Gadolinium DOTA Chelates Featuring Alkyne Groups Directly Grafted on the Tetraaza Macrocyclic Ring: Synthesis, Relaxation Properties, "Click" Reaction, and High-Relaxivity Micelles

in Inorganic Chemistry (2011), 50(18), 8946-8958

This paper reports on the synthesis and relaxivity properties of tetraacetic DOTA-type chelating agents featuring one or two alkyne groups directly grafted on the tetraaza macrocyclic ring and available ... [more ▼]

This paper reports on the synthesis and relaxivity properties of tetraacetic DOTA-type chelating agents featuring one or two alkyne groups directly grafted on the tetraaza macrocyclic ring and available for "click" reactions with azide-bearing substrates. The racemic DOTAma ligand bearing one alkyne group was obtained by a bisaminal template route. The same approach was used to prep. ligand DOTAda substituted by two alkyne groups located on two adjacent carbon atoms. The S,S enantiomer of DOTAda was also prepd. by a "crab-like" condensation. This ligand is the first example of a DOTA deriv. featuring two reactive functions adjacent to each other on the macrocyclic ring. A triacetic monoalkyne ligand (DO3ma) was also synthesized for comparison purposes. NMR studies indicate that the Yb(III) chelates of DOTAma and DOTAda adopt two conformations in solns. in which the tetraaza ring is rigidified. The hydration state of the Eu(III) chelates was detd. by luminescence spectroscopy, and the water exchange time of the Gd(III) complexes was measured by 17O NMR. Ring substitution accelerates the water exchange. These data were used to interpret nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion curves of the Gd(III) chelates. Two long aliph. chains have been added to DOTAda by a "click" procedure to form the (C18)2DOTAda ligand. The corresponding Gd(III) complex forms micelles of unusually high relaxivity presumably because of the close proximity of the aliph. chains on the macrocyclic ring that ensures a rigid double anchoring into the micelles. [less ▲]

Structural, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of UFeS3 and UFeSe3

in Inorganic Chemistry (2010), 49

Black prisms of UFeS3 and UFeSe3 have been synthesized by solid-state reactions of U, Fe, and S or Se with CsCl as a flux at 1173 K. The structure of these isostructural compounds consists of layers of ... [more ▼]

Black prisms of UFeS3 and UFeSe3 have been synthesized by solid-state reactions of U, Fe, and S or Se with CsCl as a flux at 1173 K. The structure of these isostructural compounds consists of layers of edge- and corner-sharing FeS6 or FeSe6 octahedra that are separated by layers of face- and edge-sharing US8 or USe8 bicapped trigonal prisms. The isomer shifts in the iron-57 Mössbauer spectra of both UFeS3 and UFeSe3 are consistent with the presence of high-spin iron(II) ions octahedrally coordinated to S or Se. The XANES spectra of UFeS3 and UFeSe3 are consistent with uranium(IV). Single-crystal magnetic susceptibility measurements along the three crystallographic axes of UFeSe3 reveal a substantial magnetic anisotropy with a change of easy axis from the a-axis above 40 K to the b-axis below 40 K, a change that results from competition between the iron(II) and uranium(IV) anisotropies. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility along the three axes is characteristic of two-dimensional magnetism. A small shoulder-like anomaly is observed in the magnetic susceptibilities along the a- and b-axes at 96 K and 107 K, respectively. Below 107 K, the iron-57 Mössbauer spectra of UFeS3 and UFeSe3 show that the iron nuclei experience a magnetic hyperfine field that results from long-range magnetic ordering of at least the iron(II) magnetic moments because the field exhibits Brillouin-like behavior. Below 40 K there is no significant change in the Mössbauer spectra as a result of change in magnetic anisotropy. The complexity of the iron-57 Mössbauer spectra and the temperature and field dependencies of the magnetic properties point towards a complex long-range magnetic structure of two independent iron(II) and uranium(IV) two-dimensional sublattices. The temperature dependence of the single-crystal resistivity of UFeSe3 measured along the a-axis reveals semiconducting behavior between 30 and 300 K with an energy gap of ca. 0.03 eV below the 53 K maximum in susceptibility, of ca. 0.05 eV between 50 and 107 K, and of 0.03 eV above 107 K; a negative magnetoresistance was observed below 60 K. [less ▲]

