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See detailRetrospective Analysis of a Listeria monocytogenes Contamination Episode in Raw Milk Goat Cheese Using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment tools
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Ellouze, Mariem; Yde, Marc et al

in Journal of Food Protection (2012), 75(12), 2122-2135

In 2005, the Belgian authorities reported a Listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in cheese made from raw goat's milk. The presence of an asymptomatic shedder goat in the herd caused this ... [more ▼]

In 2005, the Belgian authorities reported a Listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in cheese made from raw goat's milk. The presence of an asymptomatic shedder goat in the herd caused this contamination. On the basis of data collected at the time of the episode, a retrospective study was performed using an exposure assessment model covering the production chain from the milking of goats up to delivery of cheese to the market. Predictive microbiology models were used to simulate the growth of L. monocytogenes during the cheese process in relation with temperature, pH, and water activity. The model showed significant growth of L. monocytogenes during chilling and storage of the milk collected the day before the cheese production (median increase of 2.2 log CFU/ml) and during the addition of starter and rennet to milk (median increase of 1.2 log CFU/ml). The L. monocytogenes concentration in the fresh unripened cheese was estimated to be 3.8 log CFU/g (median). This result is consistent with the number of L. monocytogenes in the fresh cheese (3.6 log CFU/g) reported during the cheese contamination episode. A variance-based method sensitivity analysis identified the most important factors impacting the cheese contamination, and a scenario analysis then evaluated several options for risk mitigation. Thus, by using quantitative microbial risk assessment tools, this study provides reliable information to identify and control critical steps in a local production chain of cheese made from raw goat's milk. [less ▲]

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See detailValidation de la qualité de la viande hachée de porc par une approche métagénomique ciblée
Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Nezer, Carine; Adolphe, Ysabelle ULg et al

Conference (2012, November 13)

Food products represent great biotopes for bacteria. The optimization of foodstuffs conservation pass by a better understanding of those biotopes and their spoilage. The current techniques of new ... [more ▼]

Food products represent great biotopes for bacteria. The optimization of foodstuffs conservation pass by a better understanding of those biotopes and their spoilage. The current techniques of new generation sequencing give a new dimension to the microbial ecology, through the metagenomic analysis of individuals' large number, within a mixed microbial population. Our aim is to demonstrate that this methodology can be successfully applied to the validation of the quality of foodstuffs during storage. This study was carried out on pork minced meat with shelf-life tests in various conditions of preservation (temperature and packaging). The analysis was performed in parallel with standardized microbiological methods and with massive sequencing of two hypervariables regions of the rDNA 16S. The results show an excellent correlation between the two approaches and underline the tremendous utility of metagenomic analysis for in-depth characterization of the potential altering bacteria in fresh meat. [less ▲]

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See detailViandes bovines à longue durée de conservation conditionnées sous vide : isolement et caractérisation de souches de Carnobacterium
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Tahiri, Assia ULg; Baptista Rodrigues, Ana Lucia ULg et al

Poster (2012, November 13)

The lactic acid bacteria Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum are often associated to meat and meat products and may be used as a protective culture, improving the microbial ... [more ▼]

The lactic acid bacteria Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum are often associated to meat and meat products and may be used as a protective culture, improving the microbial stability and the safety of these products. In this context, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Carnobacterium from long shelf-life vacuum-packed beef. LAB counts after culture at +22°C remained below 2.0 log UFC/cm², even at the end of shelf life. On the other hand, the ecosystem evaluation performed by metagenomics revealed the predominance of Carnobacterium and Lactobacillus on the samples. After spreading of a peptone water suspension obtained from the samples on PCA, pure isolates were collected and identified by API 50 CHL galleries. Seventy-eight % of isolates were C. maltaromaticum, 3 % C. divergens and 19 % could not be identified. The next step of this work will consist in performing a genotypic and functional characterization of these Carnobacterium isolates. [less ▲]

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See detailValidation of a method for measuring the colour and determining the proportions of myoglobin redox forms on beef
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Salmon, Olivier; Tahiri, Assia ULg et al

Poster (2012, October 19)

The aim of this study was to validate the use of the spectrophotometer Minolta CM-600d for measuring the colour and the proportions of different myoglobin redox forms (oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, and ... [more ▼]

