Moisture equilibrium in straw bale walls

Conference (2012, November)

Straw bales technology for buildings is developing in Belgium as in many other countries. The market is growing but significant uncertainties are left concerning how to model its dynamical hygrothermal ... [more ▼]

Straw bales technology for buildings is developing in Belgium as in many other countries. The market is growing but significant uncertainties are left concerning how to model its dynamical hygrothermal performances and its long term behaviour. The present paper presents the preliminary analysis conducted on material parameters and component’s response to dynamic heat and moisture solicitations. The simulations use WUFI Pro software based on material parameters form literature and both reference climate files for Belgium and theoretical climates to analyse the interactions between straw bale walls and finishing materials and their influence on component performances and durability. A specific prefabricated wall element sold on Belgian market is detailed and introduced in simulations. The influence on comfort feelings and indoor air quality are discussed with a focus on component´s thermal inertia and moisture regulation capacity. The paper concludes with recommendations on wall composition to help straw bale technologies to develop in building market of Belgium and other countries. [less ▲]

ESR spectroscopy for the study of an inflammation-induced AKI cellular model

Poster (2012, November)

The kidney is faced to an impairment of oxygen extraction during sepsis which is well-known to be a risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent research activities in the ... [more ▼]

The kidney is faced to an impairment of oxygen extraction during sepsis which is well-known to be a risk factor for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent research activities in the mechanisms involved in the development of AKI in sepsis emphasize the central role of hemodynamic and inflammatory events. More particularly, two mechanisms are suggested to explain the inability of the injured kidney to extract oxygen: tissue hypoxia and cellular energetic metabolism dysfunction. Our working hypothesis of the pathophysiology of AKI is based on cellular respiratory dysfunction due to the inflammatory response inherent to sepsis. To study the mechanism of oxygen regulation in inflammation-induced acute kidney injury, we investigate the effects of a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) on the basal respiration of proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) by ESR oximetry. This method has shown that HK-2 cells exhibit a decreased oxygen consumption rate when treated with LPS. Surprisingly, this cellular respiration alteration persists even after the stress factor was removed. We suggested that this irreversible decrease in renal oxygen consumption after LPS challenge is related to a pathologic metabolic down-regulation such as a lack of oxygen utilization by cells. This decrease was accompanied by increased nitric oxide (NO) production as measured by a spin trapping technique using ESR spectroscopy. This method is based on the trapping of NO by a metal-chelator complex consisting of N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (MGD) and reduced iron (Fe2+) forming a water-soluble NO-FeMGD complex detected by ESR. Since inducible NO synthase (iNOS) has been shown to play an important role in sepsis-induced AKI, the iNOS inhibitor L-NMMA (L-NG-monomethyl Arginine citrate) was tested in this in vitro model. L-NMMA blocked NO generation and permitted the HK-2 cells to recover a normal cellular respiration. Overall, ESR spectroscopy and the model of HK-2 cells exposed to LPS displays some key features of inflammation-induced acute kidney injury. [less ▲]

Couplage des modèles numériques SWAT et FeFlow pour l'étude des flux de nitrate à l'échelle d'un bassin versant agricole posé sur un aquifère sableux. Calibrage, validation et test de scénarios pour l'évaluation de pratiques agricoles plus durables en terme de gestion de l'azote

in Bulletin du groupe francophone Humidimétrie et Transferts en milieux poreux (2012, November), 58

Quatre prises d’eau exploitées à Arquennes (Belgique) sont contaminées par le nitrate. Leurs bassins d’alimentation sont situés en zone agricole caractérisée par un sol limoneux sur un aquifère sableux ... [more ▼]

Quatre prises d’eau exploitées à Arquennes (Belgique) sont contaminées par le nitrate. Leurs bassins d’alimentation sont situés en zone agricole caractérisée par un sol limoneux sur un aquifère sableux. Depuis 2004, ces bassins servent de site pilote dans le cadre de l’évaluation du Programme de Gestion Durable de l’Azote (PGDA), transposition de la Directive « Nitrates » en droit wallon. Les modèles numériques SWAT et FEFLOW ont permis de simuler les flux d’eau et de nitrate depuis la surface jusqu’aux galeries. Après calibrage et validation des modèles (sur la base d’une caractérisation du sol et du sous-sol et de traçages en milieux saturé et non saturé), plusieurs scénarios de pratiques agricoles ont été simulés afin de prédire l’évolution qualitative des eaux. L’expérience d’Arquennes a démontré que le recours au couplage SWAT / FEFLOW permet de proposer des solutions environnementales réalistes pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par la DCE. [less ▲]

Time-domain finite-element modelling of laminated iron cores – Large skin effect homogenization considering the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model

in Proceedings of the 15th Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC2012) (2012, November)

This paper deals with the incorporation of the Jiles- Atherton (J-A) hysteresis model in a time-domain finite-element homogenization technique for laminated iron cores. The separate discretization of each ... [more ▼]

This paper deals with the incorporation of the Jiles- Atherton (J-A) hysteresis model in a time-domain finite-element homogenization technique for laminated iron cores. The separate discretization of each lamination is avoided by using dedicated skin-effect basis functions, which also serve to interpolate the J- A hysteretic material law. As validation test case, a stacked ring core surrounded by a toroidal coil is considered. [less ▲]

Performances isocinétiques et risque lésionnel de l’épaule chez le joueur de handball de haut niveau

in Abstract book des XIVèmes Rencontres isocinétiques MEDIMEX / ROTHSCHILD (2012, November)

Constant 2-labelling of weighted cycles

Conference (2012, November)

We introduce the concept of constant 2-labelling of a weighted graph and show how it can be used to obtain periodic sphere packing. Roughly speaking, a constant 2-labelling of a weighted graph is a 2 ... [more ▼]

We introduce the concept of constant 2-labelling of a weighted graph and show how it can be used to obtain periodic sphere packing. Roughly speaking, a constant 2-labelling of a weighted graph is a 2-coloring (black and white) of its vertex set which preserves the sum of the weight of black vertices under some automorphisms. In this manuscript, we study this problem on weighted complete graphs and on weighted cycles. Our results on cycles allow us to determine (r,a,b)-codes in Z^2 whenever |a-b|>4 and r>1. [less ▲]

Economic impact of RVF outbreaks

Conference (2012, November)

