[en] Reasons for performing study: Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is a nonseptic condition of the lower respiratory tract. Its negative impact on respiratory function has previously
<br /><br />been described using either forced expiration or forced oscillations techniques. However, sedation or drug-induced bronchoconstriction were usually required. The impulse
<br /><br />oscillometry system (IOS) is a noninvasive and sensitive respiratory function test validated in horses, which could be useful to evaluate IAD-affected horses without further
<br /><br />procedures.
<br /><br />Objectives: To determine the sensitivity of IOS in detecting alterations of the respiratory function in subclinically IAD-affected horses without inducing bronchoprovocation and to characterise their respiratory impedance according to frequency for each respiratory phase.
<br /><br />Methods: Pulmonary function was evaluated at rest by IOS in 34 Standardbred trotters. According to the cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), 19 horses were defined
<br /><br />as IAD-affected and 15 horses were used as control (CTL). Total respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) from 1–20 Hz as well as their inspiratory and expiratory
<br /><br />components were compared between groups.
<br /><br />Results: A significant increase of Rrs at the lower frequencies (R1–10 Hz) as well as a significant decrease of Xrs beyond 5 Hz (X5–20 Hz) was observed in IAD compared to CTL horses. IOS-data was also significantly different between inspiration and expiration in IAD-affected horses. In the whole population, both BALF eosinophil and mast cell counts were
<br /><br />significantly correlated with IOS measurements.
<br /><br />Conclusions: Functional respiratory impairment may be measured, even in the absence of clinical signs of disease. In IAD-affected horses, the different parameters of respiratory
<br /><br />function (Rrs or Xrs) may vary depending on the inflammatory cell profiles represented in BALF.
<br /><br />Potential relevance: Impulse oscillometry could be used in a routine clinical setting as a noninvasive method for early detection of subclinical respiratory disease and of the results
<br /><br />of treatment in horses.
Disciplines :
Anatomy (cytology, histology, embryology...) & physiology Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Richard, Eric ; Frank Duncombe Laboratory > Animal Health > Research and Development
Fortier, Guillaume; Frank Duncombe Laboratory > Animal Health > Head
Denoix, Jean-Marie
Art, Tatiana ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences fonctionnelles > Phys. neuro-muscul., de l'effort - Méd. sport. des animaux
Lekeux, Pierre ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences fonctionnelles > Physiologie - Doyen de la Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire
Bedenice, D., Mazan, M.R. and Hoffman, A.M. (2008) Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease. J. vet. int. Med. 22, 1022-1028.
Couëtil, L. and Denicola, D. (1999) Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 30, 77-82.
Couëtil, L., Rosenthal, F., DeNicola, D. and Chilcoat, C. (2001) Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am. J. vet. Res. 62, 538-546.
Couëtil, L., Hoffman, A., Hodgson, J., Buechner-Maxwell, V., Viel, L., Wood, J. and Lavoie, J. (2007) Inflammatory airway disease of horses. J. vet. int. Med. 21, 356-361.
Cutillo, A. and Renzetti, A.J. (1983) Mechanical behavior of the respiratory system as a function of frequency in health and disease. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 19, 293-326.
Deaton, C., Deaton, L., Jose-Cunilleras, E., Vincent, T., Baird, A., Dacre, K. and Marlin, D. (2007) Early onset airway obstruction in response to organic dust in the horse. J. appl. Physiol. 102, 1071-1077.
Dixon, P., Railton, D. and McGorum, B. (1995) Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 1: Examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses. Equine vet. J. 27, 416-421.
Foster, P., Mould, A., Yang, M., Mackenzie, J., Mattes, J., Hogan, S., Mahalingam, S., Mckenzie, A., Rothenberg, M., Young, I., Matthaei, K. and Webb, D. (2001) Elemental signals regulating eosinophil accumulation in the lung. Immunol. Rev. 179, 173-181.
