http://hdl.handle.net/2268/135 Chercher dans ce canal chercher http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/2268/149109 Titre: Appropriation progressive de l'arganeraie: exploration de l'histoire depuis la genèse des droits jusqu'à leur refonte <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Bejbouji, Jihane; Mougenot, Catherine; Mormont, Marc; Qarro, Mohamed; Aziz, Larbi <br/> <br/>Résumé: L’arganeraie, spécificité du Sud-Ouest marocain, est l’ensemble des écosystèmes dont l’espèce caractéristique est l’arganier ou Argania spinosa. Outre leurs multiples fonctions écologiques, ces écosystèmes procurent de nombreux biens pour une population pauvre vivant dans des conditions précaires. Toutefois, cet espace intrigue. En effet, à la différence des autres forêts marocaines dont les riverains ne disposent que de deux droits (la récolte de bois mort gisant et le parcours), la population de l’arganeraie a bénéficié d’une législation spéciale depuis 1925, jouissant ainsi d’une large gamme d’utilisation et d’exploitation des ressources forestières. L’image classique véhiculée de cet espace est celle d’une population autochtone, connue pour son élevage caprin, poursuivant des pratiques ancestrales, notamment l’agdal, et gérant des terrains d’arganiers dont elle tire depuis toujours une huile, aujourd’hui très prisée à l’échelle internationale, et devenue emblématique du Maroc. Les historiens nous livrent pourtant une image contrastée entre recherche de la sécurité et de terrains fertiles et fuite de l’insécurité. Parmi les différentes étapes qui ont jalonné son histoire, nous distinguons pour notre propos deux étapes principales : une première période se situe avant la délimitation des forêts et est marquée par des vagues d’immigration successives venant du sud ; la seconde, à la suite de la colonisation, a remodelé et déstabilisé la situation foncière traditionnelle dans la zone en délimitant un espace domanial. Dans cet article, nous dressons le portrait actuel de l’espace et l’ensemble des droits qui le régissent. Cette construction sociale résulte d’une histoire riche et tourmentée, ayant affecté les modes de gestion des territoires. Pour ce faire, nous avons mobilisé des données d’historiens et d’enquêtes qualitatives et quantitatives réalisées dans le cadre de ce travail ; ces dernières se sont déroulées auprès de 100 ménages, principalement au niveau de trois communes rurales autour du massif du Jbel Amsitten. Il constitue l’une des dix-huit zones centrales de la Réserve de Biosphère de l’arganier, dans le Sud-Ouest marocain. Etant donné que les enquêtes s’intéressent aux usages et pratiques des ménages enquêtés, mais aussi de leurs aïeuls et ascendants, ce travail de recherche pourrait contribuer à reconstruire l’histoire de la zone à partir de celle des personnes interviewées via la compréhension de leur implantation spatiale ou temporelle. Nos enquêtes nous montrent que la population est issue d’un brassage récent d’émigrants du sud. Il s’en suit une trame de droits récemment forgée ; le domanial étant bien distinct du privé avec un rétrécissement des droits concédés par les Français. Renouer avec le corpus de règles qu’entretenait la population avec cet espace-ressources, pourrait être à notre avis, une des principales portes d’entrées à leur conservation. Thu, 23 May 2013 15:07:12 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/149073 Titre: Study of bacterial diversity in the topsoil and below the hardpan in an agricultural soil by metagenomics following by two analysis pipelines <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Stroobants, Aurore; Lambert, Christrophe; Degrune, Florine; Portetelle, Daniel; Vandenbol, Micheline <br/> <br/>Résumé: On earth, Bacteria are ubiquitous and even present in extreme environments (pH, temperature,…). In soils in particular, bacteria are very abundant (up to 109 cells per gram of soil) but still poorly characterized. Thus, it is of paramount importance to use relevant study and analysis procedures to ensure that the results obtained closely reflect the real-life conditions. In the present work, we analyze the bacterial diversity in the topsoil and below the hardpan in an agricultural soil using the metagenomics approach, with the Ion Torrent PGM sequencer. The soil samples was collected at three depths : 10 cm (topsoil), 25 cm (topsoil above the hardpan) and 45 cm (below the hardpan), in a tilled and a no tilled plot. The taxonomic analysis of the reads obtained are carried out according to two different procedures with the RDP classifier program and with a confidence score threshold of 0 and 0.99. The 0 threshold is used to assign a species to all reads, each read being therefore assigned to its most closest known species. The threshold of 0.99 enables us to focus on reads being assigned to a species with a high degree of confidence. In this case, each read is assigned to the most specific rank having a confidence score higher than 0.99. The bacterial diversity was then compared between the different conditions. Results obtained demonstrate that the bacterial communities were not the same in the two horizons. For example, some classes of Acidobacteria were up to 11 fold more numerous in topsoil