Dwarfing the direct losses due to ruminant abortions and flock mortality, the main economic impact of RVF is systemic and ensues from the trade restrictions aimed at its containment. Indeed, past ... [more ▼]

Dwarfing the direct losses due to ruminant abortions and flock mortality, the main economic impact of RVF is systemic and ensues from the trade restrictions aimed at its containment. Indeed, past outbreaks of RVF in East Africa and Middle East came as disturbing events in a commercial context of high specialization in trade of small ruminants and interdependence between East-African exporters and the Middle-Eastern importing countries. The two successive bans imposed by Middle-Eastern countries on livestock products coming from the Horn of Africa in 1998-1999 and 2000-2002 highlighted this interdependence. Both bans caused an abrupt stop in exportations from IGAD countries. Nevertheless, the impact of the outbreaks motivating these bans differed due to their unique timing with regard to the Muslim celebrations that trigger the main flow of livestock from the Horn of Africa to Mecca. Hence, in 2000, the worst impact was observed on pastoralist households because the ban was imposed in September, prior to the Haj festival, when the main seasonal export flow had not been realized yet. Regarding the 1997 outbreak, the ban was implemented only in February 1998, after the main trade flow had occurred. The impacts of the bans on Somalia were particularly severe, due to the high specialization of the concerned region in an export-oriented livestock sector, benefitting from a niche market organized around the above-mentioned religious festivals and Arab consumers preferences. The country was all the more affected, as they own two main ports involved in this trade, i.e. Berbera (Somaliland) and Bossaso (Puntland). Prior to the bans, the size of the export market from Somalia to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates was estimated around US$600 million, with Saudi Arabia representing 66% of the total. The bans led the Somali livestock market to collapse. Losses for the livestock industry were estimated at US$109 million and US$326 million, for the first and second ban respectively. The government also directly incurred an important loss around US$45 million from foregone export taxes and docking fees. In the same time, livestock exporters lost a net cumulative profit of US$330 million, whereas producers estimated their annual losses at over US$8 million. Hence, the successive RVF-related trade bans impacted the employment rate, the public treasury, the exchange rate of national currency and thus, the price of imported goods, inducing a general inflationary pressure and important socio-economic upheavals. More generally, the livestock market in the whole East Africa was affected, due to the fall in prices caused by the loss of outlets for livestock. Using market equilibrium models taking these shocks into account, the impact of the trade bans on the Somali region of Ethiopia were estimated at a 36% fall of the GDP. Other impacts originated in the closure of markets inside East Africa, being part of national control strategies. In Kenya, e.g., the closure of the Garissa Market, which is a major outlet for Somali and Ethiopian livestock, resulted in a more than 25% decrease in the price of cattle, inducing a total loss of US$10 million for the value chain. The emergency destocking response of distressed households also participated to the fall in prices and worsening of terms of trade. Together with flock mortality and abortion, destocking moreover affects the herds’ dynamics on the long run and the commercial potential of households. These mechanisms show greater impact on smallholders, due to threshold effects in livestock capitalisation and the loss in risk management ability in such variable environmental conditions. In the Middle East too, the bans showed drastic economic impacts. In Yemen, e.g., the bans caused a loss of US$15 million from foregone custom taxes and US$27 million profit losses for traders. The two bans, combined with the prolonged ban maintained till 2009 by Saudi Arabia on Somalia, contributed to a restructuration of trade within and between the two regions. Indeed, trade actors soon reorganized their activity, as highlighted through official figures, notwithstanding the importance of informal trade. Hence, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates appeared as major alternative entry points on Arab Peninsula for Somali livestock. The latter could also transit through Djibouti or Sudan to reach Saudi Arabia. Benefitting from the prolonged bans on Somalia, the port of Djibouti emerged as a major player in the region between 2006 and 2009, thanks to massive investment in port infrastructures and agreements with Saudi importers. Therefore the private sector played a considerable role in adapting to new risks. The Djibouti port diverted much of the livestock trade previously handled at the Berbera and Bossaso ports. On this occasion, as it has been the case in Somalia after ban lifting in 2009, the Middle East has been a source of investment for the Horn of Africa for biosecurity infrastructure. Finally, the second ban led to the emergence of Australia as a major livestock supplier for Saudi Arabia from 2000 till now, and to a certain a point Australia has been a country of major Saudi investments which is seen as another way of adapting for some major value chain agents. In the two last decades, the intraregional livestock trade grew rapidly in East Africa, spurred by the urban demand. Most of this trade is informal, thus lacking official figures. It nevertheless shows a great importance regarding poverty alleviation aspects, the small to medium actors being the main operators of this trade. In recent years, a considerable growth in recorded intraregional trade is noticed, mainly due to a growth of recorded exports from Ethiopia to neighboring countries, as a result of a policy aiming at the facilitation of registration procedures through the CAC/AP-system. As a conclusion, livestock export to Middle East and the growing intraregional East-African livestock trade are both threatened by RVF-linked bans due to loss of outlets and price volatility. Thus, stability of the livestock sector being crucial to human and economic development in the region, a high priority must be given to RVF prevention and control, as supported by figures of impact of past outbreaks. [less ▲]

Ab initio thermoelectric properties

Conference (2012, November)

Development of Highly Active doped Titania Photocatalysts by Aqueous Sol-Gel Processing

Poster (2012, November)

Long term culture and characterization of chicken primordial germ cells

Poster (2012, November)

Avian primordial germ cells (PGCs), can keep their germ cells properties and are foreseen as promising tools for developing avian transgenesis and preservation of genetic resources of endangered species ... [more ▼]

Avian primordial germ cells (PGCs), can keep their germ cells properties and are foreseen as promising tools for developing avian transgenesis and preservation of genetic resources of endangered species. We have developed original methods that allow long term (20 month) expansion of primary cultures of undifferentiated PGCs and their efficient cryopreservation. Blood samples were collected from stage 13-18 embryos, pooled, deposited in cell culture inserts and co-cultivated in the presence of irradiated BRL cells. This physically separated co-culture system along with selective culture medium promoted emergence, selection and proliferation of undifferentiated PGCs lines. Overall, 35% of blood samples gave rise to PGCs cell lines originating from three commercial layer breeds and two Belgian endangered breeds. PGCs lines were first characterised for the expression of the stem cells and PGCs characteristic marker SSEA-1 by FACS (expression rate: 90-99%). RT-PCR confirmed expression of germ-line specific markers (CVH, CDH, DAZL), pluripotency markers (cPouV, cSox2, cNanog), telomerase and CXCR4 receptor. In addition, by means of a quantitative PCR amplification of a chromosome W specific sequence, we demonstrated a drift of all our lines towards the male sex (WL), while they were initially isolated from pooled blood samples with statistically equivalent numbers of male and female embryos (35 females: 29 males). PGCs were subsequently efficiently cryopreserved by slow freezing or by a newly developed vitrification method. Labelled PGCs from 10 lines were injected in recipient embryos. Colonization of the genital ridges confirmed that PGCs retain their gonadal migratory ability, both after long-term culture (min 3, max 20 month) and after cryopreservation. [less ▲]