The aim of this study was to validate the use of the spectrophotometer Minolta CM-600d for measuring the colour and the proportions of different myoglobin redox forms (oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin) on the surface of meat. One vacuum-packaged (VP) striploin was supplied by a Belgian food wholesaler. It was cut in 3 cm thick steaks, repacked under vacuum and stored at −0.5 °C until analyses. The measurement of colour in the C.I.E. L*a*b* space and the determination of oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin were performed on VP and modified atmosphere-packed (70 % O2/30 % CO2 for 24 h) samples (n = 10). Results obtained were compared to two reference methods (colour measurement using a chromameter Minolta CR-400 and spectrophotometric determination of different myoglobin redox forms in aqueous meat extracts) by F-test for precision and t-test for accuracy. Statistic significance level was established at 5 %. The two colour measurement methods presented the same precision, when considering VP samples only, and different accuracies, probably because of the different detectors and observation angles used by both devices. The two methods for determining the different myoglobin forms presented also the same precision but different accuracies, probably due to the fact that oxygenation is favoured during some steps of the reference method (e.g. extraction, filtration). In conclusion, the results for colour measurement obtained by both devices cannot be compared. It is necessary to compare both methods for determining oxymyoglobin, deoxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin in complete anaerobic conditions in order to eliminate the oxygenation bias. [less ▲]

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See detailEffect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed storage on the microbiological quality of Belgian Blue meat packed in high-oxygen atmosphere
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Tahiri, Assia ULg; Daube, Georges ULg et al

Poster (2012, September 05)

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed (VP) storage on the microbiological quality of Belgian Blue (BB) beef packed in high-oxygen ... [more ▼]

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed (VP) storage on the microbiological quality of Belgian Blue (BB) beef packed in high-oxygen atmosphere. VP striploins from bulls (B) and cows (C) were stored at −1 °C and +4 °C for up to 80 days. These meats were subsequently repackaged under modified atmosphere (MA) – 70 % O2/30 % CO2 – at different times, and stored 2 d at +4 °C and 5 d at +8 °C. The average initial counts in VP meats were 3.6 log CFU/cm² (B) and 2.7 log CFU/cm² (C) for total viable count (TVC) at +22 °C; < 2.0 log CFU/cm² (B and C) for lactic ac id bacteria (LAB) at +22 °C; 1.1 log CFU/cm² (B) and 1.3 log CFU/cm² (C) for Enterobacteriaceae at +30 °C and < 1.0 log CFU/cm² (B and C) for Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta. During the first 40 days of VP storage, temperature had a striking influence on microbial growth. The maximum count differences between storage temperatures were obtained at the 20th day of storage: 2.7 log CFU/cm² (B) and 2.9 log CFU/cm² (C) for TVC, 4.0 log CFU/cm² (B and C) for LAB and 3.6 log CFU/cm² (B and C) for Enterobacteriaceae. The difference in TVC between temperatures at the 20th day tended to disappear once the meats were repacked under MA and stored during seven days. Conversely, the difference in LAB and Enterobacteriaceae counts tended to be maintained after MA repackaging, showing that duration and temperature of VP storage had influence on microbiological quality of BB meat subsequently stored in high-oxygen atmosphere. Moreover, chilling at temperatures very close to the freezing point of meat during VP storage, which has already showed innumerous advantages for physicochemical quality of meat, was capital to maintain the microbiological quality of BB fresh meat during subsequent MA-packed storage. [less ▲]

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See detailMetagenomic analysis as a tool to better characterize the bacterial content of food and food preparations.
Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Nezer, Carine et al

Conference (2012, September 04)

Metagenomic analysis is a new culture-independent approach for assigning a taxonomic, genic or functional identity to bacterial DNA fragments of unknown origin. Its power and utility is increasingly ... [more ▼]