while others was until 12 fold more represented below the hardpan. The biomass and the bacterial diversity (Shannon index) were also greatly different between the two depths. Thu, 23 May 2013 12:40:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148958 Titre: Prévision des rendements agricoles. Guide d'utilisation. <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Bronne, Charles-Emmanuel; Wellens, Joost; Midekor, Akoly Agblévi; Diakité, Mamadou; Denis, Antoine; Tychon, Bernard <br/> <br/>Résumé: Manuel présentant une méthode, développée par l'Université de Liège, de prévision de la production agricole. Cette méthode se base sur l'utilisation de différents programmes informatiques, et a pour but de prévoir le rendement agricole à partir de données météorologiques, agrométéorologiques, et NDVI (télédétecté). Elle est appliquée dans ce manuel sur les cultures du coton et du maïs au Burki Faso. Thu, 23 May 2013 06:47:25 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148947 Titre: Agriculture et changements climatiques: bilan de carbone d'une prairie pâturée en Région wallonne <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Jerome, Elisabeth; Beckers, Yves; Bodson, Bernard; Dumortier, Pierre; Beekkerk van Ruth, Jöran; Heinesch, Bernard; Moureaux, Christine; Aubinet, Marc Thu, 23 May 2013 06:44:19 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148845 Titre: Mise au point d’un protocole de micropropagation in vitro de Jatropha curcas L <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Medza Mve, Samson Daudet; Mergeai, Guy; Baudoin, Jean-Pierre; Toussaint, André <br/> <br/>Résumé: Jatropha curcas L. est considéré comme une source potentielle non-comestible pour la production de biocarburants (Sujatha et al, 2005). Sa multiplication par semis présente l’inconvénient de cultiver au champ des plantes hétérogènes, dont les graines présentent des contenus en huile qui varie de 4-40% (Heller, 1996). La présente étude vise la mise au point d’un protocole de multiplication massale de plantes élites à partir d’explants nodaux cultivés en conditions axéniques. Wed, 22 May 2013 08:42:32 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148835 Titre: Mise au point d’un protocole de multiplication in vitro de Jatropha curcas L. en vue d’une application à grande échelle <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Medza Mve, Samson Daudet <br/> <br/>Résumé: Jatropha curcas L. is a wild plant, that emerged as a source of energy for biodiesel production. It has acquired significant economic potential as it does not compete with the edible oil supplies. Realizing its importance, in vitro multiplication methods have been established to meet the demand of large scale supply of superior clones. In order to improve the in vitro multiplication rate (number of shoots/explant/subculture/three weeks) of J. curcas, axillary nodes taken from young plants of two accessions (originating from Cameroon and Senegal) have been cultivated for three weeks on a Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with 8.87 µM BAP, 4.92 µM IBA, and 30 g/l sucrose at pH 5.7±0.1, and solidified with 0.7% agar. The shoots obtained from each original explant were then transferred to a multiplication media consisting of MS medium supplemented with 2.21 to 8.9 μM BA or 2.21 to 8.9 μM kinetin in combination with 2.46 μM IBA. Each combination was completed with 12.2 mg.l-1 adenine sulfate and 25 mg.l-1 of glutamine. The best multiplication rate was obtained for the PM medium containing 6.65 μM BA and 2.46 μM IBA. The mean multiplication rate is 8.1 shoots per explant during the 7 following subcultures. Leafy shoots obtained have been rooted in a medium containing half of the major mineral and minor mineral components of MS supplemented with 5.7 μM IBA, then acclimated with a survival rate of 97%. With the aim of finding a more efficient production protocol practicable on a large-scale, an alternative method has been developed to regenerate whole plants of J. curcas from nodes via the induction of buds aggregates. Histological observation shows that bud aggregates are simultaneously formed through axillary budding and adventitious regeneration of buds. These buds are elongated in MS medium supplemented with 2.21 µM BA, 5.70 µM IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and 15 mg.l-1 L arginine. The leafy stems are then rooted on MS containing 2.46 µM IBA, 2% sucrose, and 0.7% agar. The entire process takes 14 weeks with 98% plants survival after acclimatization. We obtain a multiplication rate of 13 buds per explant per subculture. This protocol is more efficient than previously known protocols. Tue, 21 May 2013 17:57:26 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148833 Titre: Culture in vitro de Jatropha curcas L. <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Medza Mve, Samson Daudet <br/> <br/>Résumé: The extension of Jatropha curcas L. cultivation as a biofuel feedstock species requires the distribution of a very large number of plants to the producers in a very short period of time. These plants have to be able to give a high oil yield and be morphologically and phenotypically homogeneous to facilitate cultural operations. If high oil