. and PARSONS, C. (2002) Effect of fasting versus feeding oasis after hatching on nutrient utilization in chicks. Poultry Science 81: 853-859.
BIGOT, K., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., PICARD, M. and TESSERAUD, S. (2003a) Effects of delayed feed intake on body, intestine, and muscle development in neonate broilers. Poultry Science 82: 781-788.
BREGENDAHL, K., SELL, J.L. and ZIMMERMAN, D.R. (2002) Effect of low-protein diets on growth performance and body composition of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81: 1156-1167.
BUYSE, J., DECUYPERE, E., BERGHMAN, L., KÜHN, E.R. and VANDESANDE, F. (1992) Effect of dietary protein content on episodic growth hormone secretion and on heat production of male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 33: 1101-1109.
CAREGHI, C., TONA, K., ONAGBESAN, O., BUYSE, J., DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2005) The effects of the spread of hatch and interaction with delayed feed access after hatch on broiler performance until seven days of age. Poultry Science 84: 1314-1320.
COLLIN, A., MALHEIROS, R.D., MORAES, V.M.B., VAN AS, P., DARRAS, V.M., TAOUIS, M., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2003) Effects of dietary macronutrient content on energy metabolism and uncoupling protein mRNA expression in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 90: 261-269.
DARRAS, V.M., COKELAERE, M., DEWIL, E., ARNOUTS, S., DECUYPERE, E. and KÜHN, E.R. (1995) Partial food restriction increases hepatic inner ring deiodinating activity in the chicken and the rat. General Comparative Endocrinology 100: 334-338.
DARRAS, V.M., MOL, K.A., VAN DER GEYTEN, S. and KÜHN, E.R. (1998) Control of peripheral thyroid hormone levels by activating and inactivating deiodinases. Trends in Comparative Endocrinology and Neurobiology 839: 80-86.
DE OLIVEIRA, J. (2007) Effects of In ovo Feeding on Turkey Embryos Development, Energy Status, Intestinal Maturation, Gene Expression and Post-hatch Development. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University.
DEBONNE, M., BAARENDSE, P.J.J., VAN DEN BRAND, H., KEMP, B., BRUGGEMAN, V. and DECUYPERE, E. (2008) Involvement of the hypothalamis-pituitary-thyroid axis and its interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the ontogeny of avian thermoregulation: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 64: 309-321.
DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2007) The endocrine interface of environmental and egg factors affecting chick quality. Poultry Science 86: 1037-1042.
DECUYPERE, E. and KÜHN, E.R. (1988) Alterations in thyroid hormone physiology induced by temperature and feeding in newly hatched chickens. Acta physiologica Polonica 39: 380-394.
DECUYPERE, E., TONA, K., BRUGGEMAN, V. and BAMELIS, F. (2001) The day-old chick, a crucial hinge between breeders and broilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 57: 127-138.
DIBNER, J. (1999) Avoid any delay. Feed International December: 30-34.
EVERAERT, N., SWENNEN, Q., METAYER-COUSTARD, S., WILLEMSEN, H., CAREGHI, C., BUYSE, J., BRUGGEMAN, V., DECUYPERE, E. and TESSERAUD, S. (2010) The effect of the protein level in a pre-starter diet on the post-hatch performance and activation of S6K1 in muscle of neonatal broilers. British Journal of Nutrition 103: 206-211.
FERKET, P. and UNI, Z. (2006) Early feeding - in ovo feeding enhances of early gut development and digestive capacity of poultry. XII European Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy, 10-14 September 2006.
GONZALES, E., KONDO, N., SALDANHA, E., LODDY, E., CAREGHI, C. and DECUYPERE, E. (2003) Performance and physiological parameters of broiler chickens subjected to fasting on the neonatal period. Poultry Science 82: 1250-1256.
HALEVY, O., GEYRA, A., BARAK, M., UNI, Z. and SKLAN, D. (2000) Early post-hatch starvation decreases satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle growth in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 130: 858-864.
HARVEY, S. and KLANDORF, H. (1983) Reduced adrenocortical function and increased thyroid function in fasted and refed chickens. Journal of Endocrinology 98: 129-135.
HAVENSTEIN, G.B., FERKET, P.R. and QURESHI, M.A. (2003) Growth, livability and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science 82: 1500-1508.
HORROX, N. (2006) World focus: a good start, time for a rethink? International Poultry Production 14: 5.
KING, D.B., KING, C.R. and ESHLEMAN, J.R. (1977) Serum triiodothyronine levels in the embryonic and post-hatching chicken, with particular reference to feeding-induced changes. General Comparative Endocrinology 31: 216-223.
KLANDORF, H. and HARVEY, S. (1985) Food intake regulation of circulating thyroid hormones in domestic fowl. General Comparative Endocrinology 60: 162-170.
KÜHN, E.R., HERREMANS, M., DEWIL, E., VANDERPOOTEN, A., RUDAS, P., BARTHA, T., VERHEYEN, G., BERGHMAN, L. and DECUYPERE, E. (1991) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is not thyrotropic but somatotropic in fed and starved adult chickens. Reproduction, nutrition and development 31: 431-439.
