[en] Airglow emissions are optimal processes to investigate the chemistry and dynamics in planetary atmospheres. In this study, we focus on the O2 and OH airglow emissions in Venus, Earth, and Mars atmospheres, which are controlled by chemical reactions common to the three planets. By studying these phenomena on Venus, Earth, and Mars using similar instruments, we are able to derive information about their photochemistry and the physical conditions of the atmospheres, but also to constrain the dynamics responsible for transport of atomic oxygen, ozone and other minor species. After a review of the nightglow emissions observed in the Venus atmosphere, we analyze the O2 and OH airglow emissions in the Earth's atmosphere observed during the 3 swing-bys of our planet by the Rosetta spacecraft. We also report the detection of the O2 nightglow emission in the Mars atmosphere, observed in February 2007 during the Rosetta fly-by of the planet. The airglow characteristics are in agreement with the measurements obtained from sensors on board Mars Express.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Migliorini, A.
Piccioni, G.
Capaccioni, F.
Fillachione, G.
Tosi, F.
Gérard, Jean-Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Language :
English
Title :
Comparative analysis of airglow emissions in terrestrial planets, observed with VIRTIS-M instruments on board Rosetta and Venus Express
Altieri F., et al. O2 1.27μm maps as derived from OMEGA/MEx data. Icarus 2009, 204:499-511. 10.1016/j-icarus.2009.07.022.
Ammannito E., et al. On-ground characterization of Rosetta/VIRTIS-M. I. Spectral and geometrical calibrations. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2006, 77(9). 093109-093109-10.
Bailey J., Meadows V.S., Chamberlain S., Crisp D. The temperature of the Venus mesosphere from O2(a1δg) airglow observations. Icarus 2008, 197:247-259.
Baker D.J., Stair A.T. Rocket measurements of the altitude distributions of the hydroxyl airglow. Phys. Scripta 1988, 37:611-622. ISSN: 0031-8949.
Ball S.M., Hancock G. The relative quantum yield of O2(a1δg) from photolysis of ozone at 227K. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:1213-1216.
Ball S.M., Hancock G., Murphy I.J., Rayner S.P. The relative quantum yields of O2(a1δg) from photolysis of ozone in the wavelength range 270nm<λ<329 nm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1993, 20:2063-2066.
Barstow J.K., et al. Models of the global cloud structure on Venus derived from Venus Express observations. Icarus 2012, 217:542-560.
Becker K.H., Groth W., Schurath U. The ratio of the Franck-Condon factors q(0,0)/q(0,1) of the infrared Atmospheric band system of oxygen. Planet. Space Sci. 1971, 19:1009-1010.
Bertaux J.-L., Gondet B., Lefèvre F., Bibring J.-P., Montmessin F. First detection of O2 1.27μm nightglow emission at Mars with OMEGA/MEX and comparison with general circulation model predictions. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 117. 10.1029/2011JE003890.
Bougher S.W., Borucki W.J. Venus O2 visible and IR nightglow: Implications for lower thermosphere dynamics and chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:3759-3776. 10.1029/93JE03431.
Clancy, R.T. et al., 2012. Extensive MRO CRISM observations of 1.27μm O2 airglow in Mars polar night and their comparison to MRO MCS temperature profiles and LMD GCM simulations. J. Geophys. Res., in press. doi:10.1029/2011JE004018.
Connes P., Noxon J.F., Traub W.A., Carleton N.P. O2/1 Delta/emission in the day and night airglow of Venus. Astrophys. J. 1979, 233:L29-L32. (Letters to the Editor).
Coradini A., et al. Virtis: An imaging spectrometer for the Rosetta mission. Space Sci. Rev. 2007, 128:529-559.
Coradini A., et al. Martian atmosphere as observed by VIRTIS-M on Rosetta spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115. 10.1029/2009JE003345.
Coradini A., et al. The surface composition and temperature of Asteroid 21 Lutetia as observed by Rosetta/VIRTIS. Science 2011, 334:492-494.
