|
Showing results 36201 to 36220 of 95348
  Fair Trade Organisations in Europe: A Significant Field of Social Enterprise?Huybrechts, Benjamin  Conference (2008, June 26) With the help of examples of FTOs in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK, we have applied some of the features of SE approaches to the context of FT. It appears that FTOs are particularly significant ... [more ▼] With the help of examples of FTOs in Belgium, France, Italy and the UK, we have applied some of the features of SE approaches to the context of FT. It appears that FTOs are particularly significant examples of SEs, combining in different ways economic, social and sometimes political dimensions. From more NGO-like to more business-like configurations, all FTOs of our sample seem to respect the key features of SEs, under which the primacy of 23 the social mission, the limited (if any) profit distribution, the focus on innovation and at least some degree of self-financing. Nevertheless, there is some heterogeneity in terms of FTOs’ goals and activities. While all FTOs seem to combine, at least, economic and social dimensions – although at varying degrees and forms –, the political dimension is not present in the same way for all FTOs. Pioneer FTOs generally conduct education and advocacy activities in a developed and explicit way. Newcomer FTOs, however, have heterogeneous profiles in terms of political involvement, as the positioning seems to depend much on the entrepreneur’s choices. In terms of governance, practices are also very diverse in terms of leaders’ profiles, legal forms and stakeholders’ involvement in the decision-making structures. Some FTOs are quasi-individual ventures and are thus close to some American approaches of SE. Other FTOs are much more multi-stakeholder and fit better in the EMES conceptualisation of SE. The governance structure also seems to reflect to a certain extent the positioning of the FTO towards the different dimensions of FT. FTOs led by activists and having volunteers or partner NGOs on their Board seem to have a stronger focus on non-economic (social and political) goals. In the other sense, very economic-oriented FTOs are often run by managers with a business background and governed by their manager and/or their shareholders. As a conclusion, this article has tried to provide some theoretical and empirical support to the implicit link that has been established, both in the academic world and in the field practice, between FT and SE. The diversity of the FT sector echoes the rich diversity of SEs’ practices and conceptualisations. In such sense, considering FTOs as SEs is probably made easier because of the wide and flexible theoretical framework of SE – few authors claiming to have a “definition” of SE. If more restricted conceptions of SE were to emerge – e.g., the limitation of SE to formal Third Sector legal forms, or to 100% market financing –, then part of the FTOs would be excluded from the SE area. In such sense, FT appears as an important laboratory the evolutions of which can feed the theoretical construction of SE. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 36 (3 ULg) Fair Trade Organizations and Social Enterprise. Social Innovation through Hybrid Organization ModelsHuybrechts, Benjamin Book published by Routledge (2012) For several decades, Fair Trade Social Enterprises (FTSEs) have set up partnerships with producer groups in the South and distributed the latter’s products through different types of channels in the North ... [more ▼] For several decades, Fair Trade Social Enterprises (FTSEs) have set up partnerships with producer groups in the South and distributed the latter’s products through different types of channels in the North. However, while pioneers in the early years were relatively homogeneous (nonprofit organizations relying on voluntary work and selling through “worldshops”), organizational diversity has tremendously increased in recent times, including other types of legal forms, architectures, and governance models (volunteer-based, manager-based, multi-stakeholder, etc.). As a result, different categories of FTSEs now coexist in the sector with diverse missions and strategies. Since Fair Trade (FT) is a hybrid concept, entailing economic, social and political dimensions, the diversity of organizational models might reflect or enable different ways of articulating these dimensions. In other words, different organizational models might be suited for different ways of conceiving and practicing FT. Such an articulation through specific forms has been suggested by previous concepts that can be related to FT, such as cooperatives, the social economy, the solidarity economy, and, more recently, social enterprise. The latter is particularly useful as an umbrella concept that embraces the diverse types of FTSEs and accounts for their use of market mechanisms to pursue social innovation. This research first aims to explore and to structure FTSEs’ organizational diversity. For that purpose, the managers of 57 FTSEs were interviewed in four European regions: Belgium, France (Rhône-Alpes), the United Kingdom (England) and Italy (Rome). Based on the combinations of different elements of the organizational form, five categories emerge: individual FTSEs; entrepreneurial, business-form FTSEs; volunteer-based FTSEs; multi-stakeholder cooperative FTSEs; and group structures. Although certain FTSEs share features corresponding