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See detailSalmonella dans la viande et dans les oeufs : un danger pour le consommateur qui demande la mise en place d’un programme de lutte efficace
Van Immerseel, F.; De Buck, J.; Boyen, F. et al

in Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire (2005), 149(1), 34-48

L’émergence de Salmonella Enteritidis dans l’industrie avicole a eu lieu dans tous les pays occidentaux entre 1965 et 1980. Depuis lors, ce sérotype est devenu le plus commun chez la volaille. Comme il se ... [more ▼]

L’émergence de Salmonella Enteritidis dans l’industrie avicole a eu lieu dans tous les pays occidentaux entre 1965 et 1980. Depuis lors, ce sérotype est devenu le plus commun chez la volaille. Comme il se transmet verticalement dans les oeufs, il constitue la cause principale de la pandémie de salmonellose non-typhoïde qui est observée chez l’homme. En outre, la bactérie se transmet aussi horizontalement dans les exploitations de volaille. Une fois qu’un bâtiment a hébergé des poules contaminées, il est très difficile d’éliminer cette contamination par les mesures hygiéniques classiques. Le mécanisme de transmission dans les oeufs n’est toujours pas complètement élucidé, ce qui constitue un obstacle majeur pour le développement de nouvelles mesures de prévention et de traitement. Les produits et mesures actuellement disponibles pour lutter contre Salmonella chez la volaille ont été largement développés sur base de méthodes empiriques. Néanmoins, la situation actuelle impose de prendre des mesures. Au niveau européen, de nouvelles dispositions législatives prévoient une série de mesures visant à réduire les taux de contamination de Salmonella tout au long de la chaîne de production, de transformation et de distribution des oeufs et de la viande de volaille. Il est évident que les contaminations des oeufs et de la viande sont fortement influencées respectivement par les conditions hygiéniques de l’abattage et par la réfrigération des oeufs. Au niveau belge, l’Agence fédérale pour la Sécurité de la chaîne alimentaire (AFSCA) va mettre en place un nouveau programme de lutte dans le secteur avicole. Cet article passe en revue les aspects les plus importants de l’épidémiologie, de la pathogenèse et décrit les mesures de prévention et de lutte qui sont disponibles à l’heure actuelle. [less ▲]

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See detailSalmonella in chicken : Current and developing strategies to reduce contamination at farm level
Vandeplas, Sabrina ULg; Dubois Dauphin, Robin ULg; Beckers, Yves ULg et al

in Journal of Food Protection (2010), 73(4), 774-785

Salmonella sp. is a human pathogen that frequently infects poultry flocks. Consuming raw or undercooked contaminated poultry products can induce acute gastro-enteritis in human. Faced with the public ... [more ▼]

Salmonella sp. is a human pathogen that frequently infects poultry flocks. Consuming raw or undercooked contaminated poultry products can induce acute gastro-enteritis in human. Faced with the public health concern associated with salmonellosis, the European Union (EU) has established a European regulation forcing Member States (MS) to implement control programs aimed at reducing Salmonella prevalence in poultry production, especially at the primary production level. The purpose of the present review article is to summarise the current research and to suggest future developments in the area of Salmonella control in poultry, which may be of value to the industry in the coming years. The review will focus especially on preventive strategies that have been developed and that aim at reducing the incidence of Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens at farm level. Besides the usual preventive hygienic measures, different strategies have been investigated, like feed and drinking water acidification by organic acids and immune strategies based on passive and active immunity. Modulating the diet in terms of ingredient and nutrient composition with the intent of reducing the bird’s susceptibility to Salmonella has also been examined. Because in-ovo feeding has been shown to accelerate small intestinal development and to enhance the epithelial cell function, it could also be an efficient tool to control enteric pathogens. Microflora-modulating feed additives, like antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, represent another field of investigation, whose success depends on the additive used. Finally, recent control methods, such as chlorate products and bacteriophages, have also been studied. [less ▲]

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See detailSalmonella in pluimveevlees en eieren: een gevaar voor de consument die om efficiënte bestrijdingsprogramma's vraagt
Van Immerseel, F.; De Buck, J.; Boyen, F. et al

in Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift (2005), 74

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See detailSalmonella spp on the pig meat through the cold chain in Belgium
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Desadeleer, L.; Daube, Georges ULg

Poster (2007, June)

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See detailSalmonella spp. in food of animal origin: a continuous threat for public health?
Korsak Koulagenko, Nicolas ULg; Clinquart, Antoine ULg; Daube, Georges ULg

in Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire (2004), 148(4), 174-193

Salmonella is a mesophilic bacterium that share common characteristics with Enterobacteriaceae. Two species are described: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. Beside the fact that the infection in ... [more ▼]

