Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to atmospheric forcing fields

[en] Predicting the climate for the future and how it will impact ice sheet evolution requires coupling ice sheet models with climate models. However, before we attempt to develop a realistic coupled setup, we propose, in this study, to first analyse the impact of a model simulated climate on an ice sheet. We undertake this exercise for a set of regional and global climate models. Modelled near surface air temperature and precipitation are provided as upper boundary conditions to the GRISLI (GRenoble Ice Shelf and Land Ice model) hybrid ice sheet model (ISM) in its Greenland configuration. After 20 kyrs of simulation, the resulting ice sheets highlight the differences between the climate models. While modelled ice sheet sizes are generally comparable to the observed one, there are considerable deviations among the ice sheets on regional scales. These deviations can be explained by biases in temperature and precipitation near the coast. This is especially true in the case of global models. But the deviations between the climate models are also due to the differences in the atmospheric general circulation. To account for these differences in the context of coupling ice sheet models with climate models, we conclude that appropriate downscaling methods will be needed. In some cases, systematic corrections of the climatic variables at the interface may be required to obtain realistic results for the Greenland ice sheet (GIS).

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Quiquet, A.

Punge, H.

Ritz, C.

Fettweis, Xavier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Topoclimatologie

Kageyama, M.

Krinner, G.

Salas y Mélia, D.

Sjolte, J.

Language :

English

Title :

Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to atmospheric forcing fields

Publication date :

18 September 2012

Journal title :

The Cryosphere

ISSN :

1994-0416

eISSN :

1994-0424

Publisher :

Copernicus, Katlenberg-Lindau, Germany

Volume :

Pages :

999-1018

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

http://www.the-cryosphere.net/6/999/2012/tc-6-999-2012.html

Available on ORBi :

