Restauration écologique: contexte, contraintes et indicateurs de suiviCristofoli, Sara ; Mahy, Grégory ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(1), 203-211 Dans un contexte global de perturbations anthropiques toujours croissantes des écosystèmes naturels et semi-naturels, l’unique conservation de ces écosystèmes ne suffit plus. La restauration écologique ... [more ▼] Dans un contexte global de perturbations anthropiques toujours croissantes des écosystèmes naturels et semi-naturels, l’unique conservation de ces écosystèmes ne suffit plus. La restauration écologique peut ainsi se révéler un complément essentiel à la conservation s.l. L’article consiste en une synthèse de la littérature scientifique dédiée aux concepts de la restauration écologique. Nous abordons la notion d’objectifs de la restauration notamment au travers de la référence écologique. Outre la définition d’objectifs clairs de restauration, la référence permet ensuite d’évaluer les efforts de restauration, par le biais d’indicateurs de suivi. Les indicateurs peuvent par ailleurs fournir des informations quant aux attributs de l’écosystème restauré et/ou la trajectoire écologique empruntée. Les éventuelles contraintes rencontrées par les espèces au travers de filtres à la restauration pourront être détectées et des mesures de compensation adéquates pourront être proposées. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 251 (45 ULg) Production d’arômes de type lactone par des levures.Alchihab, Mohamed ; Destain, Jacqueline ; Aguedo, Mario et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(4), 681-691 Detailed reference viewed: 13 (5 ULg) Etude comparative des composés phénoliques, du pouvoir antioxydant de différentes variétés de sorgho sénégalais et des enzymes amylolytiques de leur maltBa, Khady ; ; Destain, Jacqueline et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(1), 131-139 The study involved seven cultivars of white sorghum selected to ISRA Bambey and consumed in many regions of Senegal. Several characters and biochemical compounds of the grains (presence of pigmented testa ... [more ▼] The study involved seven cultivars of white sorghum selected to ISRA Bambey and consumed in many regions of Senegal. Several characters and biochemical compounds of the grains (presence of pigmented testa, total phenols, condensed tannins and antioxidant activity) were determined in all cultivars. A three days malting was also carried out and amylolytic enzymes such as α-amylase, β-amylase and limit-dextrinase which are essential for a malt of good quality were proportioned. These enzymes are measured specifically with kits of Megazyme: Amylazyme (α-amylase), Betamyl (β-amylase) and Limit-Dextrizyme (limit-dextrinase). Two cultivars, CE 180-33 and CE 145-66 proved to be tannin sorghums, have the highest levels in total phenols and the most important antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH). The results of enzymatic analysis and the index of Kolbach indicated the F-2-20 like cultivar presenting the best potentialities for malt production [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 188 (8 ULg) Les dérivés tensioactifs de la glycine bétaïne: méthodes de synthèse et potentialités d'utilisation; Paquot, Michel ; et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(4), 737-748 Detailed reference viewed: 12 (5 ULg) La steam explosion : application en tant que prétraitement de la matière cellulosiqueJacquet, Nicolas ; Vanderghem, Caroline ; Blecker, Christophe et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(Spécial N°2), Steam explosion is a thermomechanochemical process which allows the breakdown of lignocellulosic structural components by steam heating, hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by organic acid formed during the ... [more ▼] Steam explosion is a thermomechanochemical process which allows the breakdown of lignocellulosic structural components by steam heating, hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by organic acid formed during the process and shearing forces due to the expansion of the moisture. The process is composed of two distinct stages: vapocracking and explosive decompression. Cumul effects of both phases include modification of the physical properties of the material (specific surface area, water retention capacities, color, cellulose cristallinity rate,…), hydrolysis of hemicellulosic components (mono and oligosaccharides released) and modification of the chemical structure of lignin. These effects permit the opening of lignocellulosic structures and increase the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of cellulose components in the aim to obtain fermentable sugars used in second generation biofuels or high value-added molecules process. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 81 (38 ULg) Gene expression and genetic analysis during higher plants embryogenesisAbid, Ghassen ; ; et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(4), 667-680 This review describes and discusses recent attempts to analyze the embryogenesis process in higher plants, through combination of descriptive, experimental, and genetic approach. Analysis of gene ... [more ▼] This review describes and discusses recent attempts to analyze the embryogenesis process in higher plants, through combination of descriptive, experimental, and genetic approach. Analysis of gene expression profiles has permitted to build hypothesis concerning the induced mechanisms in early phases of embryogenesis in higher plants. Such mechanisms involve specific transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory pathways as well as diverse signal transduction processes at each stage of plant development. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 56 (5 ULg) Les produits de la mer au Sénégal et le potentiel des bactéries lactiques et des bactériocines pour la conservation; Destain, Jacqueline ; et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(2), 341-350 Detailed reference viewed: 6 (3 ULg) L'isotope stable 15Net le lysimètre, des outils complémentaires pour l'étude de la lixiviation de l'azote dans les sols agricolesDestain, Jean-Pierre ; ; Xanthoulis, Dimitri et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(S1), 91-96 L’isotope stable 15N a été utilisé dans des expérimentations en cases lysimétriques visant à étudier la lixiviation de l’azote dans les sols agricoles. À Gembloux, un apport de nitrate l’ammoniaque ... [more ▼] L’isotope stable 15N a été utilisé dans des expérimentations en cases lysimétriques visant à étudier la lixiviation de l’azote dans les sols agricoles. À Gembloux, un apport de nitrate l’ammoniaque présentant une abondance isotopique de 2,161 At%15N a été appliqué à raison de 200 kg N.ha-1 dans deux lysimètres, avant une culture d’épinard suivie de haricot et d’un froment d’hiver. La récupération de l’azote par les cultures a été de 39,8 % dans le premier lysimètre et de 62,2 % dans le second. Les concentrations en azote nitrique des eaux percolées du second ont été constamment plus élevées que dans le premier, probablement à cause d’une moindre immobilisation microbienne. À Remicourt et Omal, un reliquat de 150 kg N.ha-1 (simulé par un apport de 15NH4 15NO3 en automne) a complètement disparu du profil du sol (0-90 cm) dès juillet de l’année suivante. Une culture de froment d’hiver à Omal n’a récupéré qu’environ 9 % de l’azote apporté à l’automne. La mesure de la teneur en azote nitrique des eaux percolées a montré des valeurs nettement plus élevées à Remicourt (jusqu’à plus de 70 mg N.l-1) suite à un apport important de compost riche en azote, qu’à Omal. L’isotope 15N n’a pu être détecté dans aucune des eaux lysimétriques, probablement par un manque de sensibilité de l’appareil. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 25 (1 ULg) Optimisatin de la fertilisation azotée des cultures légumières industrielles sous irrigation; ; Xanthoulis, Dimitri ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(S1), 103-111 Les essais ont été menés sur un projet de quatre ans et ont testé cinq cultures légumières pour optimiser la fertilisation azotée sous irrigation avec des eaux usées. Le site expérimental était localisé ... [more ▼] Les essais ont été menés sur un projet de quatre ans et ont testé cinq cultures légumières pour optimiser la fertilisation azotée sous irrigation avec des eaux usées. Le site expérimental était localisé dans le périmètre irrigué développé autour de l’usine de production de légumes surgelés, Hesbaye Frost. Dépendant de la rotation effectuée par le fermier, dont une partie du champ était sous expérimentation, quatre cultures légumières ont été testées (épinard, haricot, carotte et fève) ainsi qu’une céréale (froment d’hiver). Suite à la mise en place des essais et aux conditions climatiques, les cultures d’épinard en 1999 et de froment en 2000 n’ont pas testé le facteur irrigation. Les facteurs d’expérimentation étaient trois niveaux de fertilisation azotée différents par rapport à un témoin ne recevant pas d’azote minéral complémentaire et un apport ou non d’eaux usées par irrigation. L’impact de ces facteurs a été mesuré sur les rendements et les reliquats azotés dans le sol après culture. Pour les trois cultures légumières de haricot, carotte et fève qui ont pu être irriguées, les rendements ont toujours été statistiquement supérieurs lorsqu’il y avait un apport d’eau complémentaire par irrigation avec les eaux usées. Le facteur fumure a favorablement amélioré les rendements de l’épinard et du haricot, ainsi que le taux de protéines des céréales. Par contre, les parcelles de carotte et de fève qui n’avaient reçu aucune fumure azotée pendant respectivement trois et quatre années consécutives et qui n’ont pas reçu de fertilisation pour leur culture, n’ont pas donné des rendements statistiquement inférieurs. Le facteur fumure, quel que soit le niveau de fertilisation, n’a pas donné des rendements différents pour ces deux cultures. Les