Etude comparative de l'efficacité de tourteaux des graines de Moringa Oleifera et du sulfate d'aluminium dans le traitement des eaux de consommation en Afrique sub-saharienne : cas des eaux du Burkina Faso

Conference (2012, November)

Antarctic cyanobacterial diversity: how important are the geographical and ecological factors?

Conference (2012, October 31)

On the Antarctic continent, cyanobacteria produce conspicuous benthic microbial mats in lakes, from the coastal regions to the mountains (till 84°S). However, little is known about theirl biodiversity in ... [more ▼]

On the Antarctic continent, cyanobacteria produce conspicuous benthic microbial mats in lakes, from the coastal regions to the mountains (till 84°S). However, little is known about theirl biodiversity in comparison with other regions of the world. The BelSPO project AMBIO aimed to test whether (i) microbial communities are structured by the same factors as those shaping communities of macroorganisms, and (ii) endemism among cyanobacteria does exist. We have analyzed the cyanobacterial biodiversity in a variety of aquatic habitats from the three main biogeographical regions (Continental, Maritime Antarctica and the Sub-Antarctic) and determined the ‘baseline’ data needed to understand the contribution of various processes that are responsible for the distribution patterns. [less ▲]

Investigation of eighteenth-century Prussian blue pigments by PDF analysis

Poster (2012, October 30)

Prussian blue, a hydrated iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) complex, is a synthetic pigment discovered in Berlin in 1704. Because of both its highly intense color and its low cost, Prussian blue was widely ... [more ▼]

Prussian blue, a hydrated iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) complex, is a synthetic pigment discovered in Berlin in 1704. Because of both its highly intense color and its low cost, Prussian blue was widely used as a pigment in paintings until the 1970's. The early preparative methods were rapidly recognized as a contributory factor in the fading of the pigment [1], a fading already known by the mid-eighteenth century. The eighteenth-century methods are based on the calcination of dried blood to produce a potassium hexacyanoferrate complex, which is the first of two essential reactants for synthesizing Prussian blue. The second reactant is an iron salt. We successfully reproduced two typical eighteenth-century empirical recipes [2]. The resulting pigments were of variable color quality, ranging from intense blue to blue-gray or blue-green, and exhibit broadened or inexistent Bragg peaks. High-energy powder X-ray diffraction experiments were performed at the ID11 beamline at ESRF, Grenoble, France. The pair distribution function (PDF) of the pure Prussian blue pigments was refined with a three-phase model, in order to take into account the vacancy distribution in the unit cell of Prussian blue. In certain ancient Prussian blues, the PDF analysis revealed the presence of nanocrystalline ferrihydrite, Fe10O14(OH)2, and also identified the presence of alumina hydrate, Al10O14(OH)2, with a particle size of ca. 15 Å. Paint layers prepared from these ancient pigments subjected to accelerated ageing showed a tendency to turn green, a tendency that was often reported in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century books. The presence of particles of hydrous iron(III) oxides was also observed in a genuine Prussian blue sample obtained from an eighteenth-century polychrome sculpture. [1] Kirby, J.; Saunders, D. The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 2004, 25, 73. [2] Dossie, R. The Handmaid to the Arts; Nourse, J.: London, 1758; Le Pileur d'Apligny, M. Traité des couleurs matérielles et de la manière de colorer relativement aux différents arts et métiers; Saugrain et Lamy: Paris, 1779. [less ▲]

The vocal profile for singers

Conference (2012, October 30)

Cardiac surgery and acute kidney injury: retrospective study

Conference (2012, October 27)

Background: In cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe postoperative complication and associated with increased rates of mortality, morbidity, and length of stay in intensive care units ... [more ▼]

Background: In cardiac surgery, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe postoperative complication and associated with increased rates of mortality, morbidity, and length of stay in intensive care units (ICU). It occurs in 5% to 30% of patients depending on the definition used [1] [2] [3]. The aim of this study is to present an overview of AKI following cardiac surgery associated or not with cardiopulmonary bypass, in our center. Methods: This retrospective study includes patients treated by cardiac surgery from April 1st, 2008 to March 31th, 2009 in a single center. We selected patients who underwent on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), off-pump CABG (OPCAB), aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair or replacement and aortic valve replacement combined with CABG. Patients undergoing renal replacement therapy preoperatively were excluded. The RIFLE classification (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End stage kidney disease) allowed stratifying the patients into the 3 grades of AKI severity. The stratification was based on the most pejorative element observed within 7 days after surgery: increased serum creatinine level or decreased urine output, or decreased glomerular filtration rate according to criteria of Bellomo [4]. Occurrence of AKI was studied by type of cardiac surgery as its impact on the length of stay in ICU and in the hospital. Proportions were compared by the Chi-square test and median values by the Mann-Whitney U test. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results: Four hundred and thirty-four patients were included: median (IQR) age 69.0(60.0-76.0) year, 30.2% females, 2.76% urgent/emergent cases. Fifty-eight patients (13.4%) underwent OPCAB, 182(41.9%) on-pump CABG, 104(24.0%) aortic valve replacement, 44(10.1%) mitral valve repair or replacement and 46(10.6%) aortic valve replacement combined with CABG. AKI occurred in 213(49.1%) patients: 79(37.1%) “Risk”, 108(50.7%) “Injury” and 26(12,2%) “Failure”. Distribution of AKI by type of surgery was equal to 36.2% among OPCABG, 44.0% on-pump CABG, 49.0% aortic valve replacement, 52.3% mitral valve surgery and 82.6% aortic valve replacement combined with CABG, respectively. AKI occurrences differed significantly according to the type of surgery (p<0.0001). Lengths of stay in ICU were significantly longer (p<0.0001) in AKI group compared with non AKI group: 3(2-4) days versus 2(2-3) days. However, no difference (p = 0.65) was observed between the two (AKI and NON-AKI) groups in hospital length of stay: 13(10-18) days versus 12(10-16) days. Conclusions: The incidence of AKI is very high in this population as compared to the literature. This may be due to the fact that the three elements of the RIFLE classification for all the population studied have been used. This study emphasizes the need for clear definition of AKI in order to compare different studies adequately. AKI after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass would be further studied in order to develop more appropriate preventive measures. [less ▲]

Memories of Near-Death experiences are they memories of imagined events?

