Life-cycle analysis; Embodied energy/carbon; Energy mix; Climate
Abstract :
[en] The paper deals with the development of a tool used for the life cycle assessment of residential buildings located in three different European towns: Brussels (Belgium), Coimbra (Portugal) and Luleå (Sweden). The basic tool focuses on the structure and the materials of the buildings and permits the evaluation of the Embodied energy, Embodied carbon and yearly energy consumption. For that purpose, a different set of original data is taken into account for each location, in which the monthly temperatures, energy mix, heating and cooling systems are defined. The energy consumption, being for heating space or water, for cooling or for lighting is transformed into CO2 emissions to deduce the Operational carbon as well. The influence of the energy mix can therefore be assessed in the basic tool. As a matter of fact, the heating and cooling systems habitually used in the three countries are also of great importance. The District Heating system, is, for instance, incorporated in the basic tool. The presence of solar water heater or photovoltaic panels is also strongly influencing the operational carbon. After a short literature review on building LCA and the description of the basic tool, the software Pleiades+Comfie combined with Equer is used to achieve the complete LCA for one building using two different load bearing frames. The results of the calculations for Brussels climate are verified against these software results. The dependence of the results to parameters such as climate, energy mix and habits is then discussed in the companion paper.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Rossi, Barbara ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département Argenco : Secteur MS2F > Adéquat. struct. aux exig. de fonct.& perfor. techn.-écon.
Marique, Anne-Françoise ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département Argenco : Secteur TLU+C > Urbanisme et aménagement du territoire
Glaumann, Mauritz
Reiter, Sigrid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département Argenco : Secteur TLU+C > Urbanisme et aménagement du territoire
Language :
English
Title :
Life-cycle assessment of residential buildings in three different European locations, basic tool
Publication date :
January 2012
Journal title :
Building and Environment
ISSN :
0360-1323
eISSN :
1873-684X
Publisher :
Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science, Oxford, United Kingdom
IEA Energy related environmental impact of buildings, technical synthesis report annex 31: International energy agency buildings and community systems 2005, FaberMaunsell Ltd, [accessed 10.06.2010]. http://www.ecbcs.org/docs/annex_31_tsr_web.pdf.
ISO (international Standardization Organization) ISO 14040. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework 2006, Geneva.
ISO ISO 14044. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines 2006, Geneva.
Verbeeck G., Hens H. Life cycle inventory of buildings: a calculation method. Build Environ 2010, 45:1037-1041.
SETAC LCA in building and construction-A state-of-the-art report of SETAC-EUROPE 2001, Sittard, Holland: Intron. 150 p.
Erlandsson M., Borg M. Generic LCA-methodology applicable for buildings, constructions and operation services - today practice and development needs. Build Environ 2003, 38(7):919-938.
Pushkar S., Becker R., Katz A. Amethodology for design of environmentally optimal buildings by variable grouping. Build Environ 2005, 40(8):1126-1139.
Lutzkendorf T., Lorenz D.P. Using an integrated performance approach in building assessment tools. Build Res Inf 2006, 34(4):334-356.
Bribian I.Z., Uson A.A., Scarpellini S. Life cycle assessment in buildings: state-of-the-art and simplified LCA methodology as a complement for building certification. Build Environ 2009, 44:2510-2520.
Ortiz O., Castells F., Sonnemann G. Sustainability in the construction industry: a review of recent developments based on LCA. Construction Build Mater 2009, 23:28-39.
Vrijders J., Delem L. Economical and environmental impact of low energy housing renovation. BBRI, LEHR Res 2010, p. 1 à 107.
Sartori I., Hestness A.G. Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: a review article. Energ and Build 2007, 39:249-257.
Dixit M.K., Fernandez-Solis J.L., Culp C.H. Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: a literature review. Energ and Build 2010, 42:1238-1247.
Reiter S. Life cycle assessment of buildings - a review, Proceedings of ArcelorMittal International network in steel construction, sustainability workshop 2010, Bruxelles, P. 1-19.
Peuportier B. Life cycle assessment applied to the comparative evaluation of single family houses in the French context. Energ and Build 2001, 33(5):443-450.
Thormark C. Alow energy building in a life cycle - its embodied energy, energy need for operation and recycling potential. Build Environ 2002, 37:429-435.
Scheuer C., Keoleian G.A., Reppe P. Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building: modeling challenges and design implications. Energ and Build 2003, 35:1049-1064.
Malmqvist T., Glaumann M., Scarpellini S., Zabalza I., Aranda A., Llera E., et al. Life cycle assessment in buildings: the ENSLIC simplified method and guidelines. Energy 2010, 36(4):1-8.
Gerilla G.P., Teknomo K., Hokao K. An environmental assessment of wood and steel reinforced concrete housing construction. Build Environ 2007, 42:2778-2784.
Huberman N., Pearlmutter D. Alife-cycle energy analysis of building materials in the Negev desert. Energ and Build 2008, 40:837-848.
Blengini G.A. Life cycle of buildings, demolition and recycling potential: a case study in Turin, Italy. Build Environ 2009, 44:319-330.
Marique AF, Reiter S. A method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighbourhoods. HVAC&R Res, in press, doi:10.1080/10789669.2011.592103.
