Stratégies vaccinales pour le médecin généraliste. I. A propos d'une recherche-action

in Revue Médicale de Liège (1998), 53(9), 541-52

The methodology of "Research-Action" requires that the general practitioner acts as the observant as well the actor. This methodology is a good way to identify the several problems and to find their ... [more ▼]

The methodology of "Research-Action" requires that the general practitioner acts as the observant as well the actor. This methodology is a good way to identify the several problems and to find their solution. In this option, the G.P. is the main person to plan, to manage and to follow the vaccination program for the "six and more years old children". [less ▲]

Les stratégies wallonnes en matière de simplification administrative

Conference (2009, May 15)

STRATEGY FOR ASSESSING IMPACTS OF THYROID DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IN TELEOSTEANS

in Organohalogen Compounds (2011)

Strategy for DR-CALUX dioxin screening in feed under EC regulation

in Organohalogen Compounds (2006), 68

A Strategy for Multiple Immunophenotyping by Image Cytometry: Model Studies Using Latex Microbeads Labeled with Seven Streptavidin-Bound Fluorochromes

in Cytometry (1996), 24(3), 214-25

Multiple immunophenotyping is aimed at identifying several cell populations in a single labeling procedure by their ability to bind combinations of specific labeled antibodies. The present work ... [more ▼]

Multiple immunophenotyping is aimed at identifying several cell populations in a single labeling procedure by their ability to bind combinations of specific labeled antibodies. The present work demonstrates the simultaneous discrimination by using image cytometry of aminomethylcoumarin acetate (AMCA), Lucifer yellow (LY), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), R-phycoerythrin (PE), PE-Texas red tandem (Red613), peridinin-chlorophyll protein (PerCP), and allophycocyanin (APC), which were all bound to latex beads as streptavidin-conjugated fluorochromes. This has been the result of a step-by-step optimization of the several factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of multiple immunofluorescence analysis. First, 14 streptavidin-conjugated fluorochromes were evaluated by using spectrofluorometry. A primary selection was then made of ten spectrally separable dyes that could be evaluated by using image cytometry. These dyes were bound to latex particles, and specific filter combinations were assembled to minimize crosstalk between fluorophores while preserving sufficient fluorescence intensity and counting statistics. Potential probe associations were then assessed by measuring the emissions of all fluorochromes that were detected by each filter combination. The resulting crosstalk matrix served as the basic tool both for final selection of the optimal filter combination and for dye set (composed, in this case, of the seven fluorochromes described above) and for mathematical correction of residual spectral overlap. Next, an image cytometry system was adapted to collect seven images of matched brightness with the selected combination of excitation/emission filters and dichroic mirrors. Finally, seven-parameter synthetic images were generated by digital image processing. [less ▲]

Strategy for the development of automated methods using dialysis and trace enrichment as on-line sample preparation techniques for the LC determination of drugs in plasma

Poster (2001)

Strategy for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of crop syrup containing enzymatically produced Isomaltooligosaccharides known as emerging prebiotics

Poster (2006)

Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) are non-digestible oligosaccharides, considered as prebiotics and therefore aim to selectively feed probiotics indigenous to the human colon. Recent data obtained in human ... [more ▼]

Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) are non-digestible oligosaccharides, considered as prebiotics and therefore aim to selectively feed probiotics indigenous to the human colon. Recent data obtained in human subjects, support the involvement of dietary oligosaccharides in physiological processes in the different intestinal cell type and also outside the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. hormone production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism). IMOs consists of glucose monomers linked by at least one α-1-6, or in a lower proportion α -1-3 (nigerose family) or α -1-2 (kojibiose family) glucosidic linkages. In our case they are produced enzymatically from corn starch. It results in a very complex mixture with molecules characterized at the same time by their DP value (from 2 to ~20), linkages types (α-1-2, 3 or 6) and the proportion and position of each type of linkage (only α -1-6 or combined types). The challenge of this study was to find a qualitative and quantitative method to characterize the syrups. In a subsequent study, every unidentified peak could be determined by NMR or Mass spectrometry. Three different chromatographic methods have been tested and compared over their selectivity, sensibility, robustness, applicability and their quantitative power. The HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector) used with a Prevail Carbohydrate column (Alltech), adapted for carbohydrates with a certain value of DP, appear to be poorly selective due to the obligation of working in isocratic conditions. The HPLC-ELSD (Evaporating Light Scattering Detector) used with the same column gave a very good separation upon the DP as the Prevail accepts a wide range of solvant changing and even a separation of the different DP 2 molecules. The sensibility was also improved due to the stability of the baseline. The quantitative analysis is a bit more awkward due to the relatively limited linear portion of the calibration curve. High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography coupled with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) appeared to deserve a special mention, since it provides selective separation and sensitive detection. In fact, this technique is the only chromatographic one to separate with effectiveness homologue molecules having a difference only in their DP (up to high DPs) or linkage types. This is due to the separation mode based on the difference in ionic force of the sugars in alkaline conditions (mainly due to the DP and the structure of the molecule). However, during the detection, the electrochemical behavior of carbohydrates can be affected by molecular weight as well as by structural differences giving rise to different response factors; as a consequence, HPAEC-PAD is not generally considered as suitable for quantitative studies of complex mixtures of oligosaccharides. In this work a methodological approach is presented in order to get a quantitative response through a rigorous methodology for our IMOs. It also opens the way to the theoretical determination of the response factor for the homologue molecules in relation with their structure and DP. [less ▲]