Metagenomic analysis is a new culture-independent approach for assigning a taxonomic, genic or functional identity to bacterial DNA fragments of unknown origin. Its power and utility is increasingly rising thanks to the next generation sequencing techniques. It is now mature and cheap enough to be transposed to more applied fields like the food microbiology. We demonstrated in several studies the extraordinary potential of the targeted metagenomic analysis to different problematics related to food products. First, this approach is highly useful for the validation of the shelf life of food products. We analyzed standardized pork minced meat and meat product samples packaged either under modified atmosphere (MAP - 30% CO2, 70% O2) or under permeable atmosphere packaging, stored at different temperature (4°C, 4-8°C and 12°C) until the end of shelf-life. The metagenomic analysis allowed to identify species of all the sub-dominant bacterial populations. This approach showed why MAP can improve meat quality by favoring certain species rather than others. As a second example, we sought to identify the potential spoiling bacteria in several food products like raw fish, rind cheese or vacuum packed beef meats in order to illustrate the usefulness of metagenomics for the quality control of food preparations. Samples from various food matrices were screened to identify the bacterial contaminants. We combined the bioinformatics analysis with a classical approach to generate effective quantitative data for the various bacterial populations detected. This analysis characterizes the samples both on the identity of the potential spoiling bacteria present and on the quantification level of the contaminants. Finally, the metagenomic analysis reveals the presence of numerous uncultured and uncharacterized bacteria. The use of a carefully designed analysis pipeline has been used to ensure to label the bacterial population with a precise taxonomic identity and to determine whether the targeted population corresponds to a known species or not. This way, even if the nearest known homologous sequence is an environmental sample, its relatedness to known species can be deduced. This represents a new tool to trace yet uncharacterized food spoiling bacteria. [less ▲]

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See detailLes modèles de microbiologie prévisionellepour la maitrise de la sécurité des aliments (synthèse bibliographique)
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Daube, Georges ULg; Adolphe, Ysabelle ULg et al

in Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2012), 16(3), 369-381

Predictive microbiology aims to predict the evolution of microorganisms in foods with mathematical models. Several models have been published and the complexity of some of them makes their use difficult ... [more ▼]

Predictive microbiology aims to predict the evolution of microorganisms in foods with mathematical models. Several models have been published and the complexity of some of them makes their use difficult for the uninitiated. However, the use of this discipline will become widespread in coming years. These models provide, for example, additional tools to ensure the microbiological safety of food, to establish the contamination flow in a food chain, to develop and to assist the quality assurance systems. The development of new computer software and database will enable stakeholders in the food chain to have a better control of microbiological hazards. The aim of this summary is to give an overview of existing models of predictive microbiology and their applications. A first approach of the primary, secondary and tertiary models is given. The modelling of latency, integrated models and growth tests are also discussed. [less ▲]

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See detailEffect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed storage on the oxidative stability of Belgian Blue meat packed in high-oxygen atmosphere
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Tahiri, Assia ULg; Thimister, Jacqueline ULg et al

Poster (2012, August 13)

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed (VP) storage on the oxidative stability of Belgian Blue meat packed in high-oxygen atmosphere. VP ... [more ▼]

The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of duration and temperature of previous vacuum-packed (VP) storage on the oxidative stability of Belgian Blue meat packed in high-oxygen atmosphere. VP striploins from bulls and cows were stored at −1 °C and +4 °C for up to 80 days and analyzed. These same meat samples were also repackaged under modified atmosphere (MA) – 70 % O2/30 % CO2 – at different times, stored 2 d at +4 °C and 5 d at +8 °C, and then analyzed. Meat from cows presented a lower loss of redness than meat from bulls. A low lipid oxidation was observed in VP samples, but an increase of lipid oxidation took place after MA repackaging. Meat from cows presented a higher -tocopherol content. A decrease of α-tocopherol content during storage was observed as well. The fat content was also higher in meat from cows than in meat from bulls. The duration and temperature of vacuum-packed storage influenced the sensitivity of Belgian Blue beef to pigment and lipid oxidation during subsequent high-oxygen storage. [less ▲]

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See detailThe Metagenomic in the Service of the Food Microbiology.
Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Nezer, Carine; Poullet, Jean-Baptiste et al

Poster (2012, July 23)

Introduction: Food products represent great biotopes for bacteria. The optimisation of foodstuffs conservation, mattering so economically as from the point of view of the public health, pass by a better ... [more ▼]

