  Caspases, the enemy within, and their role in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of inner ear sensory cells; ; et al in Otology & Neurotology (2004), 25(4), 627-632 This review covers the general roles of members of the cysteine protease family of caspases in the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) looking at their participation in both the "extrinsic" cell ... [more ▼] This review covers the general roles of members of the cysteine protease family of caspases in the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) looking at their participation in both the "extrinsic" cell death receptor and the "intrinsic" mitochondrial cell death pathways. It defines the difference between initiator and effector caspases and shows the progression of caspase activations that ends up in the apoptotic cell death and elimination of a damaged cell. The review then presents what is currently know about the participation of caspases in the programmed cell death of inner ear sensory cells during the process of normal development and maturation of the inner ear and their importance in this process as illustrated by the results of caspase-3 gene knockout experiments. The participation of specific caspases and the sequence of their activation in the elimination (apoptosis) of damaged sensory cells from adult inner ears after an injury that generates oxidative stress are reviewed. Both the possibility and the potential efficacy of caspase inhibition with a broad-spectrum pancaspase inhibitor as an interventional therapy to treat and rescue oxidative stress-damaged inner ear sensory cells from apoptosis are presented and discussed. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 54 (2 ULg) Arrest of apoptosis in auditory neurons: Implications for sensorineural preservation in cochlear implantation; ; et al in Otology & Neurotology (2003), 24(3), 409-417 Hypothesis: The JNK/c-Jun cell death pathway is a major pathway responsible for the loss of oxidative stress-damaged auditory neurons. Background: Implantation of patients with residual hearing ... [more ▼] Hypothesis: The JNK/c-Jun cell death pathway is a major pathway responsible for the loss of oxidative stress-damaged auditory neurons. Background: Implantation of patients with residual hearing accentuates the need to preserve functioning sensorineural elements. Although some auditory function may survive electrode insertion, the probability of initiating an ongoing loss of auditory neurons and hair cells is unknown. Cochlear implantation can potentially generate oxidative stress, which can initiate the cell death of both auditory neurons and hair cells. Methods: Dissociated cell cultures of P4 rat auditory neurons identified the apoptotic pathway initiated by oxidative stress insults (e.g., loss of trophic factor support) and characterized this pathway by arresting translation of pathway-specific mRNA with antisense oligonucleotide treatment and with the use of pathway specific inhibitors. The presence or absence of apoptosis-specific protein and changes in the level of neuronal survival measured the efficacy of these interventional strategies. Results: These in vitro studies identified the JNK/c-Jun cascade as a major initiator of apoptosis of auditory neurons in response to oxidative stress. Neurons pretreated with c-jun antisense oligonucleotide and exposed to high levels of oxidative stress were rescued from apoptosis, whereas neurons in treatment control cultures died. Treatment of oxidative-stressed cultures with either curcumin, a MAPKKK pathway inhibitor, or PD-098059, a MEK1 inhibitor, blocked loss of neurons via the JNK/c-Jun apoptotic pathway. Conclusion: Blocking the JNK/c-Jun cell death pathway is a feasible approach to treating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis within the cochlea and may have application as an otoprotective strategy during cochlear implantation. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 13 (1 ULg)Pharmacologic treatment of inner ear: from basic science to the patient.Lefèbvre, Philippe  ; ; et alin Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica Belgica (2002), 56(1), 45-9 Most of the deafness are of sensorineural origin and are characterized by a loss of hair cells and of spiral ganglion neurons. At the present time, hearing aids are the only treatment. However, in some ... [more ▼] Most of the deafness are of sensorineural origin and are characterized by a loss of hair cells and of spiral ganglion neurons. At the present time, hearing aids are the only treatment. However, in some diseases of the inner ear, pharmacological treatment have been proposed and used successfully. In this paper, we will review some basic science aspects of the