Roth E, Funovics J, Mühlbacher F, et al: Metabolic disorder in severe abdominal sepsis: Glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr 1982; 1:25-41
Gamrin L, Essen P, Forsberg AM, et al: A descriptive study of skeletal muscle metabolism in critically ill patients: Free amino acids, energy-rich phosphates, protein, nucleic acids, fat, water, and electrolytes. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:575-583
Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Bosman RJ, Treskes M, et al: Plasma glutamine depletion and patient outcome in acute ICU admissions. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:84-90
Garrel D, Patenaude J, Nedelec B, et al: Decreased mortality and infectious morbidity in adult burn patients given enteral glutamine supplements: A prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2444-2449
Griffiths RD, Jones C, Palmer TE: Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1997; 13:295-302
Houdijk AP, Rijnsburger ER, Jansen J, et al: Randomised trial of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on infectious morbidity in patients with multiple trauma. Lancet 1998; 352:772-776
Conejero R, Bonet A, Grau T, et al: Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: A randomized, single-blind, prospective, multicenter study. Nutrition 2002; 18:716-721
Goeters C, Wenn A, Mertes N, et al: Parenteral L-alanyl-L-glutamine improves 6-month outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:2032-2037
Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A, et al: Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: A systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:2022-2029
Wischmeyer PE, Lynch J, Liedel J, et al: Glutamine administration reduces Gram-negative bacteremia in severely burned patients: A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous control. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:2075-2080
Biolo G, Fleming RY, Maggi SP, et al: Inhibition of muscle glutamine formation in hypercatabolic patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 2000; 99:189-194
Gore DC, Jahoor F: Deficiency in peripheral glutamine production in pediatric patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000; 21:171-177
Ryan CM, Yarmush ML, Burke JF, et al: Increased gut permeability early after burns correlates with the extent of burn injury. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1508-1512
Peng YZ, Yuan ZQ, Xiao GX: Effects of early enteral feeding on the prevention of enterogenic infection in severely burned patients. Burns 2001; 27:145-149
Bertin-Maghit M, Goudable J, Dalmas E, et al: Time course of oxidative stress after major burns. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:800-803
Martensson J, Goodwin CW, Blake R: Mitochondrial glutathione in hypermetabolic rats following burn injury and thyroid hormone administration: Evidence of a selective effect on brain glutathione by burn injury. Metabolism 1992; 41:273-277
Stehle P, Zander J, Mertes N, et al: Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet 1989; 4:231-233
Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, von der Decken A, et al: Alanyl-glutamine counteracts the depletion of free glutamine and the postoperative decline in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Ann Surg 1990; 212:637-644
Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C, et al: Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: A prospective randomized double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr 2000; 19:395-401
Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, et al: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg 1998; 227:302-308
O'Riordain MG, Fearon KC, Ross JA, et al: Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection. Ann Surg 1994; 220:212-221
de Beaux AC, O'Riordain MG, Ross JA, et al: Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces blood mononuclear cell interleukin-8 release in severe acute pancreatitis. Nutrition 1998; 14:261-265
Flaring UB, Rooyackers OE, Wernerman J, et al: Glutamine attenuates post-traumatic glutathione depletion in human muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 104:275-282
Boelens PG, Houdijk AP, de Thouars HN, et al: Plasma taurine concentrations increase after enteral glutamine supplementation in trauma patients and stressed rats. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:250-256
Jiang ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, et al: The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23:S62-S66
Tremel H, Kienle B, Weilemann LS, et al: Glutamine dipeptide- supplemented parenteral nutrition maintains intestinal function in the critically ill. Gastroenterology 1994; 107:1595-1601
Velasco N, Hernandez G, Wainstein C, et al: Influence of polymeric enteral nutrition supplemented with different doses of glutamine on gut permeability in critically ill patients. Nutrition 2001; 17:907-911