Introduction: Food products represent great biotopes for bacteria. The optimisation of foodstuffs conservation, mattering so economically as from the point of view of the public health, pass by a better understanding of those biotopes and their spoilage. Microbiologists had already tried to resolve this problem throughout several approaches. Studies based on classical microbiology cultures were completed by strategies centred on approaches independent from the microbiological culture. Purpose: The current techniques of new generation sequencing give a new dimension to the microbial ecology, through the metagenomic analysis of individuals' large number, within a mixed microbial population. Our aim is to demonstrate that this methodology can be successfully applied to the study of foodstuffs microbial flora, and can be adapted to the specific requirements of food microbiology. Methods: This study was carried out on pork's minced meat and white sausage, with shelf-life tests in various conditions of preservation (temperature and packaging). The rDNA 16S was extracted from the original products and samples in the best-before date and, after standardization, hypervariable regions V5 were sequenced. Results: A total about 130.000 sequences were obtained and a metagenomic analysis succeeded in the taxonomic classification to the genus level for 80 % of this population. The subsequent analysis of microbial populations shows that the majority microbial populations at the expiration date are the same ones which are generally observed during microbiological analysis of these meat products. However, the population subdominants and especially several populations of not cultivable germs were able to be identified. These groups of bacteria, more difficult to obtain by the other methods, must be studied because they participate in the spoilage process of food products. Significance: The sensibility of this technology makes possible the analysis of foodstuffs presenting a very low microbial rate and, thus, allows the identification of the microbial contaminants before they grow the levels detected by cultural methods. [less ▲]

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See detailL’analyse métagénomique ciblée au service de la microbiologie des aliments : applications concrètes
Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Nezer, Carine; Delhalle, Laurent ULg et al

Conference (2012, May 23)

La métagénomique est une discipline récente qui s’attache à attribuer une identité, taxonomique, génique ou fonctionnelle, à des fragments d’ADN d’origine inconnue. Son développement et son utilité ... [more ▼]

La métagénomique est une discipline récente qui s’attache à attribuer une identité, taxonomique, génique ou fonctionnelle, à des fragments d’ADN d’origine inconnue. Son développement et son utilité bénéficient grandement de l’essor des techniques de séquençage de seconde génération permettant d’obtenir d’un échantillon de grandes quantités de séquences d’ADN. L’écologie microbienne et la santé intestinale sont les thématiques ayant le plus approfondi la métagénomique et les possibilités qu’elle offre, mais d’autres domaines peuvent grandement bénéficier de cette nouvelle façon d’investiguer les flores microbiennes. Cette étude démontre, à travers plusieurs exemples concrets, que cette méthodologie peut rapidement être adaptée aux exigences spécifiques de la microbiologie des aliments. En effet, les denrées alimentaires périssables, comme la viande et les préparations à base de viande, représentent des biotopes de choix pour les bactéries. L’optimisation de la conservation de ces denrées, importante tant du point de vue économique que de la santé publique, passe par une meilleure connaissance de l’évolution de ces flores et des processus de détérioration des qualités du produit. Les microbiologistes ont depuis longtemps abordé ce problème en utilisant différentes approches dépendantes ou non de la culture microbienne, mais à petite échelle. L’analyse métagénomique est donc une rupture technologique qui allie analyse à grande échelle et large spectre. Un premier exemple a permis de démontrer la capacité de l’analyse métagénomique à identifier les populations bactériennes sous-dominantes dans des produits de viande (viande hachée de porc et boudin blanc). La sensibilité de l’analyse effectuée permet d’identifier les populations microbiennes dès la sortie de production et de comprendre leurs évolutions en fonction de différentes conditions de conservation lors de tests de vieillissement. De plus, la possibilité d’utiliser des échantillons standardisés a servi à comparer plusieurs zones hypervariables de l’ARNr 16S ainsi que d’étudier la reproductibilité de l’analyse. Ensuite, l’impact de la conservation sous-vide de longue durée de la viande bovine a été investigué pour des échantillons d’origines diverses. L’analyse a révélé des différences très marquées malgré un conditionnement apparemment identique. Enfin, nous avons exploré la capacité de cette méthodologie à identifier les bactéries potentiellement responsables d’altérations dans trois matrices alimentaires : le steak tartare, le poisson cru et le fromage. Si l’identification des germes à large spectre est actuellement efficace et reproductible comme nous l’avons démontré ; plusieurs axes de recherche restent à approfondir pour améliorer son utilité dans l’industrie agro-alimentaire. Parmi ceux-ci, il y a la capacité à transposer cette méthodologie pour d’autres micro-organismes comme les moisissures et les champignons, la détermination du degré de profondeur d’analyse utile en fonction du but recherché, et enfin, l’organisation de la manne d’informations qui sont générées par la métagénomique. [less ▲]