The Use of Imidazolium-2-dithiocarboxylates in the Formation of Gold(l) Complexes and Gold Nanoparticles

in Inorganic Chemistry (2010), 49(4), 1784-1793

The imidazolium-2-dithiocarboxylate ligands IPr.CS2, Mes.CS2, and IDip.CS2 react with [AuCl(PPh3)] to yield [(Ph3P)Au(S2C.IPr))(+), [(Ph3P)Au(S2C.IMes)](+), and [(Ph3P)Au(S2C-IDip)](+), respectively. The ... [more ▼]

The imidazolium-2-dithiocarboxylate ligands IPr.CS2, Mes.CS2, and IDip.CS2 react with [AuCl(PPh3)] to yield [(Ph3P)Au(S2C.IPr))(+), [(Ph3P)Au(S2C.IMes)](+), and [(Ph3P)Au(S2C-IDip)](+), respectively. The compounds [(L)Au(S2C-IMes)](+) are prepared from the reaction of IMes.CS2 with [AuCl(L) (L = PMe3, PCy3, (CNBu)-Bu-t). The carbene-containing precursor [(IDip)AuCl] reacts with IPr.CS2 and IMes.CS2 to afford the complexes [(IDip)Au(S2C.IPr)](+) and [(IDip)Au(S2C.IMes)](+) with two carbene units, one bound to the metal center and the other to the dithiocarboxylate unit. Treatment of the diphosphine-gold complex [(dppm)(AuCl)(2)] with 1 equiv of IMes.CS2 yields [(dppm)Au-2(S2C.IMeS)](2+), while the reaction of [L-2(AuCl)(2)] (L-2 = dppb, dppf) with 2 equiv of IMes.CS2 results in [(L-2){Au(S2C.IMes)}(2)](2+). The homoleptic complexes [Au(S2C.IPr)(2)](2+), [Au(S2C.IMes)(2)](2+), and [Au(S2C.IDiP)(2)](2+) are obtained from the reaction of [AuCl(tht)] with 2 equiv of the appropriate imidazolium-2-dithiocarboxylate ligand. The compounds [(Ph3P)Au(S2C.NHC)](+) (NHC = IMes, IDip) and [(IDip)Au(S2C.NHC)](+) (NHC = IPr, IMes) are characterized crystallographically. The IMes.CS2 ligand is also used to prepare functionalized gold nanoparticles with diameters of 11.5 (+/-1.2) and 2.6 (+/-0.3) nm. [less ▲]

Experimental and Computational Study of the Structural and Electronic Properties of Fe II(2,20-bipyridine)(mes) 2 and [Fe II(2,20-bipyridine)(mes) 2] -, a Complex Containing a 2,20-Bipyridyl Radical Anion

in Inorganic Chemistry (2010), 49

Addition of potassium metal and 2,2,2-crypt (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) to a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of Fe(2,20 -bipyridine)(mes)2 (1; mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) yielded ... [more ▼]

Addition of potassium metal and 2,2,2-crypt (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) to a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of Fe(2,20 -bipyridine)(mes)2 (1; mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) yielded the anionic complex [Fe(2,20 -bipyridine)(mes)2] - which was isolated as [K(2,2,2-crypt)][Fe(2,20 -bipyridine)(mes) 2](2) alongside the side-product [K(2,2,2-crypt)][Fe(mes)3] 3 C6H12 (3). A compositionally pure sample of 2 was obtained by dissolving a mixture of 2 and 3 in dry pyridine and layering the resulting solution with toluene. Solid state magnetic susceptibility measurements on 1 reveal Curie-Weiss paramagnetic behavior with a molar magnetic moment of 5.12(1) μB between 20 and 300 K, a value which is in line with the expected iron(II) spin-only value of 4.90 μB. The magnetic measurements carried out on 2 reveal more complex temperature dependent behavior consistent with intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling (J=-46 cm -1) between the unpaired electrons of the iron(II) ion (S Fe =2) and a π* orbital of the bipyridyl radical (Sbipy = 1/2). Structural data, M€ossbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are all consistent with this model of the electronic structure. To the best of our knowledge, species 2 represents the first crystallographically characterized transition metal complex of the 2,20 -bipyridyl ligand for which magnetic, spectroscopic, and computational data indicate the presence of an unpaired electron in the π* antibonding orbital. [less ▲]

Structural Chemistry and Magnetic Properties of Nd18Li8Fe5-xMxO39 (M = Mn, Co),

in Inorganic Chemistry (2009), 48

Monofluoride Bridged, Binuclear Metallacycles of First Row Transition Metals Supported by Third Generation Bis(1-pyrazolyl)methane Ligands: Unusual Magnetic Properties

in Inorganic Chemistry (2009), 48

The reaction of M(BF4)2•xH2O, where M is Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn, and the bitopic, bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligand m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lm, where pz is a pyrazolyl ring, yields the monofluoride bridged, binuclear ... [more ▼]