Cottini V., Ignatiev N.I., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Grassi D., Markiewicz W.J. Water vapor near the cloud tops of Venus from Venus Express/VIRTIS dayside data. Icarus 2012, 217:561-569.
Crisp D., Meadows V.S., Bézard B., de Bergh C., Maillard J.-P., Mills F.P. Ground-based near-infrared observations of the Venus nightside: 1.27-μm O2(aδg) airglow from the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101(E2):4577-4594.
Evans W.F.J., Llewellyn E.J. Measurements of mesospheric ozone from observations of the 1.27μm band. Radio Sci. 1972, 7:45-50.
Evans W.F.J., Llewellyn E.J., Vallance Jones A. Altitude distribution of the O2(1DELTA) nightglow emission. J. Geophys. Res 1972, 77:4899-4901.
Fedorova A.A., Korablev O., Perrier S., Bertaux J.-L., Lefèvre F., Rodin A. Observations of the O2 1.27μm dayglow by SPICAM IR: Seasonal distribution for first martian year of Mars-Express. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:E09S07.
Fedorova A.A., Lefèvre F., Guslyakova S., Korablev O., Bertaux J.-L., Montmessin F. The O2 nightglow in the martian atmosphere by SPICAM onboard of Mars-Express. Icarus 2012, 219:596-608.
Filacchione, G., 2006. Calibrazioni a terra e prestazioni in volo di spettrometri ad immagine nel visibile e nel vicino infrarosso per l'esplorazione planetaria, PhD dissertation, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 316 pages. ftp.iasf-roma.inaf.it/gianrico/phd/Filacchione_PHD_2006.pdf (in italian).
Filacchione G., et al. On-ground characterization of Rosetta/VIRTIS-M. I. Spatial and radiometric calibrations. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2006, 77:103-106.
Findlay F.D. Relative band intensities in the atmospheric and infrared atmospheric systems of molecular oxygen. Can. J. Phys. 1969, 47:687-691.
García-Muñoz A., Mills F.P., Slanger T.G., Piccioni G., Drossart P. Visible and near-infrared nightglow of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E12002. 10.1029/2009JE003447.
García-Muñoz A., Mills F.P., Piccioni G., Drossart P. From the Cover: The near-infrared nitric oxide nightglow in the upper atmosphere of Venus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106(4):985-988.
Geminale, A., Grassi, D., Formisano, V., García-Muñoz, A., Sindoni, G., Giuranna, M., 2012. Interannual Study of the Oxygen Day-Glow in the Martian atmosphere with data of PFS-MeX, EGU General Assembly 2012, held 22-27 April, 2012, in Vienna, Austria, p. 12565.
Gérard J.-C., et al. Distribution of the O2 infrared nightglow observed with VIRTIS on board Venus Express. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35(2). CiteID L02207.
Gérard J.C., Saglam A., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Montmessin F., Bertaux J.L. Atomic oxygen distribution in the Venus mesosphere from observations of O2 infrared airglow by VIRTIS-Venus Express. Icarus 2009, 199:264-272.
Gérard J.-C., Soret L., Saglam A., Piccioni G., Drossart P. The distributions of the OH Meinel and O(a1δ-X3σ) nightglow emissions in the Venus mesosphere based on VIRTIS observations. Adv. Space Res. 2010, 45:1268-1275.
Gérard J.-C., Soret L., Piccioni G., Drossart P. Spatial correlation of OH and O2 infrared atmospheric nightglow emissions observed with VIRTIS-M on board Venus Express. Icarus 2012, 217:813-817.
Gérard, J.-C., Soret, L., Migliorini, A., Piccioni, G., 2013. Oxygen nightglow emissions of Venus: Vertical distribution and collisional quenching. Icarus. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.019.
Grassi D., et al. Retrieval of air temperature profiles in the venusian mesosphere from VIRTIS-M data: Description and validation of algorithms. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. CiteID E00B09.
Grassi D., et al. Thermal structure of venusian night-time mesosphere as observed by VIRTIS-Venus Express. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115. CiteID E09007.