Poster (2012, October 27)

Background: The phenomenon of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) has always intrigued but is still not fully explained despite numerous theories and studies. Since reports of NDEs are proposed to be imagined ... [more ▼]

Background: The phenomenon of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) has always intrigued but is still not fully explained despite numerous theories and studies. Since reports of NDEs are proposed to be imagined events (French, 2001), and since memories of imagined events have, on average, fewer phenomenological characteristics than real event memories (e.g. Johnson et al., 1988), we here compared phenomenological characteristics of NDEs reports with memories of imagined and real events. Methods: We included 3 groups of coma survivors (8 patients with NDE as defined by the Greyson NDE scale – the “NDE memory group”- , 6 patients without NDE but with memory of their coma – the “coma memory group” – and 7 patients without memories of their coma – the “no memory group”) and a group of 18 age-matched healthy volunteers. Five memories were assessed using Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ – Johnson et al., 1988): target memory (NDE for NDE memory group, coma memory for coma memory group, and first childhood memory for no memory and control groups), old and recent real event memories and old and recent imagined event memories. Results: In NDE group, NDE memories showd more characteristics than memories of imagined and real events (p<0.02). These memories contain more self-referential and emotional information and have better clarity than memories of coma (all p<0.02). Conclusion: The present study showed that NDE memories contain more characteristics than real event memories and coma memories. Thus, they cannot be considered as classic imagined event memories. On the contrary, their physiological origins could lead them to be really perceived although not lived in the reality. Further work is needed to better understand this phenomenon [less ▲]

CYBERDEPENDANCE : MYTHE OU REALITE ?

Conference (2012, October 27)

Les femmes aux Thesmophories, entre autorité et railleries : une déformation masculine?

Conference (2012, October 27)

Lorsque le manuel d’histoire adopté par l’enseignant est en rupture avec ses conceptions : quels usages effectifs dans les classes ?

Conference (2012, October 26)

Les animateurs de la vie littéraire de l’entre-deux-guerres : repérage et étude de cas (Gaston Pulings et Pierre Fontaine)

Conference (2012, October 26)

Some formulas for the standard error of the weighted likelihood estimator of ability with small psychometric tests

Conference (2012, October 26)

The weighted likelihood estimator of ability (WLE, [3]) was introduced as an asymptotically unbiased estimator of ability in item response theory (IRT) models. Moreover, its standard error was shown to be ... [more ▼]

The weighted likelihood estimator of ability (WLE, [3]) was introduced as an asymptotically unbiased estimator of ability in item response theory (IRT) models. Moreover, its standard error was shown to be asymptotically equal to that of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator [2]. Although this asymptotic framework is most often encountered in psychometric and educational studies, there are several practical applications for which an "exact" formula for the standard error would be useful. For instance, such a formula would certainly be convenient at the early steps of a computerized adaptive test (CAT), whenever only a few items are administered. The purpose of this paper is to derive two possible formulas for the standard error of the WLE, by starting from the objective function to be optimized and deriving the standard error in a similar approach of the ML framework (see e.g., [1]). The two potential formulas are then compared through both, a small simulation study and a practical analysis with realistic, yet arti cial data. It is concluded that one of the formulas must be preferred to the other, both for mathematical consistency and on the basis of the simulated results. References [1] Baker, F. B., & Kim, S.-H. (2004). Item Response Theory: Parameter Estimation Techniques (2nd edition). New York: Marcel Dekker. [2] Lord, F. M. (1980) Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. [3] Warm, T.A. (1989). Weighted likelihood estimation of ability in item response models. Psychometrika, 54, 427-450. [less ▲]

Defining the "city museum". The creation process of a new museum category

Conference (2012, October 25)

As early as the second half of the nineteenth century, some major European cities developed museums to present their history. This movement has grown around the world throughout the twentieth century. The ... [more ▼]

As early as the second half of the nineteenth century, some major European cities developed museums to present their history. This movement has grown around the world throughout the twentieth century. The phenomenon is now more relevant than ever, as evidenced by numerous projects of creation and renovation of such institutions. Nevertheless, it took a long time before this kind of museum began to be considered as part of a specific museum category, with its own characteristics and challenges. It was only in 1993, at the Museum of London, that representatives of museums devoted to the study of cities met for the very first time, in order “to discuss [their] problems, to develop theories and to promote [their] special place in the museum movement worldwide” (Hebditch, Max, Key-note address, in Johnson, Nichola, ed., Reflecting cities. The proceedings of a symposium. London, Museum of London, 1993, p. 1). The expression “city museum” took shape for this occasion, with the creation at the end of the symposium of what can be seen as the ancestor of CAMOC, the International Association of City Museums, which faded in 2005. For almost two decades, the city museum has become the object of study of a large number – almost one per year – of international conferences and collections of articles bringing together academics, but mostly professionals who live and experience the museum every day. Practitioners appear therefore as the main producers of discourse on the city museum. This presentation examines the concept of city museum through its different uses and definitions within the museological literature, between 1993 and 2008. The analysis of these speeches will highlight the fact that there are no unanimously established uses of the expression among the authors. It will also show that, as a museum category, city museum is an object whose identity is still under construction. [less ▲]

Cambios ambientales del último milenio en sedimentos lacustres del Lago Thompson, Patagonia Chilena Norte

Poster (2012, October 25)

Este estudio se enfoca en un análisis multiproxy de un testigo sedimentario del Lago Thompson (area 1 km2; 751 masl ; 45°38’S 72°47’W) obtenido en 2008 (LT08-E, 130 cm), con el objetivo de documentar la ... [more ▼]