content can be obtained by varietal selection, the achievement of homogeneous material passes by the in vitro propagation. Various methods of mass production of plant material by axenic culture have been published. This study reviews the protocols published for in vitro propagation of J. curcas and discusses their applicability to an industrial scale. Tue, 21 May 2013 15:57:56 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148816 Titre: Variabilité de la respiration hétérotrophe du sol dans des écosystèmes agricoles: Analyse à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Buysse, Pauline <br/> <br/>Résumé: Soil heterotrophic respiration (HR) was studied at different spatial and temporal scales in agricultural ecosystems in Belgium (loamy region). Results from both laboratory and field experiments conducted at short and long timescales were analysed with the aim to better understand the influence of driving variables such as temperature, substrate input quantity and quality on HR. Both empirical and semi-mechanistic models were used in order to help interpret experimental results. Our observations showed that temperature is an important HR driving variable in agricultural ecosystems in temperate regions. HR sensitivity to temperature, characterized by a Q10 differing from 2 in our experiments, was very likely influenced by substrate availability and quality. The impact of these last two factors was however never observed through our measurements. Good agreement between modelled and observed CO2 fluxes in the incubation experiment, where carbon substrate was limited, suggested that temperature played a role both directly (enzymatic response) and indirectly (labile carbon stock depletion) at a relatively short term, and confirmed the hypothesis of occurrence of abiotic fluxes linked to the presence of carbonates in the samples taken from a limed agricultural field. Crop residue management (in both quantity and quality), as characterized by relatively low input levels in our experiment, influenced soil carbon stocks in the long term. However, HR, microbial biomass, labile carbon and metabolic diversity were not affected by the investigated treatments. Besides, results from both soil carbon budgets and short term HR measurements showed that supposedly large differences were likely to be reduced due to the relatively large proportion of root residues, weeds and residues unexported at harvest.; La respiration hétérotrophe (RH) du sol a été étudiée à plusieurs échelles spatiales et temporelles dans des écosystèmes agricoles situés en Belgique (région limoneuse). Les résultats d’expériences de laboratoire et de terrain à court et long termes ont été analysés afin de mieux comprendre l’influence de variables conductrices telles que la température, la quantité et la qualité du substrat apporté au sol sur la RH. Des modèles empiriques et semi-mécanistes ont aussi été utilisés afin d’aider à l’interprétation des résultats expérimentaux. Nos observations ont montré que la température s’impose comme une variable conductrice importante de la RH dans les écosystèmes agricoles en région tempérée. La sensibilité de la RH à la température, caractérisée par un Q10 différent de 2 dans nos expériences, a très probablement été influencée par la disponibilité et la qualité du substrat. L’impact de ces deux derniers facteurs n’a toutefois jamais été observé au travers de mesures de laboratoire. Le bon accord entre flux modélisés et observés lors de l’expérience de laboratoire, où le substrat carboné disponible était limitant, a suggéré que la température agissait tant de manière directe (réponse enzymatique) qu’indirecte (réduction des stocks de substrat labile) à relativement court terme, et a confirmé l’hypothèse d’occurrence de flux abiotiques liés à la présence de carbonates dans les échantillons issus d’un sol agricole chaulé. La gestion des résidus de culture (quantité et qualité de ceux-ci), apportés en relativement faible quantité comparé à d’autres études menées sur le sujet, a influencé les stocks de carbone à long terme. Mais n’a pas eu d’impact sur la RH, la biomasse microbienne, le carbone labile et la diversité métabolique. Tant l’établissement d’un bilan carboné de sol à long terme que les mesures de RH à court terme ont par ailleurs montré que les différences apparentes entre traitements étaient probablement réduites en raison d’une relativement grande proportion de résidus racinaires, d’adventices et de résidus non exportables à la récolte. Tue, 21 May 2013 12:09:12 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148731 Titre: Fertilization Effects on the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility of Semi-natural Meadows as Predicted by NIR Spectrometry <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Dale, Laura; Thewis, André; Rotar, Ioan; Boudry, Christelle; PĂCURAR, Florin S.; Lecler, Bernard; Agneessens, Richard; Dardenne, Pierre; Baeten, Vincent <br/> <br/>Résumé: Management of livestock grazing in highly-productive mountain meadows is an important aspect for the economic viability and the environmental impact of a grassland-based farm. The main aim of this study was to build near infrared models to determine the chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Romanian meadow forages. The treatments were organic and mineral fertilizer combinations, and forage samples were obtained from three fertilization experiments conducted in the Apuseni Mountains; these samples were analysed using classical and NIR methods. The samples were scanned in the NIR wavelength band. The CRA-W Gembloux ‘local’ calibration models were validated with Romanian meadow forages and then used in order to predict the forage quality of samples. A second objective of the study was to determine the effects of fertilization on forage quality. The results showed a decrease in crude protein content from the NPK treatment (150:75:75), which can be explained by a reduction of Fabaceae plants with this treatment from 17.25% of the populations in the control (semi-natural meadow not fertilized) to 6.25% in the fertilized plots. The decrease in protein content and in vitro organic matter digestibility was related to a reduced Fabaceae presence. Our recommendation is to use mineral fertilization with NPK doses less than 100:50:50 to improve meadow productivity; meanwhile organic fertilization can also be used to complement and maintain biodiversity and forage quality. Sat, 18 May 2013 09:54:28 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148678 Titre: Review of physicochemical processes involved in agrochemical spray retention <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Massinon, Mathieu; Lebeau, Frédéric <br/> <br/>Résumé: This review provides a broad view of the processes and parameters involved in applying agrochemicals to the leaves of field crops. Treatment efficiency is assessed using macroscopic and microscopic approaches to investigate spray retention. With the macroscopic approach, aspects related to spray coarseness, carrier volume, leaf wettability, plant architecture, crop density and additives are addressed. Comparative studies have highlighted the wide variability in spray retention as a function of these parameters. They have failed, however, to describe the underlying physical relationships clearly enough to generalize the results. These relationships are better investigated using a microscopic approach, where drop impact behavior is established in relation to target surface and fluid properties. The wetting regime (either Wenzel or Cassie-Baxter) depends on the leaf surface microscopic roughness ratio (r) and chemical nature, fluid dynamic surface tension and drop impact energy. Adhesion, rebound and disintegration have been observed successively with increasing drop impact energy. Transitions between impact outcomes are influenced by fluid rheology and the dynamic surface tension of the fluid. The effect of surface orientation remains poorly explored, but it seems to have a limited influence on retention. Recent fundamental studies on superhydrophobicity and wetting should help practitioners in their search for an ever more rational application of agrochemicals. They could also drive the development of new systematic retention testing methods. Fri, 17 May 2013 13:22:42 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148494 Titre: La structuration du monde paysan au Rwanda : cas des coopératives et des stations de lavage de café de Maraba et de Karaba, District de Huye <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Gisaro Ca-Madeberi, Ya-Bititi <br/> <br/>Résumé: Au Rwanda, l’agriculture est la principale activité économique qui occupe environ 90% de la population active dans les zones rurales. Elle contribue pour plus de 36% dans la formation du PIB. Le café est la principale culture de rente et source de revenu des producteurs, et qui procure des devises importantes pour l’économie nationale. Même si le café n’occupe que 6,3% des superficies cultivées, il est exploité par plus de 500.000 ménages au niveau national. Depuis son introduction au Rwanda en 1904, le café a toujours été exploité par des producteurs individuels au sein de leurs collines. Après la libéralisation de la filière café au Rwanda en 1998, la quantité et la qualité produites ne cessent de décroître, ce qui influe sur le prix et sur le revenu des caféiculteurs. Dans la recherche de solutions à ce problème, l’État rwandais a misé sur le regroupement des producteurs en coopératives et dans la construction des stations de lavage de café (SLC) dans toutes les zones caféicoles au niveau national. Le but est de produire un café entièrement lavé, exportable et mieux coté sur le marché international, et qui puisse fournir des revenus meilleurs pour les paysans producteurs. Les stations de lavage sont alors perçues comme des procédés de production de café de qualité, sont principalement gérées par des coopératives, qui sont des éléments structurants dans le monde rural. Un travail d’enquêtes auprès d’un échantillon de 80 caféiculteurs pendant trois campagnes (2008, 2009, 2010), des interviews, des observations ainsi que des entretiens auprès de différents agents intervenant dans le secteur caféier ont été menés pour comprendre et analyser les effets des SLC et des coopératives sur les producteurs. La présente dissertation originale est consacrée à analyser l’impact de la structuration du monde paysan à travers les