Salmonella is a mesophilic bacterium that share common characteristics with Enterobacteriaceae. Two species are described: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. Beside the fact that the infection in host cells requires type III secretion-systems, little is known, at present, about virulence mechanisms. Among the cultural detection methods, the use of semi-solid media seems more efficient than the others for Salmonella recovery. The techniques based on genetic amplification may be useful in order to further characterize the isolated strains. Salmonella can be isolated from the intestine of numerous animal species and its survival in the surroundings may be quite long. Several serotypes may cause clinical salmonellosis while others may be responsible for animal species of a carrier state. In this abstract, the influence of swine production system will be developed. The sustainable and ongoing surveillance are justified by the fact that Salmonella leads to numerous foodborne cases and outbreaks and is responsible of important economic and social costs. This surveillance aims to improve the sanitary quality of food from "farm to fork". The preventive methods available for the pre-harvest production step and for the slaughterhouse will be also evoked. [less ▲]

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See detailSalmonella surveillance and control at post harvest in the Belgian pork meat chain.
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Saegerman, Claude ULg; Farnir, Frédéric ULg et al

in Food Microbiology (2009), 26

Salmonella remains the primary cause of reported bacterial food borne disease outbreaks in Belgium. Pork and pork products are recognized as one of the major sources of human salmonellosis. In contrast ... [more ▼]

Salmonella remains the primary cause of reported bacterial food borne disease outbreaks in Belgium. Pork and pork products are recognized as one of the major sources of human salmonellosis. In contrast with the primary production and slaughterhouse phases of the pork meat production chain, only a few studies have focussed on the post-harvest stages. The goal of this study was to evaluate Salmonella and Escherichia coli contamination at the Belgian post-harvest stages. E. coli counts were estimated in order to evaluate the levels of faecal contamination. The results of bacteriological analysis from seven cutting plants, four meat-mincing plants and the four largest Belgian retailers were collected from official and self-monitoring controls. The prevalence of Salmonella in the cutting plants and meat-mincing plants ranged from 0% to 50%. The most frequently isolated serotype was Salmonella typhimurium. The prevalence in minced meat at retail level ranged from 0.3% to 4.3%. The levels of Salmonella contamination estimated from semi-quantitative analysis of data relating to carcasses, cuts of meat and minced meat were equal to 3.40 2.04 log CFU/cm2, 2.64 1.76 log CFU/g and 2.35 1.09 log CFU/g, respectively. The E. coli results in meat cuts and minced meat ranged from 0.21 0.50 to 1.23 0.89 log CFU/g and from 1.33 0.58 to 2.78 0.43 log CFU/g, respectively. The results showed that faecal contamination still needs to be reduced, especially in specific individual plants. [less ▲]

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See detailSalmonella Typhimurium oral challenge model in mature broilers: Bacteriological, immunological, and growth performance aspects.
Marcq, Christopher ULg; Cox, Edwin; Szalo, Ioan Mihai ULg et al

in Poultry Science (2011), 90(1), 59-67

In this study, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium challenge models were tested to identify the best conditions under which to perform the experimental infection of 3-wk-old broilers. Such a model ... [more ▼]

In this study, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium challenge models were tested to identify the best conditions under which to perform the experimental infection of 3-wk-old broilers. Such a model would be useful to study the efficiency of therapeutic treatments that could take place at the end of the grow-out period. Salmonella-free chicks were obtained from a breeder flock vaccinated with Salmonella. Intestinal maternal immunity was monitored by ELISA analyses at 2, 9, and 16 d of age. Data indicated that protection of maternal origin was not maintained over time and was drastically reduced at 9 d of age (P < 0.01). At 21 d of age, chickens were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium. The effects of the oral challenge dose (0, 3 x 10(3), 3 x 10(6), and 3 x 10(9) cfu/bird) and vancomycin pretreatment (no administration or 25 mg/bird) on intestinal immune responses, growth performance, and Salmonella colonization of chickens were investigated. After infection, the mucosal immune response was rapid, with increased (P < 0.01) anti-Salmonella Typhimurium IgA titers measured at 8 d postinfection in intestinal contents. A linear relationship (P < 0.05) existed between specific IgA levels in intestinal and cecal contents and the challenge dose inoculated. None of the challenge protocols caused mortality or clinical symptoms after infection. Nevertheless, the experimental infection induced a significant deterioration of growth performance. The pretreatment with 25 mg of vancomycin at 3 h before Salmonella inoculation was able to establish stable infection rates among the population of 3-wk-old infected chickens. Nevertheless, Salmonella shedding was not stable over the rearing period, and the bacteria seemed to be naturally eliminated from most birds at 22 d postinfection. This natural clearance of the gut, which was related, at least in part, to the intestinal immune response, should limit the usability of the created mature challenge model within 1 to 2 wk after inoculation. [less ▲]

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See detailThe Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test: comparison of human and rat livers as activating systems.
Beaune, P; Lemestre-Cornet, R; Kremers, P et al

in Mutation Research : Fundamental & Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis (1985), 156(3), 139-46

The mutagenicity of several test compounds was verified by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test), using both human liver and rat liver (untreated or pretreated with Aroclor 1254) S9 under ... [more ▼]