Blom I., Itard L., Meijer A. Environmental impact of building-related and user-related energy consumption in dwellings. Build Environ 2011, 46:1657-1669.
Fay R., Treloar G., Iyer-Raniga U. Life-cycle energy analysis of buildings: a case study. Build Res Inf 2000, 28(1):31-41.
Gustavsson L., Joelsson A. Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings. Energ and Build 2010, 42:210-220.
Xing S., Xu Z., Jun G. Inventory analysis of LCA on steel- and concrete-construction office buildings. Energ and Build 2008, 40:1188-1193.
Blengini G.A., Di Carlo T. The changing role of life cycle phases, subsystems and materials in the LCA of low energy buildings. Energ and Build 2010, 42:869-880.
Sartori I., Hestness A.G. Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and low-energy buildings: a review article. Energ and Build 2007, 40:249-257.
Wallhagen M., Glaumann M., Malmqvist T. Basic building life cycle calculations to ecrease contribution to climate change - case study on an office building in Sweden. Build Environ 2011, 46(10):1863-1871.
Börjesson P., Gustavsson L. Greenhouse gas balances in building construction: wood versus concrete from life-cylce and forest land-use perspectives. Energ Policy 2000, 28:575-588.
Treloar G. Extracting embodied energy paths from input-output tables: towards an input-output-based hybrid energy analysis method. Econ Syst Res 1997, 9(4):375-391.
Lenzen, Treloar G. Embodied energy in buildings: wood versus concrete-reply to Börjesson and Gustavsson. Energ Policy 2002, 30:249-255.
Peuportier B. Contribution to the Life Cycle Assessment of settlements, PhD thesis, Ecole des Mines de Paris; 2006.
Peuportier B., Kohler N. REGENER. European methodology for evaluation of environmental impact of buildings-life cycle assessment 1997, REGENER Project, summary report, European Commission Directorate General XII for Science, Research and Development, [Program APAS].
Treloar G., Fay R., Love P.E.D., Iyer-Raniga U. Analysing the life-cycle energy of an Australian residential building and its householders. Build Res. Inf. 2000, 28(3):184-195.
Ortiz-Rodriguez O., Castells F., Sonnemann G. Life cycle assessment of two dwellings: one in Spain, a developed country, and one in Colombia, a country under development. Sci Total Environ 2010, 408(12):2435-2443.
Andrade P. Structural assessment and optimization of the modular system of the student residential building in Luleå and Coimbra, Master thesis, Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal); 2010.
Burke P.J. Income, resources and electricity mix. Eng Econ 2010, 32:616-626.
Hennicke P. Scenarios for a reobust policy mix: the final report of the German study commission on sustainable energy supply. Energ Policy 2004, 32:1673-1678.
Luickx P.J., Helsen L.M., D'haeseleer W.D. Influence of massive heat-pump introduction on the electricity-generation mix and the GHG effect: comparison between Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 2008, 12:2140-2158.
Marrero G. Greenhouse gases emissions, growth and the energy mix in Europe. Energy Econ 2010, 32:1356-1363.
Foidart F., Oliver-Sola J., Gasol C.M., Gabarell X., Rieradevall J. How important are current energy mix choices on future sustainability? Case study: Belgium and Spain-projections towards 2020-2030. Energ Policy 2010, 38:5028-5037.
ISO14041 Environmental Management - Life-cycle assessment - Goal and scope - Definition and inventory analysis 2000, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
FprEN 15643-2 Sustainability of construction works - Assessment of buildings - Part 2: framework for the assessment of environmental performance 2010, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
INTERNATIONAL IRON & STEEL INSTITUTE (IISI) Appendix 5 Application of the IISI LCI data to recycling scenarios, life-cycle inventory methodology report 2002, IISI, Brussels.
Rossi B. Sustainable steel constructions - Life-cycle inventory, methods and applications. Proc. Sustainability Workshop 2010, university of Liège, Brussels.
SERVICE PUBLIC DE WALLONIE (SPW) Performance Energétique des Batîments (PEB) 2010, http://energie.wallonie.be.
Garcia de Campos Coaelho FM, Assessment of the life-cycle environmental performance of buildings: a case study Master thesis, Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra, 2010.
ECOINVENT CENTER EcoInvent 1996" , Dübendorf: Swiss Centre for life-cycle Inventories 1996.
EURELECTRIC Statistics and prospects for the European electricity sector (EURPROG 2005) 2005, [Brussels, Belgium].
Polster B., Peuportier B., Blanc-Sommeureux I., Diaz Pedregal P., Gobin C., Durand E. Evaluation of the environmental quality of buildings towards a more environmentally conscious design. Sol Energy 1996, 57:219-230.
Heijungs R. Environmental life cycle assessment of products 1992, Centre of environmental science, Leiden.
Popovici E., Peuportier B. Using life cycle assessment as decision support in the design of settlements 2004, 21th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Septembre 200419-22.
Thiers S., Peuportier B. Thermal and environmental assessment of a passive building equipped with an earth-to-air heat exchanger in France. Sol Energy 2008, 82:820-831.
Peuportier B. Validation of Comfie. Report CEC 1989, University of Stuttgart I.T.W, Germany.
Peuportier B. Bancs d'essai de logiciels de simulation thermique 2005, Proceedings Of Journée Thématique SFT-IBPSA.