Goldman, M.D., Carter, R., Klein, R., Fritz, G., Carter, B. and Pachucki, P. (2002) Within- and between-day variability of respiratory impedance, using impulse oscillometry in adolescent asthmatics. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 34, 312-319.
Hare, J. and Viel, L. (1998) Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. J. vet. int. Med. 12, 163-170.
Hoffman, A.M., Mazan, M. and Ellenberg, S. (1998) Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am. J. vet. Res. 59, 176-181.
Hoffman, A.M. and Mazan, M.R. (1999) Programme of lung function testing horses suspected with small airway disease. Equine vet. Educ. 11, 322-328.
Klein, C., Smith, H. and Reinhold, P. (2006) The use of impulse oscillometry for separate analysis of inspiratory and expiratory impedance parameters in horses: effects of sedation with xylazine. Res. vet. Sci. 80, 201-208.
MacLeod, D. and Birch, M. (2001) Respiratory input impedance measurement: forced oscillation methods. Med. biol. eng. Comput. 39, 505-516.
Mazan, M., Vin, R. and Hoffman, A.M. (2005) Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease. Equine vet. J. 37, 541-545.
Moore, B., Krakowka, S., Robertson, J. and Cummins, J. (1995) Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Am. J. vet. Res. 56, 562-567.
Olszewski, M., Robinson, N.E., Zhu, F., Zhang, X. and Tithof, P. (1999) Mediators of anaphylaxis but not activated neutrophils augment cholinergic responses of equine small airways. Am. J. Physiol. 276, 522-529.
Peslin, R. and Duvivier, C. (1998) Partitioning of airway and respiratory tissue mechanical impedances by body plethysmography. J. appl. Physiol. 84, 553-561.
Pirrone, F., Albertini, M., Clement, M. and Lafortuna, C. (2007) Respiratory mechanics in Standardbred horses with sub-clinical inflammatory airway disease and poor athletic performance. Vet. J. 173, 144-150.
Robinson, N.E. (2001) International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine vet. J. 33, 5-19.
Robinson, N.E. and Hoffman, A.M. (2003) Inflammatory airway disease: defining the syndrome. Conclusions of the Havemeyer workshop. Equine vet. Educ. 15, 61-63.
Sánchez, A., Couëtil, L., Ward, M. and Clark, S. (2005) Effect of airway disease on blood gas exchange in racehorses. J. vet. int. Med. 19, 87-92.
Van Erck, E., Votion, D., Kirschvink, N., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (2003) Use of the impulse oscillometry system for testing pulmonary function during methacholine bronchoprovocation in horses. Am. J. vet. Res. 64, 1414-1420.
Van Erck, E., Votion, D., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (2004a) Measurement of respiratory function by impulse oscillometry in horses. Equine vet. J. 36, 21-28.
Van Erck, E., Votion, D., Kirschvink, N., Genicot, B., Lindsey, J., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (2004b) Influence of breathing pattern and lung inflation on impulse oscillometry measurements in horses. Vet. J. 168, 259-269.
Van Erck, E., Votion, D., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (2006) Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of equine respiratory mechanics by impulse oscillometry. Equine vet. J. 38, 52-58.
Vogel, J. and Schmidt, U. (1994) Impulse Oscillometry: Analysis of Lung Mechanics in General Practice and the Clinic, Epidemiological and Experimental Research, PMI Verlag Gruppe, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Young, S. and Hall, L. (1989) A rapid, non-invasive method for measuring total respiratory impedance in the horse. Equine vet. J. 21, 99-105.
Young, S. and Tesarowski, D. (1994) Respiratory mechanics of horses measured by conventional and forced oscillation techniques. J. appl. Physiol. 76, 2467-2472.
Young, S., Tesarowski, D. and Viel, L. (1997) Frequency dependence of forced oscillatory respiratory mechanics in horses with heaves. J. appl. Physiol. 82, 983-987.