reliquats azotés dans le sol après récolte sont restés acceptables et normaux tant que la fertilisation recommandée n’était pas dépassée ; la fertilisation maximale testée, outrepassant les conseils de fumure raisonnée, a systématiquement laissé des reliquats en azote minéral dans le sol en quantité néfaste pour l’environnement. Ces résidus azotés principalement localisés dans les horizons supérieurs pouvaient être considérés comme récupérables par une culture intermédiaire piège à nitrate (CIPAN), pour autant que cette dernière soit installée dès la fin de l’été, l’automne étant considéré comme trop tardif pour avoir une influence sur la récupération de l’azote. Quel que soit le niveau de fertilisation, les reliquats azotés étaient importants pour la culture de fève par un phénomène de minéralisation en surface, dus aux conditions climatiques et à la charge en azote minéral apporté par les eaux usées utilisées pour l’irrigation. Les reliquats azotés en conditions de non-irrigation sont significativement plus importants que sous irrigation. L’irrigation permet une meilleure solubilisation de l’azote, ce qui facilite son assimilation par la culture en place et réduit les quantités résiduelles dans le sol après récolte. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 31 (6 ULg) Développement d’un modèle stoechiométrique de la sulfato-réduction par des bactéries sulfato-réductrices en lagunage anaérobieHarerimana, Casimir ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(S2), 577-582 One of the most known disadvantages of the technique of lagoon is the generation of smells, often associated with the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), itself generated by the process of sulfate ... [more ▼] One of the most known disadvantages of the technique of lagoon is the generation of smells, often associated with the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), itself generated by the process of sulfate-reduction. In this paper, we have built a stoichiometric model of sulfate-reduction by providing balanced equations against the elements, electrons, charge and energy. In our model, sulfate acts as an electron acceptor and organic compounds such as lactate, propionate, butyrate, ethanol and acetate are in turn sources of carbon and electron donors. This model allows to quantify the production of sulfide and predicts the variation of alkalinity during the process of sulfate-reduction. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 31 (1 ULg) Influence de la teneur en galactose sur les interactions moléculaires et sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des galactomannanes en solution; Wathelet, Bernard ; Paquot, Michel ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010) Detailed reference viewed: 17 (3 ULg) Application of steam explosion for the pretreatment of the lignocellulosic raw materialsJacquet, Nicolas ; Vanderghem, Caroline ; Blecker, Christophe et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(2), 561-566 Application of steam explosion for the pretreatment of the lignocellulosic raw materials. Steam explosion is a thermomechanochemical process which allows the breakdown of lignocellulosic structural ... [more ▼] Application of steam explosion for the pretreatment of the lignocellulosic raw materials. Steam explosion is a thermomechanochemical process which allows the breakdown of lignocellulosic structural components by steam heating, hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by organic acid formed during the process and shearing forces due to the expansion of the moisture. The process is composed of two distinct stages: vapocracking and explosive decompression. Cumul effects of both phases include modification of the physical properties of the material (specific surface area, water retention capacities, color, cellulose cristallinity rate,.), hydrolysis of hemicellulosic components (mono-and oligosaccharides released) and modification of the chemical structure of lignin. These effects permit the opening of lignocellulosic structures and increase the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of cellulose components in the aim to obtain fermentable sugars used in second generation biofuels or high value-added molecules process. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 34 (4 ULg) Milk fat globule membrane and buttermilks: from composition to valorizationVanderghem, Caroline ; ; Danthine, Sabine et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(3), 485-500 Buttermilk, the by-product from butter manufacture, is low cost and available in large quantities but has been considered for many years as invaluable. However, over the last two decades it has gained ... [more ▼] Buttermilk, the by-product from butter manufacture, is low cost and available in large quantities but has been considered for many years as invaluable. However, over the last two decades it has gained considerable attention due to its specific composition in proteins and polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). The aim of this review is to take stock of current buttermilk knowledge. Firstly, the milk fat globule membrane composition and structure are described. Secondly, buttermilk and its associated products are defined according to the milk fat making process. Structure and mean composition of these products are summarized from recent dairy research data and related to technological properties, especially the emulsifying properties provided by MFGM components. Finally, new applications are presented, leading to promising valorizations of buttermilk and its derivate products. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 42 (13 ULg) Intraguild interactions implicating invasive species: Harmonia axyridis as a model species; Haubruge, Eric ; Francis, Frédéric ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14 Detailed reference viewed: 30 (8 ULg) Phenotypic traits variation among native diploid, native tetraploid and invasive tetraploid Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae)Monty, Arnaud ; ; Mahy, Grégory ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(4), 627-632 Senecio inaequidens DC. is a rapidly spreading plant invader in Europe. In its native range, it occurs at two co-existing diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. To date, only tetraploids are reported in Europe ... [more ▼] Senecio inaequidens DC. is a rapidly spreading plant invader in Europe. In its native range, it occurs at two co-existing diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. To date, only tetraploids are reported in Europe, even though invasive diploids were recorded in other parts of the world. We compared native diploid and both native and invasive tetraploid populations in common gardens in Europe for a suite of life history traits. Diploids were able to develop, showed high biomass production and produced more flower heads than tetraploids. In contrast, winter survival was null for diploids. It was low for native tetraploids, but reached 40% in invasive tetraploids. Results suggested that diploid cytotype tends to an annual life form when grown in Western Europe, with earlier and more abundant flowering. In contrast, the tetraploid cytotype was mainly perennial which may enhance its invasiveness. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 12 (2 ULg) Cambodian peasant’s contribution to rural development: a perspective from Kampong Thom ProvinceDiepart, Jean-Christophe ![]() in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(2), 321-340 The paper aims to identify the rationality of peasant communities and their contribution to rural development in Kampong Thom province. To do so, an interdisciplinary analytical framework addresses the ... [more ▼] The paper aims to identify the rationality of peasant communities and their contribution to rural development in Kampong Thom province. To do so, an interdisciplinary analytical framework addresses the dynamics of land use and land tenure, the strategies of labor force allocation as well as the determinants of land and labor agricultural productivities amongst peasant communities. It rests on details field surveys in two communes located in very distinct agro-ecological settings of Kampong Thom province. A land use change analysis based on time-series aerial photos is conducted with participatory inventories of natural resources. It shows that endogenous management of forest and fisheries resources generate significant incomes and, at the same time, contribute to maintaining biodiversity. The paper analyses how this contribution is challenged by the non-peasant actors involved in massive State land privatization. Aiming to full employment, peasant households enjoy a great flexibility in the way they allocate labor force, especially in line with the age of active labor and the fluctuation of labor opportunity costs. Principally due to an unequal land holding distribution, agricultural income is unfairly distributed but this inequality is actually balanced by the access to common-pool resources of crucial importance for the poorest and by the recourse to non farming activities, which is an important factor of socio-economic differentiation amongst households. The main economic indicators of rice production confirm that peasant households always try to maximize their income in step with the production factor they have in relatively less amount. A land market simulation stresses that, contrarily to theoretical assumptions, land access through sale (and purchase) does not result in a fairer land distribution. Nevertheless, land leases amongst peasant households seem more promising to ensure equitable access to land as they are embedded in collective security mechanisms activated by peasantry. The paper argues that peasant communities in the studied area constitute a solid basis for rural development as they offer a very good articulation between economic efficiency, social justice and environmental sustainability. Finally, recommendations are formulated to properly address peasant contribution to rural development in the new national agrarian policies. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 24 (4 ULg) Study on environmental factors influencing the urea content of cow milk in Wallonia (Belgium)Dufrasne, Isabelle ; Istasse, Louis ; LAMBERT, René et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14 Study on environmental factors influencing the urea content of cow milk in Wallonia (Belgium). The urea content in tank milk is currently assessed in Wallonia (Belgium) for all milk producers by the ... [more ▼] Study on environmental factors influencing the urea content of cow milk in Wallonia (Belgium). The urea content in tank milk is currently assessed in Wallonia (Belgium) for all milk producers by the Comite du lait. A statistical analysis was carried out on 5,675,758 data collected over the 2002-2008 period in order to study the variation in the urea content in milk from cows according to the months of the years and the agronomy areas. The data were analyzed with a linear model (proc GLM) including the fixed effects of the area, the month of sampling, the year and the interactions. The fat and proteins contents in milk were used as covariables. The average urea content in milk over the six years was 258 mg.l(-1). A proportion of 19% of the contents were over 350 mg.l(-1)and 10% over 400 mg.l(-1). The model explained 35% of the variation of the urea content. Within the model, the agronomy area was the most explicative component (44%). It was followed by the area-month interaction (18.6%), the protein content (17.8%) and the month (10.5%). The variation of the urea content in milk could be mainly explained by the differences in the diets offered to the lactating dairy cows according to the agronomy areas. The composition of the diets varies with the crops produced and therefore with the agronomy area. Higher urea contents were observed in areas with a lot of pastures (grazing areas) than in the arable areas. In the grazing areas, feedstuffs higher in protein than in energy are consumed by the cows: the excess of protein is probably the reason for the higher urea content. The feedstuffs produced in the arable areas are more various with more diversified and balanced diets. The season influenced also the urea content, a higher urea content being observed during the summer period as compared with the winter period. The changes could be explained by dietary differences between the indoor winter period and the grazing period in Summer. During the indoor period, the dairy cows are offered normally a complete diet which is more balanced than during the grazing period. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 28 (5 ULg) Relation entre la composition floristique et des indicateurs de la fragmentation du paysage dans une région de transition forêt-savane ivoirienne.; ; et al in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14(4), 617-625 Detailed reference viewed: 20 (9 ULg) Development of a biotransformation process of hydroperoxydes into green leaf volatiles using sugar beet leaves.; Ongena, Marc ; Fauconnier, Marie-Laure et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010), 14 (S2) Detailed reference viewed: 4 (3 ULg) Development of a biotransformation process of hydroperoxides into green leaf volatiles using sugar beet leaves; Ongena, Marc ; Fauconnier, Marie-Laure et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2010) Natural green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are commonly sole AS aldehydic and alcoholic flavors; their synthesis is a great challenge for industry. Especially, the bioconversion step of fatty acid hydroperoxides ... [more ▼] Natural green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are commonly sole AS aldehydic and alcoholic flavors; their synthesis is a great challenge for industry. Especially, the bioconversion step of fatty acid hydroperoxides into aldehydes by the hydroperoxide lyase (HL). This widely studied enzyme is present in cell membranes of green organs from superior plants. Extracted from its natural condition, HL is subject to a suicidal behavior, being irreversibly inhibited by its own substrate. Furthermore, GLVs produced are highly volatile and quickly degraded by other plant enzymes. Thence, high GLVs levels in industrial production are very difficult to obtain, but several biotechnological tools could be developed to enhance this natural synthesis level more than hundred times. This paper will describe a new method for GLVs production in bioreactor using sugar beet leaves as source of HL. One step reaction, including hydroperoxide metabolisation and GLVs extraction, is performed during a short time process. Downstream processing to dispose of natural and pure GLVs molecule will also be discussed. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 14 (1 ULg) |
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