since 17 June 2012

Statistics

Number of views

113 (4 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

150 (5 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Á lvarez-Solas, J., Charbit, S., Ramstein, G., Paillard, D., Dumas, C., Ritz, C., and Roche, D. M.: Millennial-scale oscillations in the Southern Ocean in response to atmospheric CO2 increase, Global Planet. Change, 76, 128-136, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.12.004, 2011.
Á lvarez-Solas, J., Montoya, M., Ritz, C., Ramstein, G., Charbit, S., Dumas, C., Nisancioglu, K., Dokken, T., and Ganopolski, A.: Heinrich event 1: an example of dynamical ice-sheet reaction to oceanic changes, Clim. Past, 7, 1297-1306, doi:10.5194/cp-7-1297-2011, 2011.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis, NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, p. 19, 2009.
Arthern, R. J. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Initialization of ice-sheet forecasts viewed as an inverse Robin problem, J. Glaciol., 56, 527-533, doi:10.3189/002214310792447699, 2010.
Bamber, J. L., Layberry, R. L., and Gogineni, S. P.: A new ice thickness and bed data set for the Greenland ice sheet 1. Measurement, data reduction, and errors, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33773-33780, doi:10.1029/2001JD900054, 2001.
Bintanja, R., van de Wal, R. S. W. and Oerlemans, J.: Global ice volume variations through the last glacial cycle simulated by a 3-D ice-dynamical model, Quatern. Int., 95-96, 11-23, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00023-X, 2002. (Pubitemid 35151398)
Born, A. and Nisancioglu, K. H.: Melting of Northern Greenland during the last interglacial, The Cryosphere Discuss., 5, 3517-3539, doi:10.5194/tcd-5- 3517-2011, 2011.
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., and Brunot, G.: A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for opera tional avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38, 13-22, 1992.
Bueler, E. and Brown, J.: Shallow shelf approximation as a "sliding law" in a thermomechanically coupled ice sheet model, J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, F03008, doi:10.1029/2008JF001179, 2009.
Burgess, E. W., Forster, R. R., Box, J. E., Mosley-Thompson, E., Bromwich, D. H., Bales, R. C., and Smith, L. C.: A spatially calibrated model of annual accumulation rate on the Greenland Ice Sheet (1958-2007), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F02004, doi:10.1029/2009JF001293, 2010.
Cappelen, J., Laursen, E. V., Jørgensen, P. V., and Kern-Hansen, C.: DMI Monthly Climate Data Collection 1768-2009, Denmark, The FaroeIslands and Greenland, DMI Technical Report, 10-05, 2011.
Charbit, S., Ritz, C., and Ramstein, G.: Simulations of Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet retreat: sensitivity to physical mechanisms involved during the Last Deglaciation, Quatern. Sci. Rev., 21, 243-265, doi:10.1016/S0277- 3791(01)00093-2, 2002. (Pubitemid 34067515)
Charbit, S., Ritz, C., Philippon, G., Peyaud, V., and Kageyama, M.: Numerical reconstructions of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Clim. Past, 3, 15-37, doi:10.5194/cp-3-15-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46181324)
Cuffey, K. M. and Marshall, S. J.: Substantial contribution to sea-level rise during the last interglacial from the Greenland ice sheet, Nature, 404, 591-594, 2000. (Pubitemid 30205054)
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Stef-fensen, J. P., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., and Jouzel, J.: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218-220, 1993. (Pubitemid 24391986)
Driesschaert, E., Fichefet, T., Goosse, H., Huybrechts, P., Janssens, I., Mouchet, A., Munhoven, G., Brovkin, V., and Weber, S. L.: Modeling the influence of Greenland ice sheet melting on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the next millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10707, doi:10.1029/2007GL029516, 2007. (Pubitemid 47064835)
Ettema, J., van den Broeke, M. R., van Meijgaard, E., van de Berg, W. J., Bamber, J. L., Box, J. E., and Bales, R. C.: Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12501, doi:10.1029/2009GL038110, 2009.
Fausto, R. S., Ahlstrøm, A. P., van As, D., Bøggild, C. E., and Johnsen, S. J.: A new present-day temperature parameterization for Greenland, J. Glaciol., 55, 95-105, doi:10.3189/002214309788608985, 2009.
Fausto, R. S., Ahlstrøm, A. P., van As, D., Johnsen, S. J., Langen, P. L., and Steffen, K.: Improving surface boundary conditions with focus on coupling snow densification and meltwater retention in large-scale ice-sheet models of Greenland, J. Glaciol., 55, 869-878, doi:10.3189/002214309790152537, 2009.
Fettweis, X.: Reconstruction of the 1979-2006 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 1, 21-40, doi:10.5194/tc-1-21-2007, 2007.
Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J.: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958-2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models, The Cryosphere, 5, 359-375, doi:10.5194/tc-5-359- 2011, 2011.
Franco, B., Fettweis, X., Erpicum, M., and Nicolay, S.: Present and future climates of the Greenland ice sheet according to the IPCC AR4 models, Clim. Dynam., 36, 1897-1918, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0779-1, 2011.