The mutagenicity of several test compounds was verified by the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test), using both human liver and rat liver (untreated or pretreated with Aroclor 1254) S9 under identical experimental conditions. Aflatoxin B1, 3-methylcholanthrene, and cigarette-smoke condensate were less mutagenic in the presence of human-liver S9 than in the presence of rat-liver S9 (particularly after treatment with Aroclor 1254). The opposite was observed with 2-aminonanthracene and to a lesser degree with 2-aminofluorene; correlation studies indicate that the two compounds were activated by the same or by very similar enzymes, probably cytochrome P-450s. These results clearly indicate that human-liver S9, as an activating system, behaves differently than rat-liver S9; therefore, it may constitute a useful, additional tool for the study of mutagenicity and probably, carcinogenicity in man. [less ▲]

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See detailLes Salmonelles au niveau de la production primaire de porcs.
Korsak Koulagenko, Nicolas ULg; Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Daube, Georges ULg

Article for general public (2008)

La problématique des Salmonella spp. en filière animale, quelle que soit la spéculation envisagée, apparaît simple. De nombreux guides et ouvrages y ont été consacrés et, en théorie, il semble aisé de ... [more ▼]

La problématique des Salmonella spp. en filière animale, quelle que soit la spéculation envisagée, apparaît simple. De nombreux guides et ouvrages y ont été consacrés et, en théorie, il semble aisé de s’en débarrasser ou d’empêcher son introduction dans un élevage ou dans un atelier d’engraissement. En pratique, toutefois, la situation est différente et il est constaté que le micro-organisme peut contaminer la chaîne alimentaire en de multiples endroits, que ce soit au stade de la production primaire, dans le secteur abattage et transformation ou bien chez le consommateur. Pour arriver à développer une filière porcine « Salmonella-free », il faut une collaboration complète de tous les acteurs d’une filière, ce qui signifie qu’elle doit être intense et soutenue dans le temps. [less ▲]

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See detailSalt budget and salt composition for the Aral Sea
Konovalov, S.; Belokopitov, V.; Ivanov, L. et al

Poster (2003, May)

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See detailA salt tracer test monitored with surface ERT to detect preferential flow and transport paths in fractured/karstified limestones
Robert, Tanguy ULg; Caterina, David ULg; Deceuster, John et al

in Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt (2012, September), 93

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See detailSalt, hypertension and the kidneys
Krzesinski, Jean-Marie ULg

Conference (2007, December 07)

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See detailSalt, the kidneys and hypertension
Krzesinski, Jean-Marie ULg; Cohen, E. P.

in Acta Clinica Belgica (2007), 62(5, Sep-Oct), 348-357

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of the salt balance and thereby regulate blood pressure. Salt sensitivity is acquired or genetically-induced and is noted in about 50% of patients with ... [more ▼]

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of the salt balance and thereby regulate blood pressure. Salt sensitivity is acquired or genetically-induced and is noted in about 50% of patients with essential hypertension.This property leads to a high cardiovascular risk. In this situation, the benefit of salt restriction is significant, and this dietary change should be associated with a high potassium intake. In patients treated by antihypertensive drugs, salt restriction improves the blood pressure control, which can permit a reduction of the number of drugs required to achieve a normal blood pressure. The recommended maximal salt intake should not exceed 6 grams/day (NaCl). Because most dietary salt comes from processed foods, the help of the food industry is crucial for a long-term compliance with a reduced salt intake, which could yield an additional important benefit in the reduction of cardiovascular risk. [less ▲]

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See detailSalt-free polyelectrolyte behavior of polystyrene-based telechelic ionomers in a polar solvent. 1. Viscosity and low-angle light scattering studies
Wu, Jhi-Li; Wang, Yu-Min; Hara, Masanori et al

in Macromolecules (1994), 27(5), 1195-1200

Some characteristic behavior, typically observed for salt-free polyelectrolytes in water, was observed for the first time for polystyrene (PS)-based telechelic ionomers, which have ionic groups located ... [more ▼]

Some characteristic behavior, typically observed for salt-free polyelectrolytes in water, was observed for the first time for polystyrene (PS)-based telechelic ionomers, which have ionic groups located only at the chain ends, when dissolved in a polar solvent, dimethylformamide (DMF). The characteristic behavior observed by both viscosity and low-angle light scattering measurements for the telechelic ionomers, especially that of the monofunctional ionomer, demonstrates an important role of intermolecular electrostatic interactions in causing the characteristic behavior of telechelic ionomers. The behavior observed in our experiments can best be described by the following picture: each ionomer molecule with a coil conformation, very close to that of polystyrene of the same molecular weight, is separated from yet strongly interacts with other ionomer molecules; and these strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions cause a marked upturn in reduced viscosity and a reduction in scattered intensity. [less ▲]

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See detailLa salure de l'eau de mer
Fredericq, Léon ULg

in Le guide scientifique (1884), (1),

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See detailA Salute to Malaco Records - Interview with Tommy Couch
Sacré, Robert ULg

Article for general public (1996)

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See detailSalvatore D'Onofrio, "Le sauvage et son double", compte-rendu
Strivay, Lucienne ULg

in Gradhiva : Revue d'Anthropologie et de Musicologie (2012), 15

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