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See detailStudy of the microbial diversity in vacuum-packed chilled beef from different origins through a metagenomics approach
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Nezer, Carine et al

Poster (2012, April)

Despite a diverse initial microbial population, bacterial spoilage of vacuum-packed chilled beef is mainly due to the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. The study of the microflora of vacuum-packed ... [more ▼]

Despite a diverse initial microbial population, bacterial spoilage of vacuum-packed chilled beef is mainly due to the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. The study of the microflora of vacuum-packed chilled beef remains a challenge since some members of the microflora may be missed or not identified by cultivation-based methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial diversity in eight batches of vacuum-packed chilled beef from different origins (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Ireland and United Kingdom) by metagenomics. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples were homogenized and analysed in early and late stages of their shelf life by metagenomics. The metagenomic assays consisted in DNA extraction, 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification, pyrosequencing and data analysis. All samples, except for two batches from Australia, presented a high microbial diversity in the beginning of their shelf life. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Lactobacillus and Sterotrophomonas were some of the major bacteria identified at this stage of storage. The dominant flora (> 80 % of relative abundance) in two Australian batches was composed by Carnobacterium. At the end of the shelf life of the samples, a decrease in microbial diversity was observed in almost all batches. At this stage of storage, Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus were some of the major genera identified. Carnobacterium remained the dominant flora in the two Australian batches cited above, which could explain the long shelf life applicable to this meat (140 days) as some Carnobacterium strains induce a biopreservative effect especially by producing bacteriocins with a wide inhibition spectrum. Metagenomics showed to be a very useful tool to study the microbial population of a complex matrix such as meat since some of the identified genera such as Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium are known not to grow or to grow slowly in media commonly used for the isolation and cultivation of total viable counts. [less ▲]

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See detailRetrospective analysis of a listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in raw milk goat cheese using quantitative microbial risk assessment tools
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Ellouze, M.; Yde, M. et al

in Journal of Food Protection (2012), 75(12), 2122-2135

In 2005, the Belgian authorities reported a Listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in cheese made from raw goat's milk. The presence of an asymptomatic shedder goat in the herd caused this ... [more ▼]

In 2005, the Belgian authorities reported a Listeria monocytogenes contamination episode in cheese made from raw goat's milk. The presence of an asymptomatic shedder goat in the herd caused this contamination. On the basis of data collected at the time of the episode, a retrospective study was performed using an exposure assessment model covering the production chain from the milking of goats up to delivery of cheese to the market. Predictive microbiology models were used to simulate the growth of L. monocytogenes during the cheese process in relation with temperature, pH, and water activity. The model showed significant growth of L. monocytogenes during chilling and storage of the milk collected the day before the cheese production (median increase of 2.2 log CFU/ml) and during the addition of starter and rennet to milk (median increase of 1.2 log CFU/ml). The L. monocytogenes concentration in the fresh unripened cheese was estimated to be 3.8 log CFU/g (median). This result is consistent with the number of L. monocytogenes in the fresh cheese (3.6 log CFU/g) reported during the cheese contamination episode. A variance-based method sensitivity analysis identified the most important factors impacting the cheese contamination, and a scenario analysis then evaluated several options for risk mitigation. Thus, by using quantitative microbial risk assessment tools, this study provides reliable information to identify and control critical steps in a local production chain of cheese made from raw goat's milk. © International Association for Food Protection. [less ▲]

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See detailCaractérisation des viandes bovines à très longue durée de conservation sous vide
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Nezer, Carine ULg; Taminiau, Bernard ULg et al

Poster (2011, December 09)