coopératives et les stations de lavage de café de Maraba et de Karaba au sud du Rwanda, sur le développement socio-économique des producteurs membres et du monde environnant, en les comparant aux caféiculteurs non membres des coopératives. A travers ces infrastructures et structures mises en place, des emplois sont créés pour les producteurs, les paysans sont motivés, les revenus augmentent, le marché est garanti, les prix sont meilleurs pour les membres, les crédits sont accordés, ce qui améliore le bien-être socioéconomique voire technique des caféiculteurs, et permet de réduire la pauvreté au sein des ménages producteurs.; The agricultural sector is the main economic activity of Rwanda, which occupies approximately 90% of the active population in rural areas. It contributes more than 36% to the GDP. Coffee is the main cash crop and source of income for farmers, and provides major currencies for the national economy. Although it covers only 6.3% of cultivated areas, coffee is produced by 500,000 households in Rwanda. Since its introduction in the country in 1904, coffee has always been operated by individual producers. After the liberalization of the coffee sector in Rwanda in 1998, the quantity and quality produced are steadily decreasing which affects the price and the income of coffee growers. In the search for a solution to this problem, the Rwandan government has focused on the consolidation of producers cooperatives, and on the building of coffee washing stations (CWS) in all coffee growing areas at national level. The goal is to produce a fully washed coffee, exportable and better valued on the international market, which can provide better income for peasant producers. Washing stations are then seen as tools to produce quality coffee and are mainly run by cooperatives, which are structural elements in the rural world. Survey work on a sample of 80 farms for the three seasons (2008, 2009, 2010) as well as interviews with various key agents involved in the coffee sector have been conducted to understand and analyze the effects of CWS and cooperatives on coffee growers. This original dissertation is devoted to analyze the impact resulting from the structure action of the peasant world through cooperatives and coffee washing stations of Maraba and Karaba in southern Rwanda, on the socio-economic development of farmers who are members of a cooperative and the surrounding world by comparing to non-members of cooperatives. Through these facilities and structures put in place, jobs are created for producers, farmers are motivated due to income increases, the market is guaranteed, the prices are higher for members and loans are given, thereby improving the socio-economic and technical assistance to growers, which reduces the poverty among coffee growers’ households. Wed, 15 May 2013 07:51:24 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148470 Titre: Complex regulation of the FRD3 gene in Arabidopsis relatives <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Charlier, Jean-Benoit; Polese, Catherine; Nouet, Cécile; Krämer, Ute; Motte, Patrick; Hanikenne, Marc Tue, 14 May 2013 13:20:24 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148460 Titre: The socio-economic resilience of widow’s survivors of the Genocide against Tutsi in Rwamagana District (Eastern Province of Rwanda) <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Militery Ngamata, Olivier; Mbonyinkebe, Deo; Lebailly, Philippe <br/> <br/>Résumé: This article examines the fate of widows survivorsi of the genocide against the Tutsi grouped in the Association of Widows who survived the Genocide-Agahozo (AVEGAii). The following questions were addressed: eighteen years after the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, what have become the widows’ victims of genocide? Did they manage to remake life and adapt themselves to adversity which has been imposed to them by the effects of the genocide? In order to respond to these concerns, we used the literature review, direct observation of the achievements of AVEGA members, semi-structured interviews to 60 widows and 10 key informers including local authorities and AVEGA’s Managers. The study found that the main steps to resilience include (i) psychological reconstruction, (ii) survival and representance which refer to the ability to maintain one alive with a mission to become witness and give courage, support and confidence to those who survived and especially the orphans, and (iii) tutorship efforts which promote the socio-economic conditions of widows. Tutors include the Rwandan Government through the Assistance Fund for Genocide Survivors (FARG) and other public initiatives of poverty reduction, AVEGA association and other NGOs through programs such as the schooling of orphans, housing and health as well as the socio-economic activities that generate income. These activities greatly contributed to these widows’ socio-economic conditions and helped them to feel more self-confident. Tue, 14 May 2013 12:15:09 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148458 Titre: Effects of bean seed treatment to the imidacloprid-gaucho on the Bean Stem Maggot, the Black Bean Aphids attacks and the Bean Common Mosaic Virus transmission <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Karangwa, Antoine; Militery Ngamata, Olivier; Ngirincuti H., Jacques <br/> <br/>Résumé: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the principal food crops of Rwanda. It is cultivated by 97% of the farms and constitutes the principal source of proteins for the majority of the Rwandan population. One observes since 2000 a considerable reduction in the bean outputs; among the principal causes, one can quote the transmitted diseases and damage caused by insects. In order to contribute to the production of healthy seeds and plant of bean, a test was carried out (February-May 2009) to the station of Rubilizi-ISAE Busogo, from which the objective was to protect the plants of bean against the attacks of insects during the first 8 weeks by coating the seeds with the imidacloprod-gaucho in order to avoid the viral diseases on the plants which result from these seeds and to also thwart the attacks of the principal devastating insects of the bean among which there were the black bean aphid (BBA), Aphis fabae, vector of bean common mosaic virus and the bean stem maggot (BSM), Ophiomyia spp. Three doses of imidacloprid-gaucho were compared to the control, namely 2, 4 and 6g of active matter per kilo of seeds. The results made possible to draw the following conclusions: - the imidacloprid expressed its effects up to eight weeks after sowing; indeed one recorded few close Bean Common Mosaic Virus-attacked plants (less than 3%) until 56 days after sowing; the percentage of virus attacked plant increased beyond to reach 42% for the dose of 2g of imidacloprid per kilo of seeds and only 25% maximum for 4 and 6g of the insecticide product per kilo of seeds; - the imidacloprid allowed also to control the Bean Stem Maggot in the proportion of 58%, 44%, 22% and 18% respectively for the control (0 g), 2, 4, and 6 g of the product per kg of seeds. Within the sight of these results, we can recommend the producers, the pelleting of bean seeds to the dose 4g of imidacloprid-gaucho per kilo of seeds within the framework of the integrated pest management (IPM) against the common mosaic and the damage of Black Bean Aphids and Bean Stem Maggots. Tue, 14 May 2013 12:07:17 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148454 Titre: Tourism industry and local development around the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Militery Ngamata, Olivier; Karangwa, Antoine; Muragizi I., Herman; Ngirincuti H., Jacques <br/> <br/>Résumé: Tourism is the biggest industry in the world. In Rwanda, they are especially the national parks and more particularly the national park of the volcanoes which attract tourists. The total revenues of tourism are evaluated to 33,381,369 USD for the period rising from 1994 to 2009. The contributions are respectively about 93% for the National park of Volcanoes (NPV), also called Parc of Virunga, 4% for National park of Akagera (NPA) and 3% for National park of Nyungwe (NPN). The redistribution of tourism income made it possible to fund some projects, among which the housing for the vulnerable people, the basic infrastructures like roads, schools, the development of the agricultural sector, of the craft industry,etc around the NPV. At the same time, the private investments allowed the construction of hotels to accommodate the tourists. The presence of hotels and tourists had multiplier effects on the use and consumption of the agricultural produce of the area. People who lived on forest products became agents of protection of park and sedentary farmers. They were sensitized to create the co-operatives and profited the financing from RDB and its partners. The RDB works narrowly with the international agencies of environmental protection to carry out these actions and to thus ensure the conservation of the biodiversity. Tue, 14 May 2013 11:57:34 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148372 Titre: Fifty years of contrasted residue management of an agricultural crop: impacts on the soil carbon budget and on heterotrophic respiration. <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Buysse, Pauline; Roisin, Christian; Aubinet, Marc <br/> <br/>Résumé: Crop management exerts a strong influence on the soil carbon (C) balance. This study investigated a long-term experiment initiated in 1959 at a site in the Hesbaye region of Belgium and focused on three contrasted treatments: residue export (RE), farmyard manure (FYM) addition and residue restitution (RR) after harvest. The objectives were to quantify the components of the C budget of croplands from a 50-year perspective and to identify the impact of the treatments on this budget and soil C sequestration, given the relatively low levels of esidue application. The soil C budget was calculated for each treatment on the basis of total soil organic C (SOC) content measurements and C input data collected since the experiment had begun and drawn from the literature. To evaluate the robustness of this approach, the budget-based output estimates were compared with annual heterotrophic respiration (HR) averages extrapolated from seasonal field HR measurements carried out at the same experimental site in 2010. The soil C budgetbased output