Este estudio se enfoca en un análisis multiproxy de un testigo sedimentario del Lago Thompson (area 1 km2; 751 masl ; 45°38’S 72°47’W) obtenido en 2008 (LT08-E, 130 cm), con el objetivo de documentar la variabilidad climática durante el último milenio en la Patagonia Chilena Norte y su impacto sobre el ambiente. El modelo de datación se basó en cinco fechados de 14C. Los resultados de 210Pb y 137 Cs no permitieron estimar la tasa de sedimentación para la parte superficial del núcleo. El lago Thompson esta caracterizado por una pequeña cuenca de suaves pendientes y sus sedimentos están dominados por limo arcilloso y partículas amorfas (principalmente diatomeas). Esto último es sustentado por la relación atómica de carbono/nitrógeno (C/N) que indica el origen fitoplanctónico del sedimento (8-10). Los perfiles de rayos –X, susceptibilidad magnética y LOI 550ºC evidencian dos depósitos volcánicos en 1410-1440 y 1780-1790 AD. Los perfiles de C/N y sílice biogénica (SiB) sugieren una alta productividad durante un periodo equivalente a la Pequeña Edad del Hielo (1650-1850 AD), con una máxima intensidad durante ~1800 AD. Desde 1850 AD hasta la actualidad, los perfiles de LOI 550ºC y SiB evidencian una reciente eutrofización y aumento del nivel del lago (asociado con aumento de temperaturas y humedad). Además, los perfiles de SiB presentan una correlación inversa con las temperaturas reconstruidas por anillos de árboles en la Patagonia. El contenido de diatomeas es dominado por especies planctónicas (Aulacoseira sp. y Cyclotella sp.), mientras que taxa bentónicos no muestran una buena diversificación en comparación a otros lagos de la Patagonia. La abundancia de diatomeas muestra respuestas específicas a los depósitos volcánicos con una disminución de Aulacoseira sp.. La relación planctónica/bentónica permite identificar dos periodos de alto y bajo nivel del lago coincidiendo con fases húmedas y secas de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo (1200-1650 y 1650-1850 AD). La realización de análisis sedimentológicos, geoquímicos y de microfósiles permitiría una mejor caracterización de los modelos de depositación del sedimento (impregnación del núcleo sedimentario) y de la interacción entre depósitos volcánicos y diatomeas. Agradecimientos a Fondecyt Nº1070508, FNRS 1360 2007-2010 y ULg CFRA 1060 2009-2010. [less ▲]

« ‘Quitter le village pour emprunter le chemin vers le Sud’ : luttes hégémoniques autour de catégories d’émancipation en Chine ».

Conference (2012, October 25)

Dans un article de 2002, Jean and John Comarrof se penchent sur les « contradictions expérientielles » de ce qu’ils appellent un « capitalisme millénariste », c’est-à-dire « un capitalisme investi d’une ... [more ▼]

Dans un article de 2002, Jean and John Comarrof se penchent sur les « contradictions expérientielles » de ce qu’ils appellent un « capitalisme millénariste », c’est-à-dire « un capitalisme investi d’une force salvatrice » devant permettre la transformation des marginalisés et des subalternes » (Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, « Alien-Nation : Zombies, Immigrants, and Millenial Capitalism », The South Atlantic Quarterly, n° 101, 4, Fall 2002). L’étude du fonctionnement du capitalisme flexible en Chine, avec son processus d’accumulation résultant de la combinaison de mécanismes institutionnels hérités du maoïsme et de mécanismes de marché, permet de se pencher sur les ruses du capitalisme, sur les redéploiements de modes complexes de gouvernement et de domination et sur les modes d’accommodement et de résistances des individus et groupes sociaux. Dans cette communication, j’explore des modes de domination qui, en parallèle avec la répression routinière et les régimes de production disciplinaires, agissent de façon complexe parce qu’ils sont basés sur des catégories d’émancipation et qu’ils travaillent au niveau des espoirs individuels de changement de condition, agissant au niveau des catégories de sens commun ou pratiques dans un contexte où le développement des forces productives et du marché constitue un champ idéologique intensément investi par les élites urbaines et l’Etat-parti. En me penchant sur les modalités de mise en récit et de luttes autour de la migration et du travail en ville─ mobilisations stratégiques, accommodements, renversements et chevauchements hégémoniques ─, j’entends montrer comment les expériences et récits des travailleurs migrants chinois s’articulent au sein d’un projet hégémonique de légitimation de l’ordre social et d’extraction de la plus value. Pour appréhender ce processus, je mobiliserai la notion de « cadre hégémonique » (Roseberry) entendu comme projet politique visant à établir un cadre matériel et discursif commun afin de cadrer et d’organiser la colère, la frustration mais aussi les espoirs, les aspirations et les désirs. [less ▲]

"Europe-Amérique" - "Europe-Magazine": un hebdomadaire belge, organe de l'extrême-droite française (1945-1960)?

Conference (2012, October 24)

Issued under various titles between 1944 and the early 1980’s, the Belgian weekly Europe Amérique / Magazine showed itself at first rather eclectic in the choice of its writers and the articles it ... [more ▼]

Issued under various titles between 1944 and the early 1980’s, the Belgian weekly Europe Amérique / Magazine showed itself at first rather eclectic in the choice of its writers and the articles it published. It had soon more and more pronounced leanings towards the far right and specialized itself in a vociferous form of anticommunism, the rehabilitation of Vichy regime and strong criticism of the Republic as the brain child of a biased vision of the Resistance. It opened its columns to avowed rightist French journalists ear-marked for theit conduct during WW2 and / or having their names on the black list of the Comité National des Ecrivains. After describing the inner story of the weekly, the causes and consequences of its two prohibitions in France (1946-1948, 1949-1953), this article deals with its strongly Vichy tainted staff of French writers (Alfred Fabre-Luce, Louis Guitard, Louis Rougier, Pierre Dominique, Albert Paraz, Lucien Rebatet...) and its closeness with the well-known Paroles Françaises, Ecrits de Paris and Rivarol. [less ▲]

HR managers views and practices in SME's regarding return to work of sick listed employees

Poster (2012, October 24)

Background Little is known about the return to work (RTW) policies implemented in small and medium size enterprises (SME) which have limited resources to define and apply such policies. This study aimed ... [more ▼]