Le but de cette étude a été d’évaluer la conservabilité de viandes bovines de différentes origines (Royaume-Uni et Irlande, Australie et Brésil) et l’influence sur celle-ci de la température de ... [more ▼]

Le but de cette étude a été d’évaluer la conservabilité de viandes bovines de différentes origines (Royaume-Uni et Irlande, Australie et Brésil) et l’influence sur celle-ci de la température de conservation (1 °C vs. +4 °C). Des paramètres physico-chimiques (pH, couleur, proportion des différentes formes redox de la myoglobine (FRMb), indice TBARS et acides organiques) et microbiologiques (flore aérobie totale, flore lactique, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. et Brochothrix thermosphacta) ont été mesurés sur sept lots de contre-filet conditionnés sous vide : aux ⅔ de la DLC et à la fin de la DLC. La diversité bactérienne a été évaluée par galeries API50 CHL et par métagénomique. Le pH a diminué au cours de la conservation dans deux lots. La couleur et la proportion des FRMb sont restées stables. Une augmentation de l’indice TBARS, plus prononcée à +4 °C, a été observée. Les viandes australiennes et brésilienne ont présenté des taux en acides acétique et citrique plus élevés. Tous les lots conservés à 1 °C ont présenté une qualité microbiologique satisfaisante à la fin de leur DLC (viandes britanniques et irlandaises = 35 ~ 45 jours; australiennes = 140 jours et brésilienne = 120 jours). La conservation à +4 °C a favorisé la croissance d’entérobactéries, facteur limitant de la conservation de plusieurs lots. L’identification bactérienne a révélé la présence de bactéries connues pour leur effet bioprotecteur. La phase ultérieure de ce travail consistera à étudier la dynamique de la flore microbienne endogène en fonction des conditions environnementales appliquées (température, atmosphère). [less ▲]

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See detailEvaluation de la diversité bactérienne et de son évolution pendant la conservation de la viande fraîche bovine de différentes origines emballée sous vide
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Maréchal, Aline; Nezer, Carine ULg et al

Poster (2011, November 18)

Un grand nombre de bactéries lactiques associées à la viande sont connues comme d'importants producteurs de bactériocines. Ces bactériocines sont des toxines protéiques présentant une activité bactéricide ... [more ▼]

Un grand nombre de bactéries lactiques associées à la viande sont connues comme d'importants producteurs de bactériocines. Ces bactériocines sont des toxines protéiques présentant une activité bactéricide ou bactériostatique contre des espèces proches de la souche productrice. La présence de certaines bactéries lactiques dans la viande fraîche pourrait donc prolonger la durée de conservation, et améliorer la stabilité microbienne et la sécurité de ce produit. Dans ce contexte, une étude a été réalisée sur des échantillons de contre-filet de différentes origines emballés sous vide, dans le but d’évaluer la diversité bactérienne et son évolution pendant la conservation. L’étude a été réalisée sur trois lots provenant d’Irlande, du Brésil et d’Australie, affichant respectivement une DLC de 35 jours, 120 jours et 140 jours. Après réception dans le laboratoire, les échantillons ont été conservés à 1 °C. Ensuite, pendant le dernier tiers de leur DLC, ils ont été conservés à 1 °C ou à +4 °C. Des dénombrements ont été réalisés : 1) aux ⅔ de la DLC et 2) à la fin de la DLC. Les germes dénombrés ont été : la flore aérobie totale à +22 °C, la flore lactique à +22 °C et les Enterobacteriaceae à +30 °C en utilisant le système automatique de dénombrement TEMPO®. Tous les échantillons conservés à 1 °C ont présenté une qualité microbiologique satisfaisante à la fin de la conservation. Par contre, la conservation à +4 °C a favorisé une croissance plus importante des bactéries lactiques et des Enterobacteriaceae. Dans le cas des Enterobacteriaceae, le seuil défini pour évaluer l’acceptabilité des différents lots a été dépassé. Les dénombrements ont permis de caractériser la dynamique de croissance des populations bactériennes, mais n’ont donné que très peu d’information sur la diversité bactérienne des échantillons. Dans le but de caractériser celle-ci, une étude métagénomique a été réalisée. Ce champ relativement nouveau de la génétique permet d'étudier les communautés de microorganismes dans leur environnement naturel, en contournant la nécessité de culture et isolement en laboratoire. Les résultats préliminaires révèlent qu’aux ⅔ de la DLC, Aquabacterium était le genre dominant dans les lots d’origines irlandaise et brésilienne, Pseudomonas était le genre dominant dans le lot d’origine australienne. A la fin de la DLC (après conservation à +4 °C), Aquabacterium et Escherichia étaient les genres dominants dans le lot d’origine irlandaise. L’ordre Lactobacillales était le plus abondant dans les lots d’origines brésilienne et australienne. Les différences dans la composition de la population bactérienne de la viande, en particulier en ce qui concerne les bactéries lactiques, pourraient expliquer les longues DLC appliquées dans certains pays. Ces recherches doivent être poursuivies pour identifier les populations bactériennes (et leur source) présentes dans ces viandes et pour étudier leur dynamique au cours de la conservation. [less ▲]

