  Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Review of risks and benefits; ; Daube, Georges  et alin Food Control (2013), 31(1), 251-262 In the context of the prevailing trend toward more natural products, there seems to be an increasing preference for raw milk consumption as raw milk is associated with several perceived health benefits ... [more ▼] In the context of the prevailing trend toward more natural products, there seems to be an increasing preference for raw milk consumption as raw milk is associated with several perceived health benefits that are believed to be destroyed upon heating. However, many human pathogens can be isolated from raw cow milk. The prevalence of foodborne pathogens in raw cow milk varies, but their presence has been demonstrated in many surveys and foodborne infections have been repeatedly reported for Campylobacter, Salmonella spp. and human pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. In industrialized countries, milk-borne and milk product-borne outbreaks represent 2-6% of the bacterial foodborne outbreaks.The aim of this review is to present scientifically sound data regarding the risks and benefits related to the consumption of raw and heated cow milk. Both microbiological aspects (e.g., the prevalence of milk-borne pathogens, pathogen growth inhibition by antimicrobial systems and by lactic acid producing bacteria, probiotic bacteria, etc.) and nutritional or health aspects (nutritional value, immunity, allergies, lactose intolerance, diabetes, milk digestibility, etc.) are considered.As such, it is demonstrated that consumption of raw milk poses a realistic health threat due to a possible contamination with human pathogens. It is therefore strongly recommended that milk should be heated before consumption. With the exception of an altered organoleptic profile, heating (in particularly ultra high temperature and similar treatments) will not substantially change the nutritional value of raw milk or other benefits associated with raw milk consumption. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 46 (3 ULg)Evaluation of three serum i-ELISA's using monoclonal antibodies and protein G as peroxidase conjugate for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosisSaegerman, Claude ; ; et alin Veterinary Microbiology (2004), 100 Three i-ELISAs using LPS, the immunodominant component of Brucella abortus, were developed with three different conjugates: monoclonal antibodies 1C8 (anti-bovine IgG(1)) and 3H3 (mainly specific for ... [more ▼] Three i-ELISAs using LPS, the immunodominant component of Brucella abortus, were developed with three different conjugates: monoclonal antibodies 1C8 (anti-bovine IgG(1)) and 3H3 (mainly specific for bovine IgG(2) but also reacting with IgG(1)) and protein G (reacts with both bovine IgG subclasses). Using a cut-off value of 2.5U/ml, the i-ELISA with 3H3 as conjugate had a specificity (95% CI: 98.32-99.63%) that was significantly higher than the same assay with 1C8 (95% CI: 96.08-98.26%) or PG (95% CI: 95.83-98.09%). In areas where false positive serological reactions (FPSR) were common, the specificity of the i-ELISAs decreased significantly. The specificity of the i-ELISAs increased with the age of the animals tested, irrespective of the conjugate. The specificity of the i-ELISAs and traditional tests was also examined using sera from animals infected per os with bacteria bearing LPS similar to the Brucella LPS. It appeared that Yersinia enterocolitica O:9, Xanthomonas maltophilia and Salmonella urbana infections induced FPSR both in the i-ELISAs and in the traditional tests, but the 3H3 assay was significantly less prone to produce false positive reactions than the 1C8 and PG assays. The i-ELISAs were more sensitive, allowed earlier detection, and were more persistent than the traditional serological tests both in experimentally and naturally Brucella-infected animals. Weekly i-ELISA monitoring of experimentally infected pregnant heifers (previously vaccinated or not) allowed a prediction of abortion. Furthermore, the 1C8 assay showed significantly higher titres irrespective of day post-infection and vaccination status. The accuracy of the assay could be improved by making use of additional information (e.g. animal age or conjugate) and by selecting appropriate cut-off points on the basis of the prevailing epidemiological situation. The i-ELISAs appear an appropriate choice in order to maintain an official brucellosis-free status because of their sensitivity, early detection and long persistence and, for the same reasons, seem especially valuable for the detection of latent carriers (i.e. animals classified negative by classical serological tests) among imported [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 24 (6 ULg)Etude épidémiologique descriptive et identification de facteurs de risque des réactions sérologiques faussement positives en brucellose bovine dans le sud de la province de Namur (Belgique)Saegerman, Claude ; ; et alin Epidémiologie et Santé Animale (1997), 32 Detailed reference viewed: 22 (1 ULg)Infection of cattle with Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 a cause of the false positive serological reactions in bovine brucellosis diagnostic tests.; ; et al in Veterinary Microbiology (1996), 48(1-2), 101-12 During the last four years, an increasing number of cattle herds were classified positive by brucellosis screening tests in areas of Belgium and France free of the disease. No clinical symptom of ... [more ▼] During the last four years, an increasing number of cattle herds were classified positive by brucellosis screening tests in areas of Belgium and France free of the disease. No clinical symptom of brucellosis was reported in these animals and no Brucella abortus strains were isolated. After two years, no brucellosis outbreak was registered in all of the herds concerned. On this basis, all the serological reactions observed were classified as false positive. An ELISA using Yersinia Outer membrane Proteins (YOPs) as antigens was developed in order to discriminate between a Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 infection and a Brucella abortus infection. Antibodies against YOPs were detected in sera from Y. enterocolitica O:9 experimentally infected cattle (n = 4) but not in sera from B. abortus experimentally infected cattle (n = 4). In a field study, 66.7% of the 174 serum samples from cattle presenting false positive serological reactions showed anti-YOPs antibodies whereas only 10% of 454 sera, classified negative by the brucellosis screening tests, showed anti-YOPs antibodies. Our results suggest that infections with Y. enterocolitica O:9 may cause false positive reactions in brucellosis testing. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 6 (0 ULg)Infection of cattle with Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 a cause of the false positive serological reactions in bovine brucellosis diagnostic tests.; ; et al in Veterinary Microbiology (1996), 48(1-2), 101-12 During the last four years, an increasing number of cattle herds were classified positive by brucellosis screening tests in areas of Belgium and France free of the disease. No clinical symptom of ... [more ▼] During the last four years, an increasing number of cattle herds were classified positive by brucellosis screening tests in areas of Belgium and France free of the disease. No clinical symptom of brucellosis was reported in these animals and no Brucella abortus strains were isolated. After two years, no brucellosis outbreak was registered in all of the herds concerned. On this basis, all the serological reactions observed were classified as false positive. An ELISA using Yersinia Outer membrane Proteins (YOPs) as antigens was developed in order to discriminate between a Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 infection and a Brucella abortus infection. Antibodies against YOPs were detected in sera from Y. enterocolitica O:9 experimentally infected cattle (n = 4) but not in sera from B. abortus experimentally infected cattle (n = 4). In a field study, 66.7% of the 174 serum samples from cattle presenting false positive serological reactions showed anti-YOPs antibodies whereas only 10% of 454 sera, classified negative by the brucellosis screening tests, showed anti-YOPs antibodies. Our results suggest that infections with Y. enterocolitica O:9 may cause false positive reactions in brucellosis testing. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 11 (0 ULg)Brucellose bovine : le test d'agglutination en présence du facteur rhumatoïde après traitement du sérum par le dithiothréitol, dans la différenciation des animaux vaccinés et infectés; Saegerman, Claude ; et alin Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire (1992), 136 Detailed reference viewed: 13 (0 ULg) |
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