LILBURN, M.S. (1998) Practical aspects of early nutrition for poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7: 420-424.
MAY, J.D. (1978) Effect of fasting on T3 and T4 concentrations in chicken serum. General Comparative Endocrinology 34: 323-327.
MOORE, D., FERKET, P. and MOZDZIAK, P. (2005) Early post-hatch fasting induces satellite cell selfrenewal. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 142: 331-339.
MORAN, E.T. Jr. (1985) Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in fowl and events through perinatal development. Journal of Nutrition 115: 665-674.
MOZDZIAK, P., WALSH, T. and McCOY, D. (2002b) The effect of early post-hatch nutrition on satellite cell mitotic activity. Poultry Science 81: 1703-1708.
MURAKAMI, H., AKIBA, Y. and HORIGUCHI, M. (1992) Growth and utilization of nutrients in newlyhatched chick with or without removal of residual yolk. Growth, Development and Aging 56: 75-84.
NICHELMANN, M. and TZSCHENTKE, B. (2002) Ontogeny of thermoregulation in precocial birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 131: 751-763.
NIETO, R., AGUILERA, J.F., FERNANDEZ-FIGARES, I. and PRIETO, C. (1997) Effect of a low protein diet on the energy metabolism of growing chickens. Archiv für Tierernahrüng 50: 105-119.
NITSAN, Z., BEN-AVRAHAM, G., ZOREF, Z. and NIR, I. (1991) Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching. British Poultry Science 32: 515-523.
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999a) The importance of early nutrition for chicks. Proceedings of the 12th symposium on Poultry Nutrition, the Netherlands, pp.143-151.
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999b) The effect of different types of early feeding on performance in chicks and poults. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 16-24.
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (1999c) Energy utilization in the newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science 78: 1750-1756.
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (2001) Yolk and exogenous feed utilization in the post-hatch chick. Poultry Science 80:1490-1495.
NOY, Y. and SKLAN, D. (2002) Nutrient use in chicks during the first week post-hatch. Poultry Science 81: 391-399.
PINCHASOV, Y. and NOY, Y. (1993) Comparison of post-hatch holding time and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults. British Poultry Science 34: 111-120.
SCANES, C.G. and GRIMINGER, P. (1990) Endocrine-nutrition interactions in birds. Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement 4: 98-105.
SKLAN, D. (2003) Fat and carbohydrate use in posthatch chicks. Poultry Science 82: 117-122.
SKLAN, D. and PLAVNIK, I. (2002) Interactions between dietary crude protein and essential amino acid intake on performance in broilers. British Poultry Science 43: 442-449.
SMITH, E.R. and PESTI, G.M. (1998) Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Science 77: 276-281.
ST. GERMAIN, D.L. and GALTON, V.A. (1997) The deiodinase family of selenoproteins. Thyroid 7: 655-668.
SWENNEN, Q., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2007) Implications of dietary macronutrients for growth and metabolism in broiler chickens. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 63: 541-556.
SWENNEN, Q., EVERAERT, N., DEBONNE, M., VERBAEYS, I., CAREGHI, C., TONA, K., JANSSENS, G.P.J., DECUYPERE, E., BRUGGEMAN, V. and BUYSE, J. (2009) Effect of macronutrient ratio of the pre-starter diet on broiler performance and intermediary metabolism. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, epub ahead of print (PMID 19747420).
SWENNEN, Q., JANSSENS, G.P., MILLET, S., VANSANT, G., DECUYPERE, E. and BUYSE, J. (2005) Effects of substitution between fat and protein on feed intake and its regulatory mechanisms in broiler chickens: endocrine functioning and intermediary metabolism. Poultry Science 84: 1051-1057.
TONA, K., BAMELIS, F., DE KETELAERE, B., BRUGGEMAN, V., MORAES, V.B.M., BUYSE, J., ONAGBESAN, O. and DECUYPERE, E. (2003) Effects of egg storage time on spread of hatch, chick quality and chick juvenile growth. Poultry Science 82: 736-741.
UNI, Z. and FERKET, R.P. (2004) Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 101-111.
UNI, Z., FERKET, P.R., TAKO, E. and KEDAR, O. (2005) In ovo feeding improves energy status of lateterm chicken embryos. Poultry Science 84: 764-770.
VAN DER GEYTEN, S., VAN ROMPAEY, E., SANDERS, J.P., VISSER, T.J., KÜHN, E.R. and DARRAS, V.M. (1999) Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism during fasting and refeeding in chicken. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116: 272-280.
VELLEMAN, S.G. (2007) Muscle development in the embryo and hatchling. Poultry Science 86: 1050-1054.
WERTELECKI, T. and JAMROZ, D. (2005) The effect of protein level in early feeding on yolk sac nutrient concentrations in chickens. Journal of Animal Feed Science 14: 503-506.
WILLEMSEN, H., EVERAERT, N., WITTERS, A., DE SMIT, L., DEBONNE, M., VERSCHUERE, F., GARAIN, P., BERCKMANS, D., DECUYPERE, E. and BRUGGEMAN, V. (2008) Critical assessment of chick quality measurements as an indicator of post-hatch performance. Poultry Science 87: 2358-2366.