  The HTLV-1 Tax protein inhibits formation of stress granules by interacting with histone deacetylase 6.; Boxus, Mathieu  ; et alin Oncogene (2011) Human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a fatal adult T-cell leukemia. Through deregulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways the viral Tax protein has a pivotal role ... [more ▼] Human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a fatal adult T-cell leukemia. Through deregulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways the viral Tax protein has a pivotal role in T-cell transformation. In response to stressful stimuli, cells mount a cellular stress response to limit the damage that environmental forces inflict on DNA or proteins. During stress response, cells postpone the translation of most cellular mRNAs, which are gathered into cytoplasmic mRNA-silencing foci called stress granules (SGs) and allocate their available resources towards the production of dedicated stress-management proteins. Here we demonstrate that Tax controls the formation of SGs and interferes with the cellular stress response pathway. In agreement with previous reports, we observed that Tax relocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to environmental stress. We found that the presence of Tax in the cytoplasm of stressed cells prevents the formation of SGs and counteracts the shutoff of specific host proteins. Unexpectedly, nuclear localization of Tax promotes spontaneous aggregation of SGs, even in the absence of stress. Mutant analysis revealed that the SG inhibitory capacity of Tax is independent of its transcriptional abilities but relies on its interaction with histone deacetylase 6, a critical component of SGs. Importantly, the stress-protective effect of Tax was also observed in the context of HTLV-1 infected cells, which were shown to be less prone to form SGs and undergo apoptosis under arsenite exposure. These observations identify Tax as the first virally encoded inhibitory component of SGs and unravel a new strategy developed by HTLV-1 to deregulate normal cell processes. We postulate that inhibition of the stress response pathway by Tax would favor cell survival under stressful conditions and may have an important role in HTLV-1-induced cellular transformation.Oncogene advance online publication, 2 May 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.120. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 21 (9 ULg)p21(WAF1) gene promoter is epigenetically silenced by CTIP2 and SUV39H1.Cherrier, Thomas ; ; et alin Oncogene (2009), 28(38), 3380-9 Mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, the cellular cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A/p21(WAF1) (p21), is a major cell cycle regulator of the response to DNA damage, senescence and tumor ... [more ▼] Mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, the cellular cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1A/p21(WAF1) (p21), is a major cell cycle regulator of the response to DNA damage, senescence and tumor suppression. Here, we report that COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2), recruited to the p21 gene promoter, silenced p21 gene transcription through interactions with histone deacetylases and methyltransferases. Importantly, treatment with the specific SUV39H1 inhibitor, chaetocin, repressed histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation at the p21 gene promoter, stimulated p21 gene expression and induced cell cycle arrest. In addition, CTIP2 and SUV39H1 were recruited to the silenced p21 gene promoter to cooperatively inhibit p21 gene transcription. Induction of p21(WAF1) gene upon human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection benefits viral expression in macrophages. Here, we report that CTIP2 further abolishes Vpr-mediated stimulation of p21, thereby indirectly contributing to HIV-1 latency. Altogether, our results suggest that CTIP2 is a constitutive p21 gene suppressor that cooperates with SUV39H1 and histone methylation to silence the p21 gene transcription. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 7 (0 ULg) HIV-1 protease inhibitors do not interfere with provirus transcription and host cell apoptosis induced by combined treatment TNF-alpha plus TSAVandergeeten, Claire ; ; Moutschen, Michel et alin Biochemical Pharmacology (2007), 73(11), 1738-1748 HIV-1 latency represents a major hurdle to the complete eradication of the virus from patients under highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. One solution to this problem would be to ... [more ▼] HIV-1 latency represents a major hurdle to the complete eradication of the virus from patients under highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. One solution to this problem would be to eliminate the latently infected cellular reservoirs by forcing gene expression in presence of HAART to prevent spreading of the infection by the newly synthesized viruses. Many studies have reported that a combination of a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) (i.e. TSA, NaBut, Valproic acid,...) with a pro-inflammatory cytokine (i.e. TNF alpha, IL-1,...) reactivates in a synergistic manner HIV-1 transcription in latently infected cells. The aim of the present study was to determine whether HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) used in HAART (such as Saquinavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Lopinavir, Ritonavir and Amprenavir) could interfere with the potential purge of the cellular reservoirs induced by a combined treatment involving TSA and TNF alpha. We showed, in two HIV-1 latently infected cell lines (ACH-2 and U1) that all PIs efficiently inhibited release of mature viral particles but did neither affect cell apoptosis nor NF-kappa B induction and HIV-1 transcription activation following combined treatment with TNF alpha + TSA. This study is encouraging in the fight against HIV-1 and shows that PIs should be compatible with an inductive adjuvent therapy for latent reservoir reduction/elimination in association with efficient HAART regimens. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 8 (0 ULg)Recruitment Of Chromatin-Modifying Enzymes By Ctip2 Promotes Hiv-1 Transcriptional Silencing; ; Dequiedt, Franck et alin Embo Journal (2007), 26(2), Following entry and reverse transcription, the HIV-1 genome is integrated into the host genome. In contrast to productively infected cells, latently infected cells frequently harbor HIV-1 genomes ... [more ▼] Following entry and reverse transcription, the HIV-1 genome is integrated into the host genome. In contrast to productively infected cells, latently infected cells frequently harbor HIV-1 genomes integrated in heterochromatic structures, allowing persistence of transcriptionally silent proviruses. Microglial cells are the main HIV-1 target cells in the central nervous system and constitute an important reservoir for viral pathogenesis. In the present work, we show that, in microglial cells, the co-repressor COUP-TF interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) recruits a multienzymatic chromatin-modifying complex and establishes a heterochromatic environment at the HIV-1 promoter. We report that CTIP2 recruits histone deacetylase (HDAC)1 and HDAC2 to promote local histone H3 deacetylation at the HIV-1 promoter region. In addition, DNA-bound CTIP2 also associates with the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1, which increases local histone H3 lysine 9 methylation. This allows concomitant recruitment of HP1 proteins to the viral promoter and formation of local heterochromatin, leading to HIV-1 silencing. Altogether, our findings uncover new therapeutic opportunities for purging latent HIV-1 viruses from their cellular reservoirs. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 11 (2 ULg)Deacetylase Inhibitors And The Viral Transactivator Tax(Blv) Synergistically Activate Bovine Leukemia Virus Gene Expression Via A Camp-Responsive Element And Camp-Responsive Element-Binding Protein-Dependent Mechanism; ; et al in Journal of Biological Chemistry (2004), 279(33), Detailed reference viewed: 10 (2 ULg)Overlapping Cre And E Box Motifs In The Enhancer Sequences Of The Bovine Leukemia Virus 5 ' Long Terminal Repeat Are Critical For Basal And Acetylation-Dependent Transcriptional Activity Of The Viral Promoter: Implications For Viral Latency; ; et al in Journal of Virology (2004), 78(24), Detailed reference viewed: 26 (9 ULg)Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate is essential for normal T lymphocyte development; ; et al in Nature Immunology (2003), 4 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3)) is phosphorylated by Ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase, generating inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)). The physiological function of Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4 ... [more ▼] Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P(3)) is phosphorylated by Ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase, generating inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4)). The physiological function of Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) is still unclear, but it has been reported to be a potential modulator of calcium mobilization. Disruption of the gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed Ins(1,4,5)P(3) 3-kinase isoform B (Itpkb) in mice caused a severe T cell deficiency due to major alterations in thymocyte responsiveness and selection. However, we were unable to detect substantial defects in Ins(1,4,5)P(3) amounts or calcium mobilization in Itpkb(-/-) thymocytes. These data indicate that Itpkb and Ins(1,3,4,5)P(4) define an essential signaling pathway for T cell precursor responsiveness and development [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 21 (6 ULg)Bovine Leukemia Virus Su Protein Interacts With Zinc, And Mutations Within Two Interacting Regions Differentially Affect Viral Fusion And Infectivity In Vivo; ; et al in Journal of Virology (2002), 76(16), Detailed reference viewed: 5 (1 ULg)Inhibition Of Histone Deacetylases Induces Bovine Leukemia Virus Expression In Vitro And In Vivo; ; et al in Journal of Virology (2002), 76(10), Detailed reference viewed: 6 (1 ULg)Inhibition of the Nf-Kappa B Transcription Factor Increases Bax Expression in Cancer Cell Lines; Dejardin, Emmanuel ; Viatour, Patrick et alin Oncogene (2001), 20(22), 2805-13 The NF-kappa B transcription factor has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in several experimental systems. We therefore investigated whether the expression of the Bax proapoptotic protein could be ... [more ▼] The NF-kappa B transcription factor has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in several experimental systems. We therefore investigated whether the expression of the Bax proapoptotic protein could be influenced by NF-kappa B activity. Increased Bax protein expression was detected in HCT116, OVCAR-3 and MCF7 cells stably expressing a mutated unresponsive I kappa B-alpha inhibitory protein that blocks NF-kappa B activity. Northern blots showed that bax mRNA expression was increased as a consequence of mutated I kappa B-alpha expression in HCT116 cells. A careful examination of the human bax gene promoter sequence showed three putative binding sites for NF-kappa B, and the kappa B2 site at position -687 could indeed bind NF-kappa B complexes in vitro. Transient transfection of a bax promoter luciferase construct in HCT116 cells showed that NF-kappa B proteins could partially inhibit the transactivation of the bax promoter by p53. Mutations or deletions of the kappa B sites, including kappa B2, indicated that this NF-kappa B-dependent inhibitory effect did not require NF-kappa B DNA-binding, and was thus an indirect effect. However, cotransfection of expression vectors for several known cofactors failed to identify a competition between p53 and NF-kappa B for a transcription coactivator. Our findings thus demonstrate for the first time that NF-kappa B regulates, through an indirect pathway, the bax gene expression. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 14 (0 ULg)Suboptimal Enhancer Sequences Are Required For Efficient Bovine Leukemia Virus Propagation In Vivo: Implications For Viral Latency; ; et al in Journal of Virology (2001), 75(15), Detailed reference viewed: 7 (1 ULg) |
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