Fyke, J. G., Weaver, A. J., Pollard, D., Eby, M., Carter, L., and Mackintosh, A.: A new coupled ice sheet/climate model: description and sensitivity to model physics under Eemian, Last Glacial Maximum, late Holocene and modern climate conditions, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 117-136, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-117-2011, 2011.
Gallée, H., Guyomarc'h, G., and Brun, E.: Impact of snow drift on the Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance: possible sensitivity to snow-surface properties, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 1-19, 2001. (Pubitemid 32235630)
Gallée, H., Agosta, C., Gential, L., Favier, V., and Krin-ner, G.: A downscaling approach toward high-resolution surface mass balance over Antarctica, Surv. Geophys., 32, 507-518, doi:10.1007/s10712-011-9125-3, 2011.
Graversen, R. G., Drijfhout, S., Hazeleger, W., van de Wal, R., Bin-tanja, R., and Helsen, M.: Greenland's contribution to global sea-level rise by the end of the 21st century, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1427-1442, 2010.
Greve, R.: Application of a polythermal three-dimensional ice sheet model to the Greenland ice sheet: Response to steady-state and transient climate scenarios, J. Climate, 10, 901-918, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0901: AOAPTD>2.0.CO;2, 1997.
Greve, R.: Relation of measured basal temperatures and the spatial distribution of the geothermal heat flux for the Greenland ice sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 42, 424-432, 2005. (Pubitemid 44322235)
Greve, R., Saito, F., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Initial results of the SeaRISE numerical experiments with the models SICOPOLIS and IcIES for the Greenland ice sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 23-30, 2011.
Hebeler, F., Purves, R. S., and Jamieson, S. S. R.: The impact of parametric uncertainty and topographic error in ice-sheet modelling, J. Glaciol., 54, 899-919, 2008.
Helsen, M. M., van de Wal, R. S. W., van den Broeke, M. R., van de Berg, W. J., and Oerlemans, J.: Coupling of climate models and ice sheet models by surface mass balance gradients: application to the Greenland Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 6, 255-272, doi:10.5194/tc-6-255-2012, 2012.
Hourdin, F., Musat, I., Bony, S., Braconnot, P., Codron, F., Dufresne, J., Fairhead, L., Filiberti, M., Friedlingstein, P., Grand-peix, J., Krinner, G., Levan, P., Li, Z., and Lott, F.: The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Clim. Dynam., 27, 787-813, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0158-0, 2006. (Pubitemid 44550673)
Hubbard, A., Bradwell, T., Golledge, N., Hall, A., Patton, H., Sug-den, D., Cooper, R., and Stoker, M.: Dynamic cycles, ice streams and their impact on the extent, chronology and deglaciation of the British-Irish ice sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 758-776, 2009.
Hutter, K.: Theoretical glaciology: material science of ice and the mechanics of glaciers and ice sheets, Springer, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1983.
Huybrechts, P.: The present evolution of the Greenland ice sheet: an assessment by modelling, Global Planet. Change, 9, 39-51, doi:10.1016/0921- 8181(94)90006-X, 1994. (Pubitemid 24401968)
Huybrechts, P.: Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles, Quatern. Sci. Rev., 21, 203-231, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00082-8, 2002. (Pubitemid 34067513)
Jacob, D. and Podzun, R.: Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model REMO, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 63, 119-129, doi:10.1007/BF01025368, 1997.
Janssens, I. and Huybrechts, P.: The treatment of meltwater retardation in mass-balance paramete rizations of the Greenland ice sheet, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 133-140, 2000. (Pubitemid 32113940)
Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Andersen, U., Andersen, K. K., Hvidberg, C. S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Shoji, H., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, ́A. E., White, J., Jouzel, J., and Fishe, D.: The δ18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26397-26410, doi:10.1029/97JC00167, 1997. (Pubitemid 28220202)
Joughin, I., Smith, B. E., Howat, I. M., Scambos, T., and Moon, T.: Greenland flow variability from ice-sheet-wide velocity mapping, J. Glaciol., 56, 415-430, doi:10.3189/002214310792447734, 2010.
Kageyama, M. and Valdes, P. J.: Impact of the North American ice-sheet orography on the Last Glacial Maximum eddies and snowfall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1515-1518, doi:10.1029/1999GL011274, 2000. (Pubitemid 32040538)
Kageyama, M., Charbit, S., Ritz, C., Khodri, M., and Ramstein, G.: Quantifying ice-sheet feedbacks during the last glacial inception, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 24203, 2004.
Kirchner, N., Greve, R., Stroeven, A. P., and Heyman, J.: Pale-oglaciological reconstructions for the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial cycle: evaluating numerical ice sheet simulations driven by GCM-ensembles, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 248-267, 2011.