estimates accorded well with field-based HR measurements and with most HR estimates in the literature, suggesting that, despite the many uncertainties affecting the soil C budget, these results were robust. The three treatments investigated in this study had different impacts on SOC stocks, mainly during the first 20 years of the experiment. RE and FYM caused significant SOC decreases (on average, −7 ± 5 g C m−2 year−1 over the 50 years) and increases (10 ± 5 g C m−2 year−1), espectively, whereas RR had no significant impact on the SOC stocks. The study also showed (i) the very large part (about twothirds of the total input) that represented the below-ground input, weeds and other left-over residues in the C budget, (ii) the important role probably played by residue quality in C sequestration and (iii) the large proportion of C lost annually rom the soil (which represents 93–98, 100 and 102–107% of the amounts of fresh residue rought to the soil each year in the FYM, RR and RE treatments, respectively). Mon, 13 May 2013 12:48:32 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148329 Titre: What are the main metabolites responsible for the biocontrol potential of Bacillus strains ? <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Cawoy, Hélène; Thonart, Philippe; Ongena, Marc Mon, 13 May 2013 09:25:49 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148318 Titre: Importance of surfactin for plant resistance induction by Bacillus isolates <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Cawoy, Hélène; Mariutto, Martin; Jourdan, Emmanuel; Thonart, Philippe; Ongena, Marc Mon, 13 May 2013 08:38:30 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148141 Titre: An analysis the value chain of fresh milk in the North of Vietnam : the case study in Sonla <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Bui, Thi Nga; Ma Tran Huu, Cuong; Lebailly, Philippe <br/> <br/>Résumé: Vietnam locates in the most active region (Asia), where gains the highest economic growth rate and highest milk consumption in the world. Milk growth rate is higher than almost other agricultural products in the past 10 years in this region (Nancy, 2008). Vietnam is also one of the highest milk productivity in the Asia. Milk consumption in Vietnam is increasing rapidly (Nancy, 2008). However, the dairy industry in Vietnam is currently able to meet only 22 percent of domestic demand; the remaining amount has been imported from overseas suppliers and producers (VOV News/VNA, 2008). In addition, the linkages among the actors and stakeholders in the value chain of milk in the North of Vietnam are very weak. It leads to low effective in the production of the whole chain. This paper based on semi-structure, standard questionnaires and PRA method to collect data of dairy farms in Sonla province, of milk collecting centres, of dairy plan and of milk distributors in 2008-2010. The findings show that dairy plan is the most powerful actor in the chain and it drives the whole chain. The value added of the chain is distributed unequally among determinants in the bias orientation to the non-farmer (non-producer). Opportunity cost of land, capital, and family labor in farm does not include when they calculate their benefits, thus it is not reflect the real situation and their value added would be much lowers. Weak linkages among participants in the chain with stakeholders and insufficient supports discourage farmers to develop their production. Fri, 10 May 2013 10:03:26 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/2268/148140 Titre: Milk production and Marketing in small holder dairy in the Northern area of Vietnam: A case study in Phu Dong Commune <br/> <br/>Auteur, co-auteur: Bui, Thi Nga; Tran Huu, Cuong; Luong Thi Thu, Ha; Lebailly, Philippe <br/> <br/>Résumé: Dairy cows in small holders in Phu Dong contribute to improve the welfare of farm households. It generates income, provides a highly nutritious food for people, create employment opportunities in the society. However, most dairy farmers have a few cows, which will be difficult to improve their lives. They are more vulnerable because milk is easy to be rotten, feed costs are high and increasing; market is fluctuated with shock while gate farm price is almost stable. This study analyzes the situation of milk production and marketing in small holders in Phu Dong. The Heckman two-step procedure is used to estimate factors affecting the decision of market participation and milk marketed volume of dairy households. The main findings are: The pure HF breed dairy cows produced higher productivity but shorter lactation period than that of cross breed cows. The productivity was highest in the pure HF breed medium-size farms and lowest in the cross breed medium-size farms. However, there is not much difference in milk yield per lactation between these breeds. Age of the household, education level, experience in dairy production, distance from milk market and number of milking cows significant impact the probability of the household in milk market participation. Number of milking cows, education level of the households, and non-dairy source financial incomes are important factors affecting sale volume of milk. Fri, 10 May 2013 10:02:46 GMT