Greer R.G.H., Llewellyn E.J., Solheim B.H., Witt G. The excitation of O2(b1∑g+) in the nightglow. Planet. Space Sci. 1981, 29:383-389.
Greer R.G.H., Murtagh D.P., McDade I.C., Dickinson P.H.G., Thomas L. ETON I: A database pertinent to the study of energy transfer in the oxygen nightglow. Planet. Space Sci. 1986, 34:771-788.
Haslett J.C., Fehsenfeld F.C. Ratio of the O2(1δg-3∑-g)(0,0), (0,1) transitions. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, 74:1878-1879.
Hays P.B., Kafkalidis J.F., Skinner W.R. A global view of the molecular oxygen night airglow. J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108. 10.1029/2003JD003400.
Heppner, J.P., Meredith, L.H., 1958. Nightglow emission altitudes from rocket measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 63 (1), 51-65.
Hueso R., et al. Morphology and dynamics of Venus oxygen airglow from Venus Express/Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer observations. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. CiteID E00B02.
Hueso R., Peralta J., Sánchez-Lavega A. Assessing the long-term variability of Venus winds at cloud level from VIRTIS-Venus Express. Icarus 2012, 217:585-598.
Irwin P.G.J., et al. Spatial variability of carbon monoxide in Venus' mesosphere from Venus Express/Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. CiteID E00B01.
Krasnopolsky V.A. Venus spectroscopy in the 3000-8000Å region by Veneras 9 and 10. Venus 1983, 459-483. Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson. D.M. Hunten (Ed.).
Krasnopolsky V.A. Venus night airglow: Ground-based detection of OH, observations of O2 emissions, and photochemical model. Icarus 2010, 10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.019.
Krasnopolsky V.A. Excitation of the oxygen nightglow on the terrestrial planets. Planet. Space Sci. 2011, 59:754-766.
Krasnopolsky V.A., Krys'ko A.A. On the night airglow of the martian atmosphere. Space Res. 1976, 16:1005-1008.
Krupenie P.H. The spectrum of molecular oxygen. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1972, 1:423-534.
Liu G., Shepherd G.G., Roble R.G. Seasonal variations of the nighttime O(1S) and OH airglow emission rates at mid-to-high latitudes in the context of the large-scale circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113(A6). CiteID A06302.
Llewellyn E.J., Solheim B.H. The excitation of the infrared atmospheric oxygen bands in the nightglow. Planet. Space Sci 1978, 26:533-538.
Lopez-Moreno J.J., Rodrigo R., Moreno F., Lopes-Puertas M., Molina A. Altitude distribution of vibrationally excited states of atmospheric hydroxyl at levels ν=2 and ν=7. Planet. Space Sci. 1987, 35:1029-1038.
Lowe, R.P., 1960. The high of the hydroxyl airglow, CARDE Tech. Memo. 291/59 PCC D45-95-10-18, Can Armament Res. And Dev. Estab., Valectier, Quebec.
Lowe R.P., Leblanc L.M., Gilbert K.L. WINDII/UARS observation of twilight behavior of the hydroxyl airglow, at mid-latitude equinox. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1996, 58:1863-1896.
Marcq E., Bézard B., Drossart P., Piccioni G., Rees J.M., Henry F. A latitudinal survey of CO, OCS, H2O, and SO2 in the lower atmosphere if Venus: Spectroscopic studies using VIRTIS-H. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. CiteID E00B07.
McDade I.C. The altitude dependence of the OH(X2π) vibrational distribution in the nightglow: Some model expectations. Planet. Space Sci. 1991, 39:1049-1057.
McDade I.C., et al. ETON 2: Quenching parameters for the proposed precursor of O2(b1∑g+) and O(1S) in the terrestrial nightglow. Planet. Space Sci. 1986, 34:789-800.
McDade I.C., Llewellyn E.J., Murtagh D.P., Greer R.G.H. ETON 5: Simultaneous rocket measurements of the OH Meinel δν=2 sequence and (8,3) band emission profiles in the nightglow. Planet. Space Sci. 1987, 35:1137-1147.