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See detailLa métagénomique au service de la microbiologie alimentaire : étude de l’évolution des populations microbiennes lors du vieillissement de deux matrices alimentaires
Taminiau, Bernard ULg; Nezer, Carine; Poullet, Jean-Baptiste et al

Conference (2011, November 17)

La viande et les préparations à base de viande représentent des biotopes de choix pour les bactéries. L’optimisation de la conservation de ces denrées, importante tant du point de vue économique que de ... [more ▼]

La viande et les préparations à base de viande représentent des biotopes de choix pour les bactéries. L’optimisation de la conservation de ces denrées, importante tant du point de vue économique que de santé publique passe par une meilleure connaissance de ces biotopes et des processus de détérioration de leurs qualités. Les microbiologistes ont depuis longtemps abordé ce problème en utilisant différentes approches. Ainsi, les études basées sur les méthodes de culture ont été complétées par des stratégies axées sur des approches indépendantes de la culture microbiologique. Les techniques actuelles de séquençage de nouvelle génération ont permis de donner une nouvelle dimension à l’écologie microbienne à travers l’analyse métagénomique d’un grand nombre d’individus au sein d’une population microbienne mixte. Notre propos est de démontrer que cette méthodologie peut être appliquée avec succès à l’étude des flores microbiennes des denrées alimentaires et pourra être adaptée, à court terme, aux exigences spécifiques de la microbiologie alimentaire. Dans cette étude, un produit de viande crue et une préparation de viande cuite, la viande hachée de porc et le boudin blanc, ont subi un test de vieillissement dans différentes conditions de conservation (Température et packaging). L’ADN ribosomal 16S a été extrait des produits originaux et des échantillons à la date limite de consommation et, après normalisation, les régions hypervariables V5 et V6 de l’ADN 16S ont été séquencées. Un total d’environ 130.000 séquences ont été obtenues et une analyse métagénomique a abouti à la classification taxonomique au genre pour 80% de cette population. L’analyse subséquente des populations microbiennes montre que les populations microbiennes majoritaires à la date limite de conservation sont bien celles qui sont généralement observées lors d’analyse microbiologiques de ces produits de viande. Toutefois, les populations sous-dominantes et surtout plusieurs populations de germes non cultivables ont pu être identifiée. Ces groupes de bactéries, plus difficile à obtenir par d’autres méthodes (culture-dépendante et indépendante confondues), doivent être étudiées car elles participent aux processus de détériorations de ces matrices alimentaires. Enfin, la sensibilité de cette technologie rend possible l’analyse des denrées alimentaires présentant un taux microbien très faible et permet donc l’identification des contaminants microbiens avant leur développement. [less ▲]

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See detailDevelopment of a quantitative risk assessment for cheese made from raw goat milk contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Ellouze, Mariem; Clinquart, Antoine ULg et al

Poster (2011, September)

A retrospective study was performed to assess the potential risk of human listeriosis following a contamination by L. monocytogenes of cheeses made from goat raw milk reported by the Belgian Federal ... [more ▼]