The reaction of M(BF4)2•xH2O, where M is Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn, and the bitopic, bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligand m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lm, where pz is a pyrazolyl ring, yields the monofluoride bridged, binuclear [M2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 complexes. In contrast, a similar reaction of Lm with Ni(BF4)2•6H2O yields dibridged [Ni2(μ-F)2(μ-Lm)2](BF4)2. The solid state structures of seven [M2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 complexes, with M = Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn, indicate that the divalent metal ion is in a five-coordinate, trigonal bipyramidal, coordination environment with either a linear M–F–M bridging arrangement in five of the complexes, or with a slightly bent Cu–F–Cu bridge in two of the complexes. NMR results indicate that [Zn2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 retains its dimeric structure in solution. The [Ni2(μ-F)2(μ-Lm)2](BF4)2 complex has a dibridging fluoride structure that has a six-coordination environment about each nickel(II) ion. In the solid state, the [Fe2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 and [Co2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 complexes show weak intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the two metal(II) ions with J values of –10.4 and –0.67 cm–1, respectively; there is no observed long-range magnetic order. Three different solvates of [Cu2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 are diamagnetic between 5 and 400 K, thus showing strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions of –600 cm–1 or more negative. Mössbauer spectra indicate that [Fe2(μ-F)(μ-Lm)2](BF4)3 exhibits no long-range magnetic order between 4.2 and 295 K and isomer shifts that are consistent with the presence of five-coordinate, high-spin iron(II). [less ▲]

Modulated misfit structure of the thermoelectric [Bi0.84CaO 2]2[CoO2]1.69 cobalt oxide

in Inorganic Chemistry (2008), 47(7), 2464-2471

The structure of the thermoelectric lamellar misfit cobalt oxide [Bi 0.84CaO2]2[CoO2]1.69 has been refined using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Using the four dimensional superspace formalism for ... [more ▼]

The structure of the thermoelectric lamellar misfit cobalt oxide [Bi 0.84CaO2]2[CoO2]1.69 has been refined using single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Using the four dimensional superspace formalism for aperiodic structures, the superspace group is confirmed P2/m(0δ1/2) (a1 = 4.9069(4), b1 = 4.7135(7), b2 = 2.8256(4), c1 = 14.668(5) Å, β1 = 93.32(1)°). The modulated displacements and site occupancies have been refined and are both compatible with the misfit character of the structure, and with a longitudinal modulation of the Bi-O layers of the structure. This modulation is similar to the corresponding one in the related Sr phase [Bi0.87SrO2]2[CoO2]1.82, but now oriented in the orthogonal direction. Because its incommensurate wavelength is locked with the aperiodicity of the misfit structure, it is possible to distinguish between the modulation parameters induced by the accommodation of both subsystems and those related to the longitudinal modulation of the Bi-O layers. In this original structure, two independent aperiodic phenomena coexist in an single crystallographic direction. A particular attention has been paid to the structural configuration of the CoO2 layer, in relation with other similar phases. The thermoelectric properties are probably directly related to the specific distortion of the compressed layer, but the different measured values for the Seebeck coefficient cannot be related to a significant modification of the CoO6 octahedra. © 2008 American Chemical Society. [less ▲]

Syntheses, structure, and a Mossbauer and magnetic study of Ba4Fe2I5S4

in Inorganic Chemistry (2008), 47(1), 94-100

The compound Ba4Fe2I5S4 has been prepared at 1223-1123 K by the "U-assisted" reaction of FeS, BaS, S, and U with BaI2 as a flux. A more rational synthesis was also found; however, the presence of U ... [more ▼]