STRATEGY FOR THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CROP SYRUP CONTAINING ISOMALTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES KNOWN AS EMERGING PREBIOTICS

Conference (2006)

Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) are non-digestible oligosaccharides, considered as prebiotics and therefore aim to selectively feed probiotics indigenous to the human colon. Recent data obtained in human ... [more ▼]

Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) are non-digestible oligosaccharides, considered as prebiotics and therefore aim to selectively feed probiotics indigenous to the human colon. Recent data obtained in human subjects, support the involvement of dietary oligosaccharides in physiological processes in the different intestinal cell type and also outside the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. hormone production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism). IMOs consists of glucose monomers linked by at least one α-1-6, or in a lower proportion α -1-3 (nigerose family) or α -1-2 (kojibiose family) glucosidic linkages. In our case they are produced enzymatically from corn starch. It results in a very complex mixture with molecules characterized at the same time by their DP value (from 2 to ~20), linkages types (α-1-2, 3 or 6) and the proportion and position of each type of linkage (only α -1-6 or combined types). The challenge of this study was to find a qualitative and quantitative method to characterize the syrups. In a subsequent study, every unidentified peak could be determined by NMR or Mass spectrometry. Three different chromatographic methods have been tested and compared over their selectivity, sensibility, robustness, applicability and their quantitative power. The HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector) used with a Prevail Carbohydrate column (Alltech), adapted for carbohydrates with a certain value of DP, appear to be poorly selective due to the obligation of working in isocratic conditions. The HPLC-ELSD (Evaporating Light Scattering Detector) used with the same column gave a very good separation upon the DP as the Prevail accepts a wide range of solvant changing and even a separation of the different DP 2 molecules. The sensibility was also improved due to the stability of the baseline. The quantitative analysis is a bit more awkward due to the relatively limited linear portion of the calibration curve. High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography coupled with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD) appeared to deserve a special mention, since it provides selective separation and sensitive detection. In fact, this technique is the only chromatographic one to separate with effectiveness homologue molecules having a difference only in their DP (up to high DPs) or linkage types. This is due to the separation mode based on the difference in ionic force of the sugars in alkaline conditions (mainly due to the DP and the structure of the molecule). However, during the detection, the electrochemical behavior of carbohydrates can be affected by molecular weight as well as by structural differences giving rise to different response factors; as a consequence, HPAEC-PAD is not generally considered as suitable for quantitative studies of complex mixtures of oligosaccharides. In this work a methodological approach is presented in order to get a quantitative response through a rigorous methodology for our IMOs. It also opens the way to the theoretical determination of the response factor for the homologue molecules in relation with their structure and DP. [less ▲]

Strategy of material parameters identification for non linear mechanical behavior: sensitivity of FE computation

in Cueto, Elías; Francisco, Chinesta (Eds.) Proceedings of the 10th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming (2007)

The purpose of the present work is to analyze several aspects related to the connection between the constitutive models, their identification and the FEM predictions. Several issues are addressed: the ... [more ▼]

The purpose of the present work is to analyze several aspects related to the connection between the constitutive models, their identification and the FEM predictions. Several issues are addressed: the experimental data base that should be used in the identification procedure, the choice of the mechanical tests involved (monotonous and/or non-proportional loading, homogeneous or heterogeneous tests...), the identification strategies (direct or inverse FE optimization, simultaneous or sequential material parameters identification...). Besides its obvious interest, such study aim to find a good balance between the number and the type of relevant involved mechanical tests in material behavior characterization. This is an important issue for industrial applications. [less ▲]

Strategy to control the effectiveness of microwave treatment of wood in the framework of the implementation of ISPM 15

in Forest Products Journal (2008), 58(12), 75-81

Wood packaging materials (WPM) are known to be important potential vectors of exotic organisms, some of which turn into major ecological or socio-economic problems in regions where they are introduced. At ... [more ▼]

Wood packaging materials (WPM) are known to be important potential vectors of exotic organisms, some of which turn into major ecological or socio-economic problems in regions where they are introduced. At present, the heating and methyl bromide fumigation of WPM are the only sanitary treatments approved under ISPM15 (FAO 2002). Since both methods present noticeable disadvantages, the use of microwaves for the disinfestation of WPM is a very attractive alternative. Therefore, pallet components (22 mm-thick pine planks) artificially infested with larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus (Col., Cerambycidae) were treated in a continuous conveying tunnel design of 4 kW microwave oven. Posttreatment surface and inside emperatures of the planks were strongly correlated. As expected from the literature, all larvae exposed to inside plank temperatures exceeding 55 °C died. Surface temperatures higher than 60 °C guaranteed these lethal conditions inside the wood, whatever its moisture content. Those observations thus suggest that treatment effectiveness could be controlled through the measurement of the planks’ surfacetemperatures. Although further experiments are needed, irradiation of 22 mm-thick pine planks in a continuously supplied 28.8 kW microwave oven confirmed the appeal of this monitoring strategy. If successful treatment control is demonstrated whatever the characteristics of the planks (thickness, basic density, species, MC, . . . ), the proposed monitoring strategy, which can be integrated in an assembly line provided with a tunnel oven, can be a significant step towards the recognition of microwave irradiation as an acceptable treatment for eradication of pests and pathogens in WPM. [less ▲]