Background Little is known about the return to work (RTW) policies implemented in small and medium size enterprises (SME) which have limited resources to define and apply such policies. This study aimed at assessing the existing return to work practices in SME’s and exploring their view regarding the help they could receive from their occupational health service. Methods HR managers of 46 SME’s (23 in Flanders, 23 in Wallonia) employing 100 to 200 employees were contacted for an interview. The manager was asked to fill in a written questionnaire and to comment his/her answers in an open discussion with the researcher. The questionnaire involved three parts: 1°) describing existing rules or procedures when returning to work after sick leave, 2) assessing the manager knowledge of the RTW legal regulations within the occupational health care system, 3) assessing the occupational health physician (OP) involvement in RTW and the enterprise expectations for the future. Results Participation to the survey was accepted in 38 SME’s. In slightly more than half of them a sick leave related policy has been defined. While almost all SME’s have a well-defined procedure for the RTW examination by the OP, only 22 (out of 38) have defined procedures for maintaining a contact with the worker during the sick leave period, only 17 are informing their employees about the possibility to meet the OP during that period, and only 6 are systematically organising a worker-supervisor meeting when the worker comes back at work. Knowledge about RTW regulations is rather poor: 10 managers wrongly think that the OP may check the sick leave medical validity; only 14 managers know that the employer must inform the OP about any sick leave longer than 4 weeks; less than half of the managers have a good knowledge of the pre-return to work visit. Various expectations have been put forward as regard the role of the OH service: knowledge transfer about the regulations, coaching of the supervisors, training managers in carrying RTW talks with the worker, suggesting procedures, etc. Conclusions The lack of knowledge about RTW regulations underlines the need for information campaigns focused on the employers. The participating RH managers are awaiting a more proactive role from their OH service. [less ▲]

Le design du système d’information comptable dans les PMI tunisiennes: une modélisation contingente

Conference (2012, October 24)

Les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) constituent l’un des piliers de l’économie tunisienne où elles représentent 97 % du tissu économique. Bien que les études consacrées aux PME tunisiennes (Adair et ... [more ▼]

Les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) constituent l’un des piliers de l’économie tunisienne où elles représentent 97 % du tissu économique. Bien que les études consacrées aux PME tunisiennes (Adair et al., 2009 ; Fhima et al., 2009 ; Djelassi et al. , 2010 ) sont assez nombreuses, rares sont les recherches scientifiques qui portent sur les spécificités des PME industrielles. Or, comme les autres entreprises, les PMI tunisiennes sont forcées de s’adapter aux mutations profondes qui caractérisent nos environnements et cette adaptation passe par une évolution constante de leur système d’information, notamment dans sa dimension comptable. Notre contribution se propose dès lors d’étudier théoriquement, au départ de l'analyse de la littérature développée en contexte tunisien, les spécificités des PMI tunisiennes et d’examiner l’impact des facteurs de contingence tels que la taille, le cycle de vie, la structure organisationnelle, l’incertitude de l’environnement, le secteur d’activité, le profil du dirigeant, l’âge et l’exportation sur le design du système d’information comptable. [less ▲]

To heal or not to heal: a multiscale model of the influence of oxygen during bone fracture healing.

Poster (2012, October 24)

La Régénération Naturell e Assistée, un outil efficace pour endiguer la savanisation des forêts galeries du plateau Batéké en RD Congo ?

Poster (2012, October 24)

L’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis et l’extraction du bois énergie sont les principales causes de dégradation des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. La Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) des jeunes arbres ... [more ▼]

L’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis et l’extraction du bois énergie sont les principales causes de dégradation des forêts d’Afrique Centrale. La Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) des jeunes arbres dans les parcelles cultivées, un outil de gestion appliqué avec succès depuis plus de vingt ans au Sahel (Larwanou et al, 2006), a été expérimentée en zone tropicale humide avec des villageois de République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) par le projet européen Makala, depuis 2010. La RNA pourrait constituer une solution viable pour lutter contre la savanisation des dernières forêts galeries du plateau Batéké, tout en pérennisant les productions agricoles et de charbon. [less ▲]

L'évaluation PPSM : une démarche d'apprentissage collectif

Conference (2012, October 23)

Intervening in return to work after long term sickness absence : confronting the stakeholders views

Conference (2012, October 23)

Background Acknowledging individual and societal consequences of long term sickness absence, a political awareness is raising in Belgium in favour of a more active reintegration policy. Since various ... [more ▼]

Background Acknowledging individual and societal consequences of long term sickness absence, a political awareness is raising in Belgium in favour of a more active reintegration policy. Since various stakeholders are implied and several legislations may apply, it was deemed necessary to analyse the interplay between regulations and the role of the respective interveners to optimise return to work practices. The study focused on workers who are still under contract. Methods To this purpose, 23 representatives of various categories of stakeholders were interviewed: social insurance physicians, occupational physicians, insurers, social administration services, employers, unions, employment advisers, etc… Interviewees were asked to describe their role, to identify difficulties in the execution of their mission and sources of conflict between legislations, and to propose improvements. The interviews were audiotaped and fully transcribed. Results Several barriers to worker reintegration were pointed out during the interviews. On individual level, the worker social situation and a lack of information influence the chance of a successful return to work. At the enterprise level, the enterprise size, quality of peer support and lack of financial incentives were often mentioned. Most remarks concerned legislation. In Belgian labour law, the employment contract may be ended if the employee is permanently unable to perform his current job, even though modified work would remain possible. For many stakeholders, a sustainable return to work is hindered by the complexity of legislation which was developed for different domains (disability benefits, unemployment, work accident, occupational disease) with little attention to transitions from one domain to the other, especially between benefit insurance and unemployment legislation. It was also stressed that the possibilities offered by the occupational health legislation are underused or inappropriately used. Conclusions Legal and financial security must be insured for the worker who is ready to enrol in a reintegration trajectory. Public authorities should promote better knowledge and implementation of reintegration policies and current legislation should be improved with an emphasis on a better collaboration between stakeholders. [less ▲]

Les allergènes recombinants en pratique

Conference (2012, October 23)

Aseptic and automatable vitrification of human embryonic stem cells using defined media

Conference (2012, October 22)

Aseptic and automatable vitrification of human embryonic stem cells using defined media Efficient recovery of biologically safe and undifferentiated hESCs is a major challenge after cryobanking ... [more ▼]

