Ward, P., Labandeira, C., Laurin, M. &Berner, R.A. Confirmation of Romer'sgapasa low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 16818-16822 (2006).
Smithson, T. R., Wood, S. P., Marshall, J. E. A. &Clack, J. A. Earliest Carboniferous tetrapod and arthropod faunas from Scotland populate Romer's gap. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 4532-4537 (2012).
Retallack, G. J. Woodland hypothesis for Devonian evolution of tetrapods. J. Geol. 119, 235-258 (2011).
Rehm, P. etal. Dating the arthropod tree based on large-scale transcriptome data. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 61, 880-887 (2011).
Grimaldi, D. &Engel, M. S. Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005).
Shear, W. A. &Selden, P. A. in Plants Invade the Land. Evolutionary &Environmental Perspectives(eds Gensel, P. G.&Edwards, D.) 29-51 (Columbia Univ. Press, 2001).
Engel, M. S. &Grimaldi, D. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427, 627-630 (2004).
Prokop, J., Nel, A. &Hoch, I. Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38, 383-387 (2005).
Clement, G. etal. Devonian tetrapod from Western Europe. Nature 427, 412-413 (2004).
Blieck, A., Clement, G. &Streel, M. in The Terrestrialization Process: Modelling Complex Interactions atthe Biosphere-Geosphere Interface (edsVecoli, M., Clement, G. &Meyer-Berthaud, B.) 129-138 (Geological Society of London, 20l0).
Prestianni, C., Streel, M., Thorez, J. &Gerrienne, P. Strud: old quarry, new discoveries. Preliminary report. Carnets Geol. Memoir. 2007, 43-47 (2007).
Martfnez-Delclos, X., Briggs, D. E. G. &Penalver, E. Taphonomyof insects in carbonates and amber. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimateol. Palaeoecol. 3225, 1-46 (2004).
Bitsch, C. &Bitsch, J. Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods among the mandibulate arthropods: a cladistic analysis based on comparative morphological characters. Zool. Scr. 33, 511-550 (2004).
McLaughlin, P. A. Comparative Morphology of Recent Crustacea (W. H. Freeman, 1980).
Imms, A. D. On the antennal musculature in insects and other arthropods. Q.J. Microsc. Sci. 81, 273-320 (1939).
Yack, J. E. The structure and function of auditory chordotonal organs in insects. Microsc Res. Tech. 63, 315-337 (2004).
Sturm, H.& Machida, R. Archaeognatha. Handbook of Zoology, Vol. 4 of Arthropoda: Insecta, i-viii, 1-213 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2001).
Furst Von Lieven, A. The transformation from monocondylous to dicondylous mandibles in the Insecta. Zool. Anz 239, 139-146 (2000).
Kukalova-Peck, J. Phylogenyof higher taxa in Insecta: finding synapomorphies in the extantfauna and separating them from homoplasies. Evol.Biol. 35, 4-51 (2008).
Staniczek, A. H. The mandible of silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera): its morphology and phylogenetic significance. Zool. Anz. 239, 147-178 (2000).
Bitsch, J. The arthropod mandible: morphology and evolution. Phylogenetic implications. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.) 37, 305-321 (2001).
Snodgrass, R. E. Comparative studies on the jaws of mandibulate arthropods. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 116, 1-85 (1952).
Kukalova-Peck, J. Carboniferous protodonatoid dragonfly nymphs and the synapomorphies of Odonatoptera and Ephemeroptera (Insecta: Palaeoptera). Palaeodiversity 2, 169-198 (2009).
Bechly, G., Brauckmann, C., Zessin, W. &Groning, E. New results concerning the morphology of the most ancient dragonflies (Insecta: Odonatoptera) from the Namurian of Hagen-Vorhalle (Germany). Z. Zool. Syst. Evol. 39, 209-226 (2001).
Gangwere, S. K. The structural adaptations of mouthparts in Orthoptera and allies. Eos. Rev. Esp. Entomol. 41, 67-85 (1965).
Guthrie, D. M. &Tindall, A. R. The Biology of the Cockroach (Edward Arnold, 1968).
Brauckmann, C., Schollmann, L. &Sippel, W. Die fossilen Insekten, Spinnentiere und Eurypteriden von Hagen-Vorhalle. Geol. Palaontol. Westfalen 59, 1-89 (2003).
Labandeira, C. C. Silurian to Triassic plant and hexapod clades and their associations: new data, a review, and interpretations. Arthr. Syst Phyl. 64, 53-94 (2006).
Labandeira, C. C. The origin of herbivoryon land: initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods. InsectSci. 14, 259-275 (2007).
Stein, W. E., Berry, C. M., VanAller Hernick, L. &Mannolini, F. Surprisingly complex community discovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa. Nature 483, 78-81 (2012).