Meinel A.B. OH emission bands in the spectrum of the night sky. Astrophys. J. 1950, 111:555-564.
Melchiorri R., Piccioni G., Mazzoni A. VIRTIS-M flight lamps. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2003, 74(8):3796-3801.
Melo S.M.L., Lowe R.P., Russell.J.P. Double-peaked hydroxyl airglow profiles observed from WINDII/UARS. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105(D10):12397-12403.
Mende S.B., Swenson G.R., Geller S.P., Viereck R.A., Murad E., Pike C.P. Limb view spectrum of the Earth's airglow. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98(A11):19117-19125.
Migliorini A., Piccioni G., Cardesín Moinelo A., Drossart P. Hydroxyl airglow on Venus in comparison with Earth. Planet. Space Sci. 2011, 59:974-980.
Migliorini A., Grassi D., Montabone L., Lebonnois S., Drossart P., Piccioni G. Investigation of air temperature on the night side of Venus derived from VIRTIS-H on board Venus-Express. Icarus 2012, 217:640-647.
Migliorini, A., Piccioni, G., Gérard, J.-C., Soret, L., Slanger, T., Politi, R., Snels, M., Drossart, P., Nuccilli, F., 2013. The characteristics of the O2 Herzberg II and chamberlain bands observed with VIRTIS/Venus Express. Icarus. http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.017.
Moissl R., et al. Venus cloud top winds from tracking UV features in Venus Monitoring Camera images. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114(9). CiteID E00B31.
Montmessin F., et al. A layer of ozone detected in the nightside upper atmosphere of Venus. Icarus 2011, 216:82-85.
Murtagh D.P., et al. An assessment of proposed O(1S) and O2(b1∑g+) nightglow excitation parameters. Planet. Space Sci. 1990, 38:43-53.
Noxon J.F. Oxygen spectra in dayglow, twilight and during an eclipse. Nature 1967, 213:350-352.
Noxon J.F. Aircraft measurements of O2(1δ) emission. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1972, 53:456.
Noxon J.F. A global study of O2(1δg) airglow: Day and twilight. Planet. Space Sci. 1982, 30:545-557.
Ohtsuki S., Iwagami N., Sagawa H., Kasaba Y., Ueno M., Imamura T. Ground-based observation of the Venus 1.27-μm O2 airglow. Adv. Space Res. 2005, 36(11):2038-2042.
Ohtsuki S., et al. Imaging spectroscopy of the Venus 1.27μm O2 airglow with ground-based telescopes. Adv. Space Res. 2008, 41:1375-1380.
Ohtsuki S., et al. Distributions of the Venus 1.27-μm O2 airglow and rotational temperature. Planet. Space Sci. 2008, 56:1391-1398.
Packer D.M. Altitudes of the night airglow radiations. Ann. Geophys. 1961, 17:67-75.
Peralta, J., Hueso, R., Sánchez-Lavega, A., Piccioni, G., Lanciano, O., Drossart, P., 2008. Characterization of mesoscale gravity waves in the upper and lower clouds of Venus from VEX-VIRTIS images. J. Geophys. Res. 113 (2). CiteID E00B18.
Peralta J., et al. Solar migrating atmospheric tides in the winds of the polar region of Venus. Icarus 2012, 220:958-970.
Piccialli A., et al. Cyclostrophic winds from the Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer temperature sounding: A preliminary analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113. CiteID E00B11.
Piccioni G., et al. First detection of hydroxyl in the atmosphere of Venus. Astron. Astrophys. 2008, 483:L29-L33.
Piccioni G., et al. Near-IR oxygen nightglow observed by VIRTIS in the Venus upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:E00B38. 10.1029/2008JE003133.
Pick D.R., Llewellyn E.J., Vallance Jones A. Twilight airglow measurements of the OH and O2 bands by means of balloon-borne instruments. Can. J. Phys. 1971, 49:897-905.
