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Coma and altered states of consciousness (2012)Two of the most fundamental questions in the field of neurosciences are how information is represented in different brain structures, and how this information evolves over time. Various tools, such as ... [more ▼]Two of the most fundamental questions in the field of neurosciences are how information is represented in different brain structures, and how this information evolves over time. Various tools, such as Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have been developed over the last few decades to record brain activity and investigate these questions. In particular, functional MRI (fMRI) tracks changes of the Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal, which is a good indicator of brain activity, with a spatial resolution of a few cubic millimeters and a typical temporal resolution in the order of 1 or 2 seconds. Until recently, the methods used to analyze such data focused on characterizing the individual relationship between a cognitive or perceptual state and each image voxel, i.e. following a massively univariate approach. A well-known univariate technique is Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) . SPM relies on the General Linear Model to detect which voxels show a statistically significant response to the (combination of) experimental conditions of interest. However, there are limitations on what can be learned about the representation of information by examining voxels in a univariate fashion. For instance, spatially distributed sets of voxels considered as non-significant by a SPM analysis of one experimental condition might still carry information about the presence or absence of that condition. Furthermore, classic voxel-based analytic techniques are agnostic of any a priori information, for example disease-specific information. They are also mainly designed to perform group-wise comparisons and would therefore be unsuitable to evaluate the state of the disease of each individual. On the other hand, Multi-Voxel Pattern Analyses (MVPA) allow an increased sensitivity to detect the presence of a particular mental representation. These multivariate methods, also known as brain decoding or mind reading, attempt to link a particular cognitive, behavioral or perceptual state to specific patterns of voxels’ activity. Application of these methods made it possible to decode the category of a seen object or the orientation of a stripped pattern seen by the subject from the brain activation of the imaged subject. Advances in pattern-classification algorithms also allowed the decoding of less-controlled conditions such as memory retrieval tasks. Advanced mathematical tools are still under development to allow the classification of more complicated experimental data sets, such as examining the content of mind wandering or detecting the state of consciousness of a patient showing no response to a command. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 129 (15 ULg) Multivariate pattern interpretation using PRoNToSchrouff, Jessica ; Rosa, Maria; Rondina, Jane et alPoster (2013, June)Recently, machine learning models have been applied to neuroimaging data, allowing to make predictions about a variable of interest based on the pattern of activation or anatomy over a set of voxels. In ... [more ▼]Recently, machine learning models have been applied to neuroimaging data, allowing to make predictions about a variable of interest based on the pattern of activation or anatomy over a set of voxels. In addition, they might lead to an increased sensitivity to detect the presence of a particular mental representation compared to univariate methods such as the General Linear Model (GLM). Application of these methods made it possible to decode the category of a seen object or the orientation of a striped pattern seen by the subject. They also allowed classification of patients and healthy controls and could therefore be used as a diagnostic tool due to their ability to predict the class of an unseen sample. The main disadvantage of multivariate machine learning models is that local inference with respect to the brain neuroanatomy is complex: although linear models generate weights for each voxel, the model predictions are based on the whole pattern and therefore one cannot threshold the weights to make regional statistical inferences as in univariate analysis. In the present work, we developed a methodology based on a labelled anatomical template (e.g. AAL or Brodmann) to display a smoothed version of the model weights and compute a ranking of the regions according their contribution to the predictive model. This work is distributed in PRoNTo (Pattern Recognition for Neuroimaging Toolbox), a user-friendly toolbox, making machine learning models available to every neuroscientist. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 97 (11 ULg) Multivariate process control charts based on reputed process indicators as an alternative to univariate control charts for the monitoring of anaerobic reactors submitted to acidosisLemaigre, Sébastien; Adam, Gilles ; Goux, Xavier et alPoster (2015, March 17)Detailed reference viewed: 32 (1 ULg) Multivariate reconstruction of missing data in sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and wind satellite fieldsAlvera Azcarate, Aïda ; Barth, Alexander ; Beckers, Jean-Marie et alin Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans (2007), 112(C3), 03008An empirical orthogonal function–based technique called Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF) is used in a multivariate approach to reconstruct missing data. Sea surface temperature ... [more ▼]An empirical orthogonal function–based technique called Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF) is used in a multivariate approach to reconstruct missing data. Sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a concentration, and QuikSCAT winds are used to assess the benefit of a multivariate reconstruction. In particular, the combination of SST plus chlorophyll, SST plus lagged SST plus chlorophyll, and SST plus lagged winds have been studied. To assess the quality of the reconstructions, the reconstructed SST and winds have been compared to in situ data. The combination of SST plus chlorophyll, as well as SST plus lagged SST plus chlorophyll, significantly improves the results obtained by the reconstruction of SST alone. All the experiments correctly represent the SST, and an upwelling/downwelling event in the West Florida Shelf reproduced by the reconstructed data is studied. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 211 (26 ULg) Multivariate statistics for group comparison on Riemannian manifoldsCollard, Anne ; Phillips, Christophe ; Sepulchre, Rodolphe Conference (2013, March)Detailed reference viewed: 53 (14 ULg) Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology researchBogaert, Jan in Acta Biotheoretica (2001), 49(2), 141-143Detailed reference viewed: 52 (0 ULg) Multivariate statistics to understand the geochemical processes induced by groundwater pollution Multi-scale applyingGesels, Julie ; Joniau, Claire; Batlle-Aguilar, Jordi et alConference (2013, June 07)Different hydrogeochemical approaches (classical diagrams, spatial distribution maps, geochemical equations and multivariate statistics) are combined to obtain a global understanding of the ... [more ▼]Different hydrogeochemical approaches (classical diagrams, spatial distribution maps, geochemical equations and multivariate statistics) are combined to obtain a global understanding of the hydrogeochemical processus at regional and at local scale. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 41 (5 ULg) Multivessel coronary revascularization in patients with and without diabetes mellitus: 3-year follow-up of the ARTS-II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study-Part II) trial.Daemen, Joost; Kuck, Karl Heinz; Macaya, Carlos et alin Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008), 52(24), 1957-67OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the 3-year outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in ... [more ▼]OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the 3-year outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in patients who had multivessel coronary artery disease with and without diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: The optimal method of revascularization in diabetic patients remains in dispute. METHODS: The ARTS-II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study-Part II) trial is a single-arm study (n = 607) that included 159 diabetic patients treated with SES whose 3-year clinical outcome was compared with that of the historical diabetic and nondiabetic arms of the randomized ARTS-I trial (n = 1,205, including 96 diabetic patients in the CABG arm and 112 in the PCI arm). RESULTS: At 3 years, among nondiabetic patients, the incidence of the primary composite of death, CVA, myocardial infarction (MI), and repeat revascularization (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [MACCE]), was significantly lower in ARTS-II than in ARTS-I PCI (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26 to 0.64) and similar to ARTS-I CABG. The ARTS-II patients were at significantly lower risk for death, CVA, and MI as compared with both the ARTS-I PCI (adjusted OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.91) and ARTS-I CABG patients (adjusted OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.92). Among diabetic patients, the incidence of MACCE in ARTS-II was similar to that of both PCI and CABG in ARTS-I. Conversely, the incidence of death, CVA, and MI was significantly lower in ARTS-II than in ARTS-I PCI (adjusted OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.65) and was similar to that of ARTS-I CABG. CONCLUSIONS: At 3 years, PCI using SES for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease seems to be safer and more efficacious than PCI using bare-metal stents, irrespective of the diabetic status of the patient. Hence, PCI using SES appears to be a valuable alternative to CABG for both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 13 (1 ULg) Multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocomposites with exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding propertiesThomassin, Jean-Michel ; Lou, Xudong; Pagnoulle, Christophe et alin Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2007), 111(30), 11186-11192Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with two different diameters were dispersed within poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) by melt-blending and coprecipitation, respectively, with the purpose to impart good ... [more ▼]Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with two different diameters were dispersed within poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) by melt-blending and coprecipitation, respectively, with the purpose to impart good electromagnetic interference shielding properties to the polyester. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the MWNTs were uniformly dispersed as single nanotubes within the matrix. Because the nanotubes were broken down during melt-blending, the percolation threshold was observed at a lower filler content in the case of coprecipitation. Substitution of poly(ethylene-co-octene), poly(vinyl chloride), polypropylene, and polystyrene for PCL resulted in a much lower shielding efficiency. Finally, polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate) appeared as promising substitutes for PCL, suggesting that π−π interactions between the nanotubes and constitutive carbonyl units of the polymers would be beneficial to the dispersion and ultimately to the electrical properties of the nanocomposites. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 78 (18 ULg) Multiwavelength and multi-epoch imaging of RXS J1131-1231Sluse, Dominique Conference (2004, December)We report results from a large set of multi-wavelength images of the quadruply imaged quasar RXS J1131-1231. We show images of this system and of the Einstein ring from the visible to the near infrared ... [more ▼]We report results from a large set of multi-wavelength images of the quadruply imaged quasar RXS J1131-1231. We show images of this system and of the Einstein ring from the visible to the near infrared. We infer from these images an improved astrometry and we compare various simple models. Based on the flux variations observed in various filters during a 1.5 year period, we deduce two likely microlensing scenarios. Finally, we try to explain the observed chromatic variations of the flux ratios and we discuss the occurence of a flux ratio anomaly in this system. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 22 (0 ULg) A multiwavelength investigation of the massive eclipsing binary Cyg OB2 #5Linder, Natacha ; Rauw, Grégor ; Manfroid, Jean et alin Astronomy and Astrophysics (2009), 495Context. The properties of the early-type binary Cyg OB2 #5 have been debated for many years and spectroscopic and photometric investigations yielded conflicting results. Aims. We have attempted to ... [more ▼]Context. The properties of the early-type binary Cyg OB2 #5 have been debated for many years and spectroscopic and photometric investigations yielded conflicting results. Aims. We have attempted to constrain the physical properties of the binary by collecting new optical and X-ray observations. Methods. The optical light curves obtained with narrow-band continuum and line-bearing filters are analysed and compared. Optical spectra are used to map the location of the He II $\lambda$ 4686 and H$\alpha$ line-emission regions in velocity space. New XMM-Newton as well as archive X-ray spectra are analysed to search for variability and constrain the properties of the hot plasma in this system. Results. We find that the orbital period of the system slowly changes though we are unable to discriminate between several possible explanations of this trend. The best fit solution of the continuum light curve reveals a contact configuration with the secondary star being significantly brighter and hotter on its leading side facing the primary. The mean temperature of the secondary star turns out to be only slightly lower than that of the primary, whilst the bolometric luminosity ratio is found to be 3.1. The solution of the light curve yields a distance of $925 \pm 25$ pc much lower than the usually assumed distance of the Cyg OB2 association. Whilst we confirm the existence of episodes of higher X-ray fluxes, the data reveal no phase-locked modulation with the 6.6 day period of the eclipsing binary nor any clear relation between the X-ray flux and the 6.7 yr radio cycle. Conclusions. The bright region of the secondary star is probably heated by energy transfer in a common envelope in this contact binary system as well as by the collision with the primary's wind. The existence of a common photosphere probably also explains the odd mass-luminosity relation of the stars in this system. Most of the X-ray, non-thermal radio, and possibly $\gamma$-ray emission of Cyg OB2 #5 is likely to arise from the interaction of the combined wind of the eclipsing binary with at least one additional star of this multiple system. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 70 (10 ULg) Multiwavelength Observations of Gamma-ray Binary CandidatesMcSwain, M.V.; Chernyakova, M.; Malishev, D. et alin 2012 Fermi Symposium proceedings - eConf C121028 (2012, October)There are currently only six known high mass X-­‐ray binaries (HMXBs) that also exhibit MeV, GeV, and/or TeV emission ("gamma-­‐ray binaries"). Expanding the sample of gamma-­‐ray binaries and identifying ... [more ▼]There are currently only six known high mass X-­‐ray binaries (HMXBs) that also exhibit MeV, GeV, and/or TeV emission ("gamma-­‐ray binaries"). Expanding the sample of gamma-­‐ray binaries and identifying unknown Fermi sources are currently of great interest to the community. Based upon their positional coincidence with the unidentified Fermi sources 1FGL J1127.7-­‐6244c and 1FGL J1808.5-­‐1954c, the Be stars HD 99771 and HD 165783 have been proposed as gamma-­‐ray binary candidates. During Fermi Cycle 4, we have performed multiwavelength observations of these sources using XMM-­‐Newton and the CTIO 1.5m telescope. We do not confirm high energy emission from the Be stars. Here we examine other X-­‐ray sources in the X-­‐ray sources in the field of view that are potential counterparts to the Fermi sources. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 17 (4 ULg) MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE RUNAWAY BINARY HD 15137McSwain, M. V.; De Becker, Michaël ; Roberts, M. S. E. et alin Astronomical Journal (The) (2010), 139HD 15137 is an intriguing runaway O-type binary system that offers a rare opportunity to explore the mechanism by which it was ejected from the open cluster of its birth. Here, we present recent blue ... [more ▼]HD 15137 is an intriguing runaway O-type binary system that offers a rare opportunity to explore the mechanism by which it was ejected from the open cluster of its birth. Here, we present recent blue optical spectra of HD 15137 and derive a new orbital solution for the spectroscopic binary and physical parameters of the O star primary. We also present the first XMM-Newton observations of the system. Fits of the EPIC spectra indicate soft, thermal X-ray emission consistent with an isolated O star. Upper limits on the undetected hard X-ray emission place limits on the emission from a proposed compact companion in the system, and we rule out a quiescent neutron star (NS) in the propeller regime or a weakly accreting NS. An unevolved secondary companion is also not detected in our optical spectra of the binary, and it is difficult to conclude that a gravitational interaction could have ejected this runaway binary with a low mass optical star. HD 15137 may contain an elusive NS in the ejector regime or a quiescent black hole with conditions unfavorable for accretion at the time of our observations. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 22 (6 ULg) The multiwavelength picture of star formation in the very young open cluster NGC6383Rauw, Grégor ; De Becker, Michaël in Reipurth, Bo (Ed.) Handbook of Star Forming Region. Volume 2: The Southern Sky (2008)We review the properties of the very young (˜ 2 Myr) open cluster NGC 6383. The cluster is dominated by the massive binary HD 159176 (O7 V + O7 V). The distance to NGC 6383 is consistently found to be 1.3 ... [more ▼]We review the properties of the very young (˜ 2 Myr) open cluster NGC 6383. The cluster is dominated by the massive binary HD 159176 (O7 V + O7 V). The distance to NGC 6383 is consistently found to be 1.3 ± 0.1 kpc and the average reddening is determined to be E(bv) = 0.32 ± 0.02. Several pre-main sequence candidates have been identified using different criteria relying on the detection of emission lines, infrared excesses, photometric variability and X-ray emission. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 13 (1 ULg) The multiwavelength picture of the open cluster Westerlund 2 and the very massive binary WR20aNazé, Yaël ; Rauw, Grégor Poster (2007)Detailed reference viewed: 5 (0 ULg) A Multiwavelength Study of the Runaway Binaries HD 14633 and HD 15137McSwain, M Virginia; De Becker, Michaël ; Roberts, Mallory S E et alin Bulletin de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege (2011), 80The runaway O-type binaries HD 14633 and HD 15137 were likely ejected from the cluster of their birth by supernovae explosions in close binaries. Here we present recent optical spectra to update the ... [more ▼]The runaway O-type binaries HD 14633 and HD 15137 were likely ejected from the cluster of their birth by supernovae explosions in close binaries. Here we present recent optical spectra to update the orbital solutions of the binaries and study the physical parameters of the O star primaries. We also present XMM-Newton observations of both systems that attempt to detect hard power-law emission from compact companions. EPIC spectra of HD 14633 at periastron and apastron reveal a non-thermal X-ray flux component that is variable during the orbit. Our EPIC spectra of HD 15137 indicate thermal X-ray emission consistent with an isolated O star. We provide an upper limit on the emission from a compact companion in HD 15137. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 14 (0 ULg) The multiwavelength view of hot, massive starsRauw, Grégor ; De Becker, Michaël ; Nazé, Yaël et alBook published by Société Royale des Sciences de Liège (2011)Massive stars are certainly among the most fascinating objects of stellar populations. They trigger many astrophysical processes from star formation to the chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium ... [more ▼]Massive stars are certainly among the most fascinating objects of stellar populations. They trigger many astrophysical processes from star formation to the chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium. Yet, their properties are still not fully understood and these objects are therefore at the core of many ongoing research activities. With the advent of new, high-performance, ground-based and space-borne facilities, the multi-wavelength investigation of hot, massive stars has definitely been boosted over the last decade. It is indeed nowadays possible to study these objects over a wide part of the electromagnetic spectrum, all the way from radio waves to gamma-rays. Motivated by this fact, we decided to organize a conference devoted to this topic in the framework of the well-established series of Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (LIAC). The resonance in the community was extremely positive, with many proposals for high-quality contributions. During the week of 12 - 16 July 2010, 138 astrophysicists, from institutes in 21 countries all over the world, gathered in Liege to discuss how the multi-wavelength approach has revolutionized their research on massive stars. The colloquium was organized into five thematic sessions, and the present proceedings are organized along the same chapters: (1) stellar winds, diagnostics across the electromagnetic spectrum; (2) massive star formation, confronting theory and observation; (3) evolution and interaction of massive stars with their environment; (4) future instrumentation and its application to massive star research; (5) massive binaries: interaction and evolution. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 56 (25 ULg) Multiyear homing and fidelity to residence areas by individual barbel (Barbus barbus)Ovidio, Michaël ; Parkinson, Denis; Philippart, Jean-Claude et alin Belgian Journal of Zoology (2007), 137(2), 183-190Nine barbels (Barbus barbus) from the River Ourthe (River Meuse basin) were equipped with transmitters programmed to switch ON during two consecutive spawning seasons in 1998 and 1999 (April to July). Six ... [more ▼]Nine barbels (Barbus barbus) from the River Ourthe (River Meuse basin) were equipped with transmitters programmed to switch ON during two consecutive spawning seasons in 1998 and 1999 (April to July). Six of the nine barbels tracked in 1998 were also tracked in 1999 during the same period. The length of the spawning migration ranged from 200 to 22700m. After the spawning activity observed from 12-16 May 1998 and 4-6 May 1999, the barbels homed to the site occupied before spawning. Each barbel used the same spawning area in 1998 and 1999, despite the presence of other spawning sites on their migratory route. These observations revealed the existence of strict reproductive homing in the barbel and a long-term fidelity to particular resting places. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 173 (33 ULg)