Krinner, G. and Genthon, C.: GCM simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum surface climate of Greenland and Antarctica, Clim. Dynam., 14, 741-758, doi:10.1007/s003820050252, 1998. (Pubitemid 29020658)
Krinner, G. and Genthon, C.: Altitude dependence of the ice sheet surface climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2227-2230, doi:10.1029/1999GL900536, 1999. (Pubitemid 30008334)
Layberry, R. L. and Bamber, J. L.: A new ice thickness and bed data set for the Greenland ice sheet 2. Relationship between dynamics and basal topography, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33781-33788, doi:10.1029/2001JD900053, 2001.
Lefebre, F., Gallée, H., van Ypersele, J., and Huybrechts, P.: Modelling of large-scale melt parameters with a regional climate model in south Greenland during the 1991 melt season, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 391-397, doi:10.3189/172756402781816889, 2002. (Pubitemid 36386619)
Letréguilly, A., Reeh, N., and Huybrechts, P.: The Greenland ice sheet through the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Global Planet. Change, 4, 385-394, doi:10.1016/0921-8181(91)90004-G, 1991.
Lliboutry, L. and Duval, P.: Various isotropic and anisotropic ices found in glaciers and polar ice caps and their corresponding rhe-ologies, Ann. Geophys., 3, 207-224, 1985, http://www.ann-geophys.net/3/207/1985/.
Ma, Y., Gagliardini, O., Ritz, C., Gillet-Chauvet, F., Durand, G., and Montagnat, M.: Enhancement factors for grounded ice and ice shelves inferred from an anisotropic ice-flow model, J. Glaciol., 56, 805-812, 2010.
MacAyeal, D. R.: Large-scale ice flow over a viscous basal sediment: theory and application to ice stream B, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4071-4087, doi:10.1029/JB094iB04p04071, 1989.
Marshall, S. J. and Clarke, G. K. C.: Ice sheet inception: subgrid hypsometric parameterization of mass balance in an ice sheet model, Clim. Dynam., 15, 533-550, doi:10.1007/s003820050298, 1999. (Pubitemid 29534539)
Marsiat, I.: Simulation of the Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheets over the last glacial-interglacial cycle: experiments with a latitude-longitude vertically integrated ice sheet model coupled to zonally averaged climate model, Paleoclimates, 1, 59-98, 1994.
Marti, O., Braconnot, P., Dufresne, J., Bellier, J., Benshila, R., Bony, S., Brockmann, P., Cadule, P., Caubel, A., Codron, F., Noblet, N., Denvil, S., Fairhead, L., Fichefet, T., Foujols, M., Friedlingstein, P., Goosse, H., Grandpeix, J., Guilyardi, E., Hour-din, F., Idelkadi, A., Kageyama, M., Krinner, G., LÄ vy, C., Madec, G., Mignot, J., Musat, I., Swingedouw, D., and Ta-landier, C.: Key features of the IPSL ocean atmosphere model and its sensitivity to atmospheric resolution, Clim. Dynam., 34, 1-26, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0640-6, 2010.
Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., Raper, S. C. B., Watterson, I. G., Weaver, A. J., and Zhao, Z.-C.: Global climate projections, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L.), Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Marshall, S. J., Overpeck, J. T., Miller, G. H., and Hu, A.: Simulating Arctic climate warmth and icefield retreat in the last interglaciation, Science, 311, 1751-1753, 2006.
Peyaud, V., Ritz, C., and Krinner, G.: Modelling the Early We-ichselian Eurasian Ice Sheets: role of ice shelves and influence of ice-dammed lakes, Clim. Past, 3, 375-386, doi:10.5194/cp-3-375-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47145405)
Philippon, G., Ramstein, G., Charbit, S., Kageyama, M., Ritz, C., and Dumas, C.: Evolution of the Antarctic ice sheet throughout the last deglaciation: a study with a new coupled climate-north and south hemisphere ice sheet model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 248, 750-758, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06. 017, 2006. (Pubitemid 44210372)
Pollard, D.: A retrospective look at coupled ice sheet-climate modeling, Clim. Change, 100, 173-194, doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9830-9, 2010.
Punge, H. J., Gallée, H., Kageyama, M., and Krinner, G.: Modelling snow accumulation on Greenland in Eemian, glacial inception and modern climates in a GCM, Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 1523-1565, doi:10.5194/cpd-8-1523-2012, 2012.
Reeh, N.: Parameterization of melt rate and surface temperature on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Polarforschung, 59, 113-128, 1991.
Ridley, J., Gregory, J., Huybrechts, P., and Lowe, J.: Thresholds for irreversible decline of the Greenland ice sheet, Clim. Dynam., 35, 1049-1057, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0646-0, 2010.
Ridley, J. K., Huybrechts, P., Gregory, J. M., and Lowe, J. A.: Elimination of the Greenland Ice Sheet in a high CO2 climate, J. Climate, 18, 3409-3427, doi:10.1175/JCLI3482.1, 2005. (Pubitemid 41522808)
Ritz, C., Lliboutry, L., and Rado, C.: Analysis of a 870 m deep temperature profile at Dome C, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 284-289, 1983.