The compound Ba4Fe2I5S4 has been prepared at 1223-1123 K by the "U-assisted" reaction of FeS, BaS, S, and U with BaI2 as a flux. A more rational synthesis was also found; however, the presence of U appears to be essential for the formation of single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. Ba4Fe2I5S4 crystallizes in a new structure type with two formula units in space group 14/m of the tetragonal system. The structure consists of a Ba-I network penetrated by (1)(infinity) [Fe2S4] chains. Each Fe atom, which is located on a site with 4 symmetry, is tetrahedrally coordinated to four S atoms. The FeS4 tetrahedra edge-share to form linear (1)(infinity)[Fe2S4] chains in the [001] direction. The Fe-Fe interatomic distance in these chains is 2.5630(4) angstrom, only about 3 % longer than the shortest Fe-Fe distance in alpha-Fe metal. Charge balance dictates that the average formal oxidation state of Fe in these chains is +2.5. The Mossbauer spectra obtained at 85 and 270 K comprise a single quadrupole doublet that has hyperfine parameters consistent with an average Fe oxidation state of +2.5. The Mossbauer spectrum obtained at 4.2 K consists of a single magnetic sextet with a small hyperfine field of -15.5 T. This spectrum is also consistent with rapid electron delocalization and an average Fe oxidation state of +2.5. The molar magnetic susceptibility of Ba4Fe2I5S4, obtained between 3.4 and 300 K, qualitatively indicates the presence of weak pseudo-one-dimensional ferromagnetic exchange within a linear chain above 100 K and weak three-dimensional ordering between the chains at lower temperatures. [less ▲]

Nanoblock coupling effect in iodine intercalated [Bi0.82CaO 2]2[CoO2]1.69 layered cobaltite

in Inorganic Chemistry (2007), 46(6), 2124-2131

We report on the structural, microstructural, and electronic properties of iodine intercalated [Bi0.82CaO2]2[CoO 2]1.69 misfit cobaltite. We first prove through a detailed and careful structural study ... [more ▼]

We report on the structural, microstructural, and electronic properties of iodine intercalated [Bi0.82CaO2]2[CoO 2]1.69 misfit cobaltite. We first prove through a detailed and careful structural study that the block layer structure can be modified in the desired way. Iodine enters the material between the [BiO] double layers, and the c-cell parameter of the pristine compound is elongated by 3.6 Å. On the basis of this result, we point out the coupling between the block-layer structure and the transport properties. Additionally, we provide in-depth commentary and discussion of some extra results, clarifying some doping effects in the quasi-2D studied phase. Finally, we also propose some expressions that might be useful to material scientists for the tuning of the properties of such compounds. © 2007 American Chemical Society. [less ▲]

Auto-assembling of ditopic macrocyclic lanthanide chelates with transition-metal ions. Rigid multimetallic high relaxivity contrast agents for magnetic resonance Imaging

in Inorganic Chemistry (2006), 45(13), 5092-5102

PhenHDO3A is a ditopic ligand featuring a tetraazacyclododecane unit substituted by three acetate arms and one 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline group (PhenHDO3A = rel-10-[(5R,6R)-5,6-dihydro-6 ... [more ▼]

PhenHDO3A is a ditopic ligand featuring a tetraazacyclododecane unit substituted by three acetate arms and one 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline group (PhenHDO3A = rel-10-[(5R,6R)-5,6-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1,10-phenantholin-5-yl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacy clododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid). This ligand was specially designed so as to obtain highly stable heteropolymetallic assemblies. PhenHDO3A has been prepared starting from phenanthroline epoxide and either a triprotected tetraazacyclododecane or tert-butyl triester of N,N',N' '-tetraazacyclododecane-triacetic acid. The latter yields PhenHDO3A in a single step. PhenHDO3A forms kinetically stable lanthanide complexes (acid-catalyzed kinetic constant kH = (1.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s(-1) M(-1)) whose solution structure has been deduced from a quantitative analysis of the paramagnetic shifts and the longitudinal relaxation times of the proton nuclei of YbPhenHDO3A. The alcohol group of the dihydro-phenanthroline unit remains coordinated to the encapsulated metal ion despite the steric crowding brought about by this group. Furthermore, the complexes are monohydrated, as shown by luminescence lifetime measurements on EuPhenHDO3A solutions. Relaxivity titrations at 20 MHz clearly indicate that the phenanthroline unit of GdPhenHDO3A is available for the spontaneous formation of highly stable tris complexes with the Fe2+ and Ni2+ ions. The water-exchange times and the rotational correlation times of GdPhenHDO3A and Fe(GdPhenHDO3A)32+ have been deduced from variable temperature 17O NMR studies and from nuclear relaxation dispersion curves. Despite rather slow water-exchange rates (taum0 = 1.0-1.2 x 10(-6) s), relaxivity gains of 90% have been observed upon the formation of the heterometallic tris complexes. The latter rotate about four times more slowly (taur0= 398 ps) than the monomeric unit (taur0 = 105 ps) and their relaxivity is, accordingly, twice as high. The relaxivity of the tris complexes between 10 and 50 MHz is comparable to relaxivities reported for Gd3+-containing dendrimers of much higher molecular weights. The high relaxivity of the tris-PhenHDO3A lanthanide complexes is attributed to their internal rigidity. [less ▲]