A retrospective study was performed to assess the potential risk of human listeriosis following a contamination by L. monocytogenes of cheeses made from goat raw milk reported by the Belgian Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain in 2005. The source of the contamination was related to a shedder goat, excreting 2.6 log cfu (colonies forming units) L. monocytogenes / ml without any clinical symptom. On the basis of the collected data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment model was developed covering the production chain from the milking of goats until the consumed products. Predictive microbiology models were used to simulate the growth of L. monocytogenes during the process of cheeses made from goat raw milk. The modular exposure assessment model showed a significant growth of L. monocytogenes during chilling and storage of the milk collected the day before the cheese production (increase of 1.7 log cfu/ml for the median) and during the step of starter and rennet adjunction to milk (increase of 0.8 log cfu/ml for the median). The median estimated final result (in the fresh cheese) was equal to 3.5 log cfu/g. The model estimates (expressed as median final result issued from the exposure assessment) were realistic compared to the number of L. monocytogenes measured in the fresh cheese (3.6 log cfu/g) reported during the cheese contamination period. The average number of expected cases of human listeriosis was between 0 and 1 for a high-risk sub-population and 0 for a low-risk healthy sub-population. Scenario analysis was finally performed to identify the most significant factors and aid in developing priorities for risk mitigation. Thus, by using quantitative risk assessment and predictive microbiology models, this study provided valuable information to identify and to control critical steps in a local production chain of goat cheese made from raw milk. [less ▲]

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See detailInfluence of temperature on conservability of chilled vacuum packed beef from different origins
Didimo Imazaki, Pedro Henrique ULg; Maréchal, Aline; Nezer, Carine ULg et al

Poster (2011, August 07)

The objective of this experiment was to study the conservability of chilled vacuum-packed meat depending on storage temperature (–1 °C vs. +4 °C) during the last third of their shelf life. Physicochemical ... [more ▼]

The objective of this experiment was to study the conservability of chilled vacuum-packed meat depending on storage temperature (–1 °C vs. +4 °C) during the last third of their shelf life. Physicochemical parameters (pH and colour) and microbiological growth (total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Brochothrix thermosphacta) of Longissimus dorsi samples from different origins (United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and Brazil) were measured at: i) 2/3 of their shelf life and ii) the end of their shelf life. Sample bacteria population growing on MRS was identified by API 50 CHL strips. Unlike Irish and British samples, pH of some Australian and Brazilian samples decreased during conservation. The colour of the samples remained stable and it did not seem to be influenced by temperature. All samples conserved at –1 °C presented a satisfactory microbiological quality at the end of their shelf life (British and Irish meat = 35~45 days; Australian meat = 140 days and Brazilian meat = 120 days). On Australian and Brazilian samples, temperature did not influence total aerobic bacteria growth, but conservation at +4 °C favoured lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae growth. API 50 CHL strip identifications revealed the presence of bacteria like Lactobacillus brevis, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and Lactobacillus fermentum, which occur naturally in fresh meat and are known for their bioprotective effect against other microorganisms. Further analyses are being carried out using molecular methods in order to study the initial bacteria population diversity and it evolution during storage. [less ▲]

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See detailA new tool to control meat products safety: a web based application of predictive microbiology models
Delhalle, Laurent ULg; Adolphe, Ysabelle ULg; Crevecoeur, Sébastien ULg et al

Conference (2011)

Predictive microbiology is considered by the European legislation as a tool to control food safety. Meat and meat products are particularly sensitive to contamination with pathogens. However, development ... [more ▼]

Predictive microbiology is considered by the European legislation as a tool to control food safety. Meat and meat products are particularly sensitive to contamination with pathogens. However, development of predictive microbiology models and interpretation of results require specific knowledge. A free web based model has been developed for an easy use by people who are not experts in this field as industries and public authorities. The model can simulate the growth of Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157 in minced pork meat and on pork meat product (white pudding) under different environmental conditions. The model provides simulations under static or dynamic conditions over time. The user also has the opportunity to import the specific growth rate and cardinal parameters of a bacterium. Unlike polynomial models currently available, this free web access model is distinguished by the use of secondary square roots and primary logistic model with delay. This model permits to have a real time process management, to prospect new formulation for safer products or to design safer processes, to estimate the shelf life of a food product, etc [less ▲]

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