Problèmes posés par l'aspect structural de la théorie de Piaget

in Education : tribune libre (1973), 141

Les problèmes psychologiques liés à la consommation de cannabis

Conference (2010, October 26)

The Problems and Challenges of Cambodian Rural Economy. Between New Governances and Peasant’s Realities. The Case of Kampong Thom Province

Doctoral thesis (2007)

In Cambodia, agriculture and natural resources constitute a corner stone in the production systems of peasant families, who constitute the large majority of the rural population. Hence, in the perspective ... [more ▼]

In Cambodia, agriculture and natural resources constitute a corner stone in the production systems of peasant families, who constitute the large majority of the rural population. Hence, in the perspective of an important demographic growth and an increasing marketing of agricultural inputs and outputs, man-made management of ecosystems represent considerable economic, social and environmental challenges to Cambodian peasants. The study precisely focuses on the peasant’s ways to manage rural territories. It rests on a fundamental hypothesis, according to which peasant practices are environmentally sustainable, economically efficient (in terms of creation of added-values) and socially equitable in the distribution of these added-values. A multi-scale analytical framework that integrates different dimensions of natural resources management is established to check out and fine tune this fundamental hypothesis. A first analytical framework, given a priori, covers the entire province of Kampong Thom. The second analytical framework is determined by choice. It covers two communes, selected on the basis of agro-ecological and institutional criteria, which are representative of rural dynamics observed and detailed at the provincial level. The first part shows the intricate links between agro-ecological diversity and peasant’s production systems. It details the social relationships that liven up rural territories and shows how power relationships structure or affect peasant communities. The next part analyses the new choices for collective and individual action for the management of natural resources. It points out the very conflictive nature of previous forms of management and the internal contradictions of the new choices. The potential contribution of commune council in natural resources management is also examined from a legal and organisational point of view. Field works carried out at the level of two communes detail and complete this analysis. First of all, spatial analysis of land use change between 1992 and 2006 shows the growing importance of non-peasant stakeholders in rural development dynamics. The analysis shows that when the development of rural territories can be entirely controlled by peasant’s communities, the dynamics of change are rational and efficient. Peasant’s strategies are characterized by a large diversity of activities, that all have in common the cultivation of rain-fed rice. The access to forest or fisheries resources on public state land is triggered by household’s activities diversification tactics in the dry season. These modes of access and use of natural resources are critically detailed and put in the perspective of the establishment of community fisheries and community forestry schemes. Management of private agricultural land is characterized by the overwhelming importance of rice in the cropping systems. Technical itineraries for rice cultivation implemented by rural households are analyzed and their economic results are evaluated. Different economic rationalities are highlighted in relation to inputs productivity. Elements of productivity, efficiency and profitability are also apprehended in relation with the access to credit and land markets. This analysis allows revisiting the assumed self-regulating role of land markets to ensure the growth of the agricultural sector on the one hand, and the improvement in the access of land for more equity on the other hand. Eventually, the analysis done at the commune level are put into the perspective of new institutional choices for collective and individual action for natural resources management and propose, in fine, operational recommendations to support peasant’s ways to manage natural resources. [less ▲]

Problems and prospects in stellar physics

in Communications in Asteroseismology (2008), 157

Main difficulties and uncertainties in stellar physics originate in the modelling of convection, microscopic and macroscopic transport mechanisms and rotation. I consider each of these physical aspects ... [more ▼]

Main difficulties and uncertainties in stellar physics originate in the modelling of convection, microscopic and macroscopic transport mechanisms and rotation. I consider each of these physical aspects, with a particular attention to their possible probe by asteroseismology. Another important question about opacities is considered by Montalban & Miglio (2008). [less ▲]

Problems in analytic training: the case of an aborted supervised analysis

Conference (2001)

The problems of orphan diseases : the example of FIPA (Familial Isolated Pituitary adénoma), an orphan disease with well documented genetic aberrations but without therapeutic insights. New perspectives ?

in Biomedica 2012 - The European Life Sciences Summit - Abstract book (2012, April 19)

Problems of standardization in drug immunoassays

Conference (1992)

Procalcitonin usefulness for the initiation of antibiotic treatment in intensive care unit patients*.

in Critical Care Medicine (2012), 40(8), 2304-9

OBJECTIVES: : To test the usefulness of procalcitonin serum level for the reduction of antibiotic consumption in intensive care unit patients. DESIGN: : Single-center, prospective, randomized controlled ... [more ▼]

OBJECTIVES: : To test the usefulness of procalcitonin serum level for the reduction of antibiotic consumption in intensive care unit patients. DESIGN: : Single-center, prospective, randomized controlled study. SETTING: : Five intensive care units from a tertiary teaching hospital. PATIENTS: : All consecutive adult patients hospitalized for > 48 hrs in the intensive care unit during a 9-month period. INTERVENTIONS: : Procalcitonin serum level was obtained for all consecutive patients suspected of developing infection either on admission or during intensive care unit stay. The use of antibiotics was more or less strongly discouraged or recommended according to the Muller classification. Patients were randomized into two groups: one using the procalcitonin results (procalcitonin group) and one being blinded to the procalcitonin results (control group). The primary end point was the reduction of antibiotic use expressed as a proportion of treatment days and of daily defined dose per 100 intensive care unit days using a procalcitonin-guided approach. Secondary end points included: a posteriori assessment of the accuracy of the infectious diagnosis when using procalcitonin in the intensive care unit and of the diagnostic concordance between the intensive care unit physician and the infectious-disease specialist. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: : There were 258 patients in the procalcitonin group and 251 patients in the control group. A significantly higher amount of withheld treatment was observed in the procalcitonin group of patients classified by the intensive care unit clinicians as having possible infection. This, however, did not result in a reduction of antibiotic consumption. The treatment days represented 62.6 +/- 34.4% and 57.7 +/- 34.4% of the intensive care unit stays in the procalcitonin and control groups, respectively (p = .11). According to the infectious-disease specialist, 33.8% of the cases in which no infection was confirmed, had a procalcitonin value >1microg/L and 14.9% of the cases with confirmed infection had procalcitonin levels <0.25 microg/L. The ability of procalcitonin to differentiate between certain or probable infection and possible or no infection, upon initiation of antibiotic treatment was low, as confirmed by the receiving operating curve analysis (area under the curve = 0.69). Finally, procalcitonin did not help improve concordance between the diagnostic confidence of the infectious-disease specialist and the ICU physician. CONCLUSIONS: : Procalcitonin measuring for the initiation of antimicrobials did not appear to be helpful in a strategy aiming at decreasing the antibiotic consumption in intensive care unit patients. [less ▲]

La procalcitonine: aspects biochimiques et analytiques

Conference (2006, October 26)

Procédé de conservation de l’oxyhémoglobine

in Bulletin de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Sciences (1890)