Rikitake T. Compendium of Aeronomy 1990, Terra Scientific Publishing Company/Tokio, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 364-365.
Rogers J.W., Murphy R.E., Stair A.T., Ulwick J.C. Rocket-borne radiometric measurements of the OH in the auroral zone. J. Geophys. Res. 1973, 78:7023-7031.
Rousselot P., Lidman C., Cuby J.-G., Moreels G., Monnet G. Night-sky spectral atlas of OH emission lines in the near-infrared. Astron. Astrophys. 2000, 354:1134-1150.
Schulz R. Rosetta - One comet rendezvous and two asteroids fly-bys. Solar Syst. Res. 2009, 43:343-352.
Schulz R., Sierks H., Küppers M., Accomazzo A. Rosetta fly-by at Asteroid (21)Lutetia: An overview. Planet. Space Sci. 2012, 66:2-8.
Shakun A., Zasova L.V., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Migliorini A. Investigation of oxygen O2(a1δg) emission on the night side of Venus: Nadir data of the VIRTIS-M experiment of The Venus Express Mission. Cosmic Res. 2010, 48:232-239.
She C.-Y., Lowe R.P. Seasonal temperature variations in the mesopause region at mid-latitude: Comparison of lidar and hydroxyl rotational temperatures using WINDII/UARS heights profiles. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 1998, 60:1573-1583.
Slanger T.G., Cosby P.C., Huestis D.L., Bida T.A. Discovery of the atomic oxygen green line in the Venus night airglow. Science 2001, 291:463-465.
Slanger T.G., Huestis D.L., Cosby P.C., Chanover N.J., Bida T.A. The Venus nightglow: Ground-based observations and chemical mechanism of the oxygen airglow. J. Atmos. Chem. 2006, 18:301-317.
Soret L., Gérard J.-C., Piccioni G., Drossart P. Venus OH nightglow distribution based on VIRTIS limb observations from Venus Express. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37. CiteID L06805.
Soret L., Gérard J.C., Montmessin F., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Bertaux J.L. Atomic oxygen on the Venus nightside: Global distribution deduced from airglow mapping. Icarus 2012, 217:849-855.
Soret L., Gérard J.C., Piccioni G., Drossart P. The OH Venus nightglow spectrum: Intensity and vibrational composition from VIRTIS-Venus Express observations. Planet. Space Sci. 2012, 73:387-396.
Stair A.T., Sharma R.D., Nadile R.M., Baker D.J., Grieder W.F. Observations of limb radiance with cryogenic spectral infrared rocket experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90:9763-9775.
Svedhem H., et al. Venus Express - The first European mission to Venus. Planet. Space Sci. 2007, 55:1636-1652.
Tarasick D.W., Evans W.F.J. A review of the O2(a1δg) and O2(b1∑g+) airglow emissions. Adv. Space Res. 1993, 13:145-148.
Tellmann S., Pätzold M., Häusler B., Bird M.K., Tyler L. Structure of the Venus neutral atmosphere as observed by the Radio Science experiment VeRa on Venus Express. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. CiteID E00B36.
Titov D.V., et al. Morphology of the cloud tops as observed by the Venus Express Monitoring Camera. Icarus 2012, 217:682-701.
Tosi F., et al. The light curve of Asteroid 2867 Steins measured by VIRTIS-M during the Rosetta fly-by. Planet. Space Sci. 2010, 58:1066-1076.
Tosi F., et al. The light curve of Asteroid 21 Lutetia measured by VIRTIS-M during the Rosetta fly-by. Planet. Space Sci. 2012, 66:9-22.
Vallance Jones A., Harrison A.W. 1δg-3∑g- infrared emission band in the twilight airglow spectrum. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys 1958, 13:45-60.
Winick J.R., Picard R.H., Sharma R.D., Nadile R.M. Oxygen singlet delta 1.58-μm (0-1) limb radiance in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1985, 90:9804-9814.
Yung Y.L., et al. Evidence for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) conversion to CO in the lower atmosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114. CiteID E00B34.