to several models, these categories seem adequate in the sense are relatively homogeneous and distinct from each other. The second question examines the factors or forces that lead FTSEs to adopt particular and diverse organizational forms. Using sociological and economic “new institutional” approaches, this book explores the influence of a number of factors on the organizational form: age, size, region, goals, activities, resources, and leaders’ profiles. From an economic standpoint, organizational diversity may be explained by the fact that FTSEs do not all produce the same types of goods when practicing FT. Thus, FTSEs will adopt the organizational form that minimizes their transaction costs in the production of particular goods. From a sociological standpoint, the analysis suggests that weak and sometimes conflicting institutional pressures explain organizational diversity. Indeed, uniformity is limited (within certain generations of FTSEs or in particular regions), although there is a dominant trend toward a stronger business orientation in the models. The third question examines how organizational actors within FTSEs experience and foster hybridity at the field level, thereby contributing to organizational diversification. Looking at six cases of FTSEs covering the different types of models, the strategic role of FTSEs is examined, as “institutional entrepreneurs” capable of influencing the environment in a way that legitimizes their own organizational model and secures their access to crucial resources. This strategic analysis allows for a more dynamic view of organizational models as “institutional bricolage”. Finally, the book ends with a number of recommendations for FT entrepreneurs on the strengths and the weaknesses of each organizational model. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 134 (9 ULg)Fair Trade organizations as examples of social enterprises? Evidence from four European regionsHuybrechts, Benjamin Conference (2008, July 09) Given their multidimensional missions, combining economic, social and sometimes political dimensions, FTOs have been proposed quite early as examples of “social enterprise” (SE). Such link has been made ... [more ▼] Given their multidimensional missions, combining economic, social and sometimes political dimensions, FTOs have been proposed quite early as examples of “social enterprise” (SE). Such link has been made in a particularly explicit way in the United Kingdom, by both academics (e.g. Martin and Osberg, 2007; Nicholls, 2006) and practitioners. Following Dart (2004), the trend for FTOs to depict themselves (and to be depicted) as SEs probably stems from a research of legitimacy towards an environment that promotes values of entrepreneurship and innovation. However, if FTOs are considered as obvious examples of SE, there still needs to be explained carefully why this is the case, and to what extent. Is it the involvement in FT that makes the enterprises “social”, or is it a set of particular organisational characteristics shared by most FTOs, or is it a combination of both? If the fact of “doing Fair Trade” is not a sufficient criterion to generate a SE dynamics – as we believe it –, then what is it in FTOs that makes these organisations eligible as SEs? The answers to these questions are closely linked to the framework used to define SE. While we try to consider different conceptualisations of SE in our analysis (part 1), we pay a special attention to the “multiple goal” and “multiple stakeholders” features put forward by the authors of the “EMES network”. In part 2, we recall the basics of the FT concept and the historical evolution of the movement. We then present our empirical data on FTOs in four European regions. Finally, we confront these data to some of the SE features identified in the literature (part 3). In this analysis, we particularly try to examine to what extent FTOs pursue multiple goals and involve multiple stakeholders, and how such organisational characteristics could be linked to each other and to other features such as resources, age and size. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 56 (4 ULg)Fair Trade Organizations in Belgium: Unity in Diversity?Huybrechts, Benjamin in Journal of Business Ethics (2010), 92(2), 217-240 This article analyzes the dual process occurring in the field of Fair Trade organizations (FTOs) in Belgium. On the one hand, there has been a gradual diversification of the organizational landscape over ... [more ▼] This article analyzes the dual process occurring in the field of Fair Trade organizations (FTOs) in Belgium. On the one hand, there has been a gradual diversification of the organizational landscape over time from pioneering volunteer-based non-profit organizations to a broader array including cooperatives, group structures, businesses and individual entrepreneurs exclusively devoted to FT. On the other hand, a process of networking is currently taking place among the various types of FTOs in the context of the creation of a Belgian Fair Trade Federation (BFTF). Drawing on neo-institutional theory, including institutional entrepreneurship, this article examines how and why these two processes have taken place. A qualitative field study in the Belgian FT sector, including interviews with 15 FTOs, offers rich empirical material which illustrates the diverse patterns of these organizations. Based on the observed combinations of different variables among Belgian FTOs, a taxonomy reflecting diverse means of conceiving and organizing FT activity is suggested. The different categories of FTOs and the evolution of these categories over time seem linked to the broader institutional evolutions of FT at the international as well as at the Belgian level. Finally, several factors are reviewed to explain why the diversity among Belgian FTOs has not been an obstacle to their collaboration. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 215 (15 ULg)Fair Trade Public Procurement, a tool for sustainable develomentDurviaux, Ann-Lawrence Conference given outside the academic context (2010) Detailed reference viewed: 29 (3 ULg)Faire apprendre des compétences en classe d’histoire : tenants et aboutissants d’une réforme au long cours en Communauté française de BelgiqueJadoulle, Jean-Louis in ETHIER, Marc-André; LEFRANCOIS, David; CARDIN, Jean-François (Eds.) Enseigner et apprendre l’histoire : manuels, enseignants et élèves (2011) Detailed reference viewed: 62 (14 ULg)Faire apprendre et évaluer des compétences en classe d’histoireJadoulle, Jean-Louis in Cahiers Pédagogiques (2009), n°471 Detailed reference viewed: 40 (1 ULg) Faire cohabiter les objets sans domicile fixe. Chisholm et les logiques meinongiennesLeclercq, Bruno in Bulletin d'Analyse Phénoménologique (2012) Detailed reference viewed: 9 (0 ULg)Faire cohabiter les objets sans domicile fixe. Chisholm et les logiques meinongiennesLeclercq, Bruno in Bulletin d'Analyse Phénoménologique (2013) Detailed reference viewed: 13 (0 ULg)Faire comme on dit. Du principe d'homologie dans la formation initiale des agrégés de françaisDumortier, Jean-Louis in Puzzle. CIFEN (Centre Interfacultaire de Formation des ENseignants) (2002), 11 Detailed reference viewed: 12 (0 ULg)Faire de James un lecteur anachronique de Von Uexküll : esquisse d’un perspectivisme radicalDespret, Vinciane ; Galetic, Stéphan in Debaise, Didier (Ed.) Vie et expérimentations. Peirce, James, Dewey. (2007) Faire de James un lecteur anachronique de Von Uexküll, prolonger les ressources de sa pratique en contournant l’alternative subjectivisme-objectivisme : c'est ce que nous avons désigné comme le possible d ... [more ▼] Faire de James un lecteur anachronique de Von Uexküll, prolonger les ressources de sa pratique en contournant l’alternative subjectivisme-objectivisme : c'est ce que nous avons désigné comme le possible d'un perspectivisme radical. Le perspectivisme radical, au départ, se définit comme un pari : il doit traduire la possibilité d’un monde commun sans qu’il soit nécessaire de recourir ni à un monde objectif, ni à un principe transcendant. Il doit en même temps résister au choix comminatoire entre un monde qui existe « par nous » et un monde qui existe « malgré nous ». Le perspectivisme radical nous propose un monde « avec nous ».Le monde commun se constitue à la fois dans le partage et dans la multiplication des intérêts, pas à pas, ou plutôt, devrions-nous dire, action par action. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 44 (4 ULg)Faire de sa vie une œuvre d'art paralittéraire. Quelques réflexions autour de la littérature-MesrineDenis, Benoît in Etudes Françaises (2011), 47(1), 141-155 Detailed reference viewed: 8 (2 ULg)"Faire des germanophones de bons Belges…" Compte rendu de: Gerd Kleu, Die Neuordnung der Ostkantone Belgiens 1945-1956. Politik, Kultur und Wirtschaft in Eupen, Malmedy und St. Vith, Klartext-Verlag, Essen, 2007, 181 p.Brüll, Christoph in Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent = Bijdragen tot de Eigentijdse Geschiedenis (2008), 20 Detailed reference viewed: 13 (1 ULg)Faire effectuer des travaux immobiliers : prudence, même avec un entrepreur enregistréde Wolf, Michel in Dossiers d'ASBL Actualités (Les) (2009), 132 Detailed reference viewed: 13 (2 ULg)Faire escale de dix ansHabrand, Tanguy Article for general public (2008) Detailed reference viewed: 7 (2 ULg)Faire et faire faire. Le principe d'isomorphisme dans la formation des enseignants de sciences socialesGuillaume, Jean-François ; Xhonneux, Michel in Puzzle (2007), 22 Les auteurs présentent la démarche d'apprentissage retenue dans le cadre de la formation de futurs enseignants de sciences sociales : déconstruction des routines scolaires et des représentations initiales ... [more ▼] Les auteurs présentent la démarche d'apprentissage retenue dans le cadre de la formation de futurs enseignants de sciences sociales : déconstruction des routines scolaires et des représentations initiales, clarification des choix pédagogiques, formalisation des procédés didactiques. Il s'agit donc d'agir sur les dimensions structurelles des situations d'interaction professeur-élève, et d'éviter de se reposer sur les seules (bonnes) intentions individuelles. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 134 (6 ULg)Faire et ne pas faire dans le cadre d'une politique intégrale et intégrée sur les drogues.; Lemaître, André ; Born, Michel et alBook published by Academia Press (2009) Detailed reference viewed: 18 (7 ULg)Faire face à l'échecDurand, Pascal Article for general public (1997) Detailed reference viewed: 3 (1 ULg)Faire face à une suspicion de parvovirose canineThiry, Etienne in Point Vétérinaire (2003), 34(236, Suppl. S), 39633 Detailed reference viewed: 14 (1 ULg)Faire fortune en Afrique. Anthropologie des derniers colons du KatangaRubbers, Benjamin Book published by Karthala (2009) Detailed reference viewed: 67 (7 ULg) |
||