Ritz, C., Fabre, A., and Letréguilly, A.: Sensitivity of a Greenland ice sheet model to ice flow and ablation parameters: consequences for the evolution through the last climatic cycle, Clim. Dynam., 13, 11-23, doi:10.1007/s003820050149, 1997.
Ritz, C., Rommelaere, V., and Dumas, C.: Modeling the evolution of Antarctic ice sheet over the last 420,000 years: Implications for altitude changes in the Vostok region, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31943-31964, 2001.
Robinson, A., Calov, R., and Ganopolski, A.: Greenland ice sheet model parameters constrained using simulations of the Eemian Interglacial, Clim. Past, 7, 381-396, doi:10.5194/cp-7-381-2011, 2011.
Salas-Mélia, D., Chauvin, F., Déqué, M., Douville, H., Gueremy, J. F., Marquet, P., Planton, S., Royer, J. F., and Tyteca, S.: Description and validation of the CNRM-CM3 global coupled model, CNRM working note, 103, 36 pp., 2005.
Shapiro, N. M. and Ritzwoller, M. H.: Inferring surface heat flux distributions guided by a global seismic model: particular application to Antarctica, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 223, 213-224, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04. 011, 2004. (Pubitemid 38768073)
Sjolte, J., Hoffmann, G., Johnsen, S., Vinther, B., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Sturm, C.: Modeling the water isotopes in Greenland precipitation 1959-2001 with the meso-scale model REMO-iso, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18105, doi:10.1029/2010JD015287, 2011.
Solgaard, A. M. and Langen, P. L.: Multistability of the Greenland ice sheet and the effects of an adaptive mass balance formulation, Clim. Dynam., doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1305-4, in press, 2012.
Steffen, K., Box, J., and Abdalati, W.: Greenland Climate Network: GC-Net, Special report on glaciers, ice sheets and volcanoes, (edited by: Colbeck, W. C.), Report 96-27103, 98-103, 1996.
Stokes, C. R. and Clark, C. D.: Geomorphological criteria for identifying Pleistocene ice streams, Ann. Glaciol., 28, 67-74, 1999. (Pubitemid 30084929)
Stone, E. J., Lunt, D. J., Rutt, I. C., and Hanna, E.: Investigating the sensitivity of numerical model simulations of the modern state of the Greenland ice-sheet and its future response to climate change, The Cryosphere, 4, 397-417, doi:10.5194/tc-4-397-2010, 2010.
Sturm, K., Hoffmann, G., Langmann, B., and Stichler, W.: Simulation of δ18O in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMOiso, Hydrol. Proces., 19, 3425-3444, doi:10.1002/hyp.5979, 2005. (Pubitemid 41694188)
Swingedouw, D., Fichefet, T., Huybrechts, P., Goosse, H., Driess-chaert, E., and Loutre, M.: Antarctic ice-sheet melting provides negative feedbacks on future climate warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17705, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL034410, 2008.
Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Greenland glacial history and local geodynamic consequences, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 198-229, doi:10.1046/j.1365- 246X.2002.01702.x, 2002. (Pubitemid 34792256)
Uppala, S. M., Ka?llberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bech-told, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Bel-jaars, A. C. M., Berg, L. V. D., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., McNally, A. P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961-3012, doi:10.1256/qj.04.176, 2005. (Pubitemid 43186171)
van den Broeke, M., Smeets, P., Ettema, J., and Munneke, P. K.: Surface radiation balance in the ablation zone of the west Greenland ice sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13105, doi:10.1029/2007JD009283, 2008.
van den Broeke, M., Bus, C., Ettema, J., and Smeets, P.: Temperature thresholds for degree-day modelling of Greenland ice sheet melt rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18501, doi:10.1029/2010GL044123, 2010.
van der Veen, C. J., Bromwich, D. H., Csatho, B. M., and Kim, C.: Trend surface analysis of Greenland accumulation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33909-33918, doi:10.1029/2001JD900156, 2001.
van de Wal, R. S. W.: Mass-balance modelling of the Greenland ice sheet: a comparison of an energy-balance model and a degree-day model, Ann. Glaciol., 23, 36-45, 1996.
Vizcáno, M., Mikolajewicz, U., Gröger, M., Maier-Reimer, E., Schurgers, G., and Winguth, A. M. E.: Long-term ice sheet-climate interactions under anthropogenic greenhouse forcing simulated with a complex Earth System Model, Clim. Dynam., 31, 665-690, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0369-7, 2008.
Vizcáno, M., Mikolajewicz, U., Jungclaus, J., and Schurgers, G.: Climate modification by future ice sheet changes and consequences for ice sheet mass balance, Clim. Dynam., 34, 301-324, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0591-y, 2010.
Von Storch, H., Langenberg, H., and Feser, F.: A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes, Month. Weather Rev., 128, 3664-3673, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3664:ASNTFD>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Yoshimori, M. and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Sources of spread in multi-model projections of the Greenland ice-sheet surface mass balance, J. Climate, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4011.1, 2012.