Aseptic and automatable vitrification of human embryonic stem cells using defined media Efficient recovery of biologically safe and undifferentiated hESCs is a major challenge after cryobanking, especially when their use for human therapy is foreseen. One drawback of actual cryopreservation protocols is the direct contact of the cells with liquid nitrogen, therefore cells can be in contact with heavy metals, bacteria, viruses or fungi during cooling and storage. We describe a novel cryopreservation method which uses aseptic vitrification1 (no direct contact with LN2) and only chemically defined materials and media, and is automatable. 1: Vitrification is a cryopreservation method based on the conversion of a liquid into a glass-like state by an infinite enhancement of its viscosity and without formation of ice crystals. [less ▲]

Suggestions for improving continuity of medication between hospital and home in a local context of Wallonia

Conference (2012, October 20)

Background: Unjustified modifications of the patient’s usual medication during his hospitalisation induce various problems for the patient (confusion, additional costs) and for healthcare professionals ... [more ▼]

Background: Unjustified modifications of the patient’s usual medication during his hospitalisation induce various problems for the patient (confusion, additional costs) and for healthcare professionals (work overload, additional cost). The principle of favouring dialogue between local actors to reach commonly accepted solutions (KCE, 2010) was used in the current study. Research question: Which local strategies could be implemented to improve continuity of drug therapy when the patient moves to hospital or back home? Method: The study took place in Liège (Wallonia). Participants were recruited within four professional groups: general practitioners, hospital specialists, pharmacists and hospital stakeholders. First, a nominal group was carried out for each professional group. Prioritized suggestions were obtained. In a second phase, Delphi method was used. Suggestions from the nominal group were submitted to representatives of each profession (a total of 40) to evaluate relevance, acceptability and feasibility of each one. Results: A total of 101 suggestions were evoked in the first phase. They were related to two main themes: implication of well-defined actors and development of specific means. Five consensual suggestions emerged from the Delphi process: provision by the general practitioner of a complete list of medication on hospital admission; provision by the hospital specialist of a list of drugs at discharge; development of formal hospital processes to keep the patient’s usual medication; centralisation of medication data; development and use of a unique medical record. Conclusion: A link medium handled by the patient when he moves to the hospital and back home is the major idea mentioned and accepted by local actors. [less ▲]

Le droit européen de la vente dans les contrats entre entreprises: Évaluation du point de vue du droit belge/français/luxembourgeois

Conference (2012, October 20)

Some remarks on the CESL project, from the French, Belgian and Luxemburgish Point of View

Lung Fibrosis in dogs - News about genetic background, pathology, diagnostics and therapy

in Proceedings of 58th Annual Conference of GSAVA in Duesseldorf, Germany (2012, October 20)

Current research in Sport Pedagogy

Conference (2012, October 20)

Sport pedagogy is a discipline aimed at providing scientific data on the education and training in the different contexts in the field of sport and physical activity: education, coaching, recreation ... [more ▼]

Sport pedagogy is a discipline aimed at providing scientific data on the education and training in the different contexts in the field of sport and physical activity: education, coaching, recreation, rehabilitation … Using traditionally descriptive, correlational and experimental approaches, it is focused as much on the main actors (participants and educators) than on contents or on curricula. Its main objectives consist to improve the knowledge and the field practice of the physical educators and their trainers. Most studies in sport pedagogy are conducted in the school context as physical education remains a central concern of researchers. Nevertheless, since two decades, the place of the science of coaching grows slowly while researches in leisure and rehabilitation are still quite rare. In parallel, physical activity and the fight against one sedentary lifestyle became really important in the preoccupations of most of the researchers. Moreover, two important concepts are developing nowadays: accountability and literacy. This underlines that physical educators are expected to meet the goals that modern society emphasizes: efficiency and effectiveness. Quality is now regularly identified as a priority or even a prerequisite. Current researches in sport pedagogy is become complex as they mobilize more and more often complementary approaches taking into account all the involved actors and environment. Moreover, subjects became central with the development of action researches and communities of practices. [less ▲]

Characterization of T-helper lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy horses and in horses with recurrent airway obstruction

Poster (2012, October 19)

Quality characteristics of marketed eggs in Basse Kabylie (Algeria)

Poster (2012, October 19)

Quality variations of retailed eggs are widely reported. This study aims at assessing the quality of eggs according to the marketing channel in the department of Bejaia (Algeria). In spring and summer ... [more ▼]

Quality variations of retailed eggs are widely reported. This study aims at assessing the quality of eggs according to the marketing channel in the department of Bejaia (Algeria). In spring and summer 2012, a total of 3330 eggs were bought in 30 stores divided into 3 categories: 10 supermarkets (1146 eggs), 10 public markets (1048 eggs), and 10 shops (1136 eggs). The eggs weights differed significantly with the marketing channel with 58.9±0.14, 61.2±0.13 and 62.8±0.13 g for public markets, shops and supermarkets, respectively (p<0.001). Although the shell thickness was similar for all marketing channels, the proportion of damaged eggs was higher in public markets (9.0%), intermediate in shops (7.3%) and lower in supermarkets (5.7%; p<0.05). The yolk/albumen ratio was significantly higher for eggs from supermarkets (48.1%) compared to the other channels (around 47.4%; p<0.05). The freshness of the eggs, measured by the Haugh method, was lower in public markets (74.3 units), intermediate in shops (77.6 units) and higher in supermarkets (79.9 units; p<0.05). The price of eggs, expressed in Algerian Dinar (AD) per kg, was significantly lower in public markets (124 AD/kg) compared to the two other channels (around 131 AD/kg; p<0.05). One can conclude that egg quality in Basse Kabylie differs significantly between marketing channels with higher quality observed in supermarkets. The lower quality of eggs in public markets is associated with lower price. Eggs from shops present an intermediate quality. A one-year study would allow studying both the potential seasonal effect and compare intrinsic variability across marketing channels. [less ▲]

Encephalitozoonosis in a pet dwarf rabbit.

