Scalable adaptive hierarchical clustering

in IEEE Communications Letters (2002), 6(3), 117--119

A scalable heuristic for hybrid IGP/MPLS traffic engineering - Case study on an operational network

in 14th IEEE International Conference on Networks (2006, September)

In current IP networks, a classical way to achieve traffic engineering is to optimise the link metrics. This operation cannot be done too often and can affect the route of a lot of traffic. Multiprotocol ... [more ▼]

In current IP networks, a classical way to achieve traffic engineering is to optimise the link metrics. This operation cannot be done too often and can affect the route of a lot of traffic. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) opens new possibilities to address the limitations of IP systems concerning traffic engineering thanks to explicit label-switched paths (LSPs). This paper proposes a new method based on simulated annealing meta-heuristic to compute a set of LSPs that optimise a given operational objective. The hybrid IGP/MPLS approach takes advantage of both IP and MPLS technologies and provides a flexible method to traffic engineer a network on a day to day basis. We illustrate the capabilities of our method with some simulations and a comparison with other techniques on an existing operational network. The results obtained by setting up a small number of LSPs are nearly optimal and better than by engineering the IGP weights. Moreover, although it could be combined with a static setting of the latter, SAMTE alone gives already the same results as this combination in much less CPU time, which thus allows an administrator to keep its initial and meaningful IGP metrics in his network. [less ▲]

Scalar Meson Nonet in a scaled effective Lagrangians

Conference (1997)

Scale checks in censored regression

in Scandinavian Journal of Statistics (2012), 39

Scale modelling and similarity laws for the study of an under pressure settling structure

in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on River Sedimentation (2004)

This paper presents the scale model studies of a complex under pressure settling structure, carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions of the University of Liège. Made up of fourteen ... [more ▼]

This paper presents the scale model studies of a complex under pressure settling structure, carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions of the University of Liège. Made up of fourteen identical settling chambers placed side by side and the bottom of which is divided into pyramidal hoppers, the structure, totally under pressure, is fed by a vertical shaft. Downstream, the settling chambers discharge into a collector, which ensures the clean water feeding of four penstocks through a free surface basin. Finally, a pipes network, under the chambers, ensures the downstream evacuation of the sand trapped in the hoppers. Using adapted and theoretically justified similarity laws coupled with realistic scales for the models, the hydrodynamic behavior and solid transport phenomena in this complex system have been studied. Special care has been taken to evaluate the trap efficiency, the evacuation system working and the global discharge repartition between the fourteen chambers. Sawdust, plastic balls or very small sand particles have been used to model real sediments. A total of three models, from only one hopper to the full settling structure, have been built, with scales from 1/18.5 to 1/100. According to the results of the studies, the length of the settling chambers has been shortened of up to 38 meters, i.e. 2 hoppers, and best use instructions have been suggested for the sediment evacuation system. [less ▲]

Scale relativity in the solar system - A review and prospects

(1999)

We shall consider the scale-relativistic model for describing the behaviour of chaotic systems beyond the predictability horizon. Nondifferentiable mechanics will give us our main structure equation. We ... [more ▼]

We shall consider the scale-relativistic model for describing the behaviour of chaotic systems beyond the predictability horizon. Nondifferentiable mechanics will give us our main structure equation. We shall then apply it to get a model of the positions of planets and satellites in the solar system. Finally, we shall see how this method could be applied to the structure of the asteroid belt. [less ▲]

Scale-up - scale-down : vers une meilleure intégration industrielle des biotechnologies blanches

Scientific conference (2012, November 14)

Scales of spatial and temporal variations in Cryptosporidium and Giardia abundances and genetic diversity in a drinking water reservoir: implications for the risk assessment

Conference (2012, February)

A monitoring of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occurrence was conducted for 2 years in the largest drinking water reservoir of Luxembourg (Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir) using microscopy and qPCR ... [more ▼]

A monitoring of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum occurrence was conducted for 2 years in the largest drinking water reservoir of Luxembourg (Esch-sur-Sûre reservoir) using microscopy and qPCR techniques. Parasite analyses were performed on water samples collected from three sites: site A located at the inlet of the reservoir, site B located 18 km downstream site A, at the inlet of the drinking water treatment plant near the dam of the reservoir and site C where the finished drinking water is injected in the distribution network. The communication presented the main results of the survey and the assessment of risk infection with parasites. [less ▲]

Scaling of structure and electrical properties in ultrathin epitaxial ferroelectric heterostructures

in Journal of Applied Physics (2006), 100(5),

Scaling of the structural order parameter, polarization, and electrical properties was investigated in model ultrathin epitaxial SrRuO3/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures. High-resolution ... [more ▼]

Scaling of the structural order parameter, polarization, and electrical properties was investigated in model ultrathin epitaxial SrRuO3/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/SrRuO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed the interfaces to be sharp and fully coherent. Synchrotron x-ray studies show that a high tetragonality (c/a similar to 1.058) is maintained down to 50 angstrom thick films, suggesting indirectly that ferroelectricity is fully preserved at such small thicknesses. However, measurement of the switchable polarization (Delta P) using a pulsed probe setup and the out-of-plane piezoelectric response (d(33)) revealed a systematic drop from similar to 140 mu C/cm(2) and 60 pm/V for a 150 angstrom thick film to 11 mu C/cm(2) and 7 pm/V for a 50 angstrom thick film. This apparent contradiction between the structural measurements and the measured switchable polarization is explained by an increasing presence of a strong depolarization field, which creates a pinned 180 degrees polydomain state for the thinnest films. Existence of a polydomain state is demonstrated by piezoresponse force microscopy images of the ultrathin films. These results suggest that the limit for a ferroelectric memory device may be much larger than the fundamental limit for ferroelectricity. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. [less ▲]

Scaling the landscapes: a methodology to support integrated subnational spatial planning in Cambodia

Conference (2010)