Poster (2012, October 19)

Effect of body weight losson pulmonary function assessed by 6-minute walk test and arterial blood gases in obese dogs

Poster (2012, October 19)

Study of the microbial flora of freshwater and seawater fish filets in different packaging conditions by metagenomic analysis targeted on the 16S ribosomal DNA

Conference (2012, October 19)

Metagenomics has appeared as a powerful tool to study bacterial composition of various environmental samples. This work describes the application of this technique to study the bacterial population of two ... [more ▼]

Metagenomics has appeared as a powerful tool to study bacterial composition of various environmental samples. This work describes the application of this technique to study the bacterial population of two fresh fish filets. The two fish species are from freshwater (pangasius) and seawater (haddock), respectively. Samples where directly analyzed the day of receipt. Others samples were analyzed at the end their shelf life after storage at 4°C (1/3 of their shelf life) and 8°C (2/3 of their shelf life). For these samples, packagings were made in plastic wrap for atmospheric air condition and in trays under modified atmosphere. Classical microbiological and 16S rDNA metagenomic analysis were carried out on all these samples. The composition and evolution of microbial populations of fish filet stored under different packaging conditions and temperatures of storage were investigated with identification of bacteria species. A total of 40 different species were identified for both fish types. Gram-negative bacteria are always predominated among the initial flora and at the end of the shelf life in all the trials. At the beginning of storage, the predominant Gram-negative microflora consisted of Moraxellaceae (Acinetobacter spp, Psychrobacter spp.), Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas spp), and Shewanella spp and the Gram-positive flora was identified as Lactobacillaceae (Carnobacterium spp), Brochothrix thermosphacta and Planococcus donghaensis (only for pangasius). For the pangasius, Planococcus donghaensis is only present before the fish is packed and its dominant presence could provide an indication of the freshness of the fish. The metagenomic analysis is a useful tool to identify and to measure the relative proportions of bacterial species in fish filet samples. [less ▲]

Clinical efficacy and safety of levobupivacaine and morphine by lumbosacral epidural route for electove hindlimb surgery in dogs

Conference (2012, October 19)

CCL2 as a serum biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in dogs

Poster (2012, October 19)

Vitamin D Status, calcium and protein metabolism in dogs fed bone and raw food (BARF) or commercial pet food

Poster (2012, October 19)

Caractérisation des performances d’élevage et de production de deux variétés de la race Ardennaise

Poster (2012, October 19)

La poule Ardennaise est une race emblématique de la biodiversité avicole belge. Dans un contexte mondial favorable à la conservation des races locales d’animaux domestiques, cette étude est consacrée à la ... [more ▼]

La poule Ardennaise est une race emblématique de la biodiversité avicole belge. Dans un contexte mondial favorable à la conservation des races locales d’animaux domestiques, cette étude est consacrée à la comparaison de deux variétés de la race Ardennaise (Noire dorée et Noire Argentée). La comparaison est réalisée par le biais de trois études: (1) caractérisation morpho-biométrique des deux variétés; (2) caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité de la carcasse et de la viande; (3) suivi du taux de ponte pendant 52 semaines et l’étude de la qualité des œufs à 30, 45, 60 et 75 semaines d’âge. Des différences significatives ont été enregistrées au niveau des poids corporels, du grand diamètre du tarse, de la longueur du tarse et de la taille de la crête des deux variétés. La variété de la poule Ardennaise n’influence pas significativement les caractères quantitatifs et qualitatifs de production de viande (rendement, poids après abattage, pH, couleur de la viande). Elle influence cependant significativement le poids de l’œuf entier, le poids du blanc, le pourcentage du blanc, le pourcentage du jaune, le rapport jaune/blanc et le pH du blanc (p<0,05). Pour plusieurs caractères morphologiques, d’engraissement et de ponte, les deux variétés ne présentent aucune différence significative. Il serait intéressant de compléter cette étude par une analyse moléculaire permettant de préciser le degré de similitude génétique entre les deux variétés et éventuellement avec les autres variétés de la race. [less ▲]

Institutionalization dynamics of Parliamentary Technology Assessment

Conference (2012, October 19)

Effect of Azawak colostrum administration on plasma protein profile in red kid

in Proceedings of the 2nd Scientific Meeting of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2012, October 19)

Surgical treatment of open joint injuries: a retrospective study of 22 horses.

Conference (2012, October 19)

Aims: To evaluate the prognosis of horses treated surgically for open joint injuries. Methods: The medical records of horses admitted for surgical treatment of a wound in communication with a joint were ... [more ▼]

Aims: To evaluate the prognosis of horses treated surgically for open joint injuries. Methods: The medical records of horses admitted for surgical treatment of a wound in communication with a joint were reviewed. A telephone questionnaire was used for the long term evaluation. Fisher’s exact tests were used for the statistical analyses. Results: Twenty two horses were included in the study with the following distribution of lesions: 6 carpi, 6 fetlocks, 4 tibiotarsal joints, 2 proximal and 3 distal interphalangeal joints, 1 elbow. The duration of the injury before referral ranged from 3 hours to 10 days. Surgical treatment consisted of 1-3 joint lavages. Of the 22 horses, 4 were euthanatized during hospitalization and 18 were discharged. After discharge, 3 horses died due to colic, 2 were lost and 13 were still alive. The survival was not influenced by the duration of the wound. All horses with cutaneous defects less than 5 cm and all horses affected in the lower limb (below the level of the canon) were discharged. Having an affected joint proximal to the canon was significantly associated to the need of multiple surgeries (OR: 17.5; p= 0.024). Conclusions: Even if the prognosis remains guarded for open joint injuries, a long delay between injury and treatment should not be systematically associated with a bad prognosis for survival. Open joint injuries of the lower limb were associated with survival. They required less often multiple articular lavages than open joint injuries of the upper limb, warranting thus a better prognosis. [less ▲]

Who has the guts to make health claims? Good and Bad Scientists in Europe

Conference (2012, October 18)

How can scientific statements be made in which molecules or bacterial strains figure as active food constituents, contributing to human health beyond basic nutrition? This paper traces the specific ... [more ▼]

How can scientific statements be made in which molecules or bacterial strains figure as active food constituents, contributing to human health beyond basic nutrition? This paper traces the specific historical and political circumstances that gave rise to the above question, and how the issue is played out in the EU at present. Special attention goes to the European health claims regulation that is in the course of being implemented today. Often referred to as a 'learning process', this implementation has proven to be very difficult and sometimes conflictual, especially regarding claims related to the human intestinal flora. Here, the nature of scientific evidence and the boundary between food and medicine have become the stakes in discussions and contestations between the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), new emerging groups such as 'gut health' scientists, and scattered critical voices throughout the Member States. Next to a subject of actual research, the 'gut' becomes a space of symbolic investment where 'good' and 'bad' bacteria echo the rivaling conceptions of good and bad science between the actors involved in the production and evaluation of health claims. It will be shown that in addition to the rise of new professional identities, these frictions are also changing the meanings of 'nutrition' and the clinical trial. [less ▲]