biology of the neurosensory structures of the inner ear, in particular of the auditory neurons, that lead to the rationale of some treatments for the inner ear diseases. Developmental studies, neuronal cell culture experiments, and analyses of gene knockout animals reveal a number of growth factors which are important for the rescue and repair of injured auditory neurons in the inner ear. These factors rescue the injured auditory neurons in vivo. Furthermore, perfusion of antioxydant to the cochlea prevented the hearing loss induced by cisplatin. These in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that it is possible to manipulate the neurosensory structures of the inner ear and provide an effective treatment to prevent the degeneration of the neurons. The molecules or drugs can be administered locally to the inner ear through a direct perilymphatic perfusion or through the round window membrane. As an example, we will discuss the treatment of patients suffering from idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss which can be treated successfully by a perfusion through the round window membrane, improving their hearing threshold and their speech discrimination. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 24 (7 ULg) In vitro ototoxicity of aminoglycosides and platin derivatives. A semi-automatic assay for sensory hair cell damage in explanted rat organ of corti.; LEFEBVRE, Philippe ; et alin Toxicology in Vitro (1998) The ototoxic damage that drugs such as neomycin, kanamycin, colistin, cisplatin, transplatin and carboplatin cause on outer and inner hair cells in postnatal day 3 rat cochlear explants was investigated ... [more ▼] The ototoxic damage that drugs such as neomycin, kanamycin, colistin, cisplatin, transplatin and carboplatin cause on outer and inner hair cells in postnatal day 3 rat cochlear explants was investigated. Phalloidin-fluorescein conjugate-stained stereocilia bundles of sensory hair cells were quantified by video image analysis as a measurement of ototoxic effect. The video image quantification system established dose-response curves for ototoxic drugs (e.g. calculation of an IC50) and allowed comparisons between several ototoxins from the same family. This methodology provided the means to assess the efficacy of otoprotectant agents in preventing ototoxicity. Poly-l-aspartate (10-5M) and poly-l-glutamate (10-5M) protected auditory hair cells from neomycin (10-3M) toxicity while reduced glutathione (10-3M) provided protection against cisplatin (10-4M)-induced hair cell damage. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 10 (0 ULg)Nt-3 Has a Tropic Effect on Process Outgrowth by Postnatal Auditory Neurones in VitroMalgrange, Brigitte ; ; Martin, Didier et alin Neuroreport (1996), 7(15-17), 2495-9 CONFOCAL analysis of early postnatal auditory neurones in a bicompartmental culture system was used to test for chemoattractant properties of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 on neuronal process outgrowth. NT-3 exerted ... [more ▼] CONFOCAL analysis of early postnatal auditory neurones in a bicompartmental culture system was used to test for chemoattractant properties of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 on neuronal process outgrowth. NT-3 exerted a strong tropic effect on neuritic outgrowth from auditory neurones in this system. BDNF and NGF did not have any tropic activity that directed processes outgrowth from auditory neurones. However, BDNF was important for the support of neuronal survival in NGF-treated cultures and for neuritogenesis in NT-3-treated cultures. Since NT-3 has been identified as both a survival factor and a chemotropic agent for auditory neurones, it is likely that this neurotrophin will be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of damaged cochleae for the recovery of hearing. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 14 (0 ULg)Retinoic Acid Stimulates Regeneration of Mammalian Auditory Hair CellsLefèbvre, Philippe ; Malgrange, Brigitte ; et alin Science (1993), 260(5108), 692-5 Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from the loss of auditory hair cells is thought to be irreversible in mammals. This study provides evidence that retinoic acid can stimulate the regeneration in vitro ... [more ▼] Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from the loss of auditory hair cells is thought to be irreversible in mammals. This study provides evidence that retinoic acid can stimulate the regeneration in vitro of mammalian auditory hair cells in ototoxic-poisoned organ of Corti explants in the rat. In contrast, treatment with retinoic acid does not stimulate the formation of extra hair cells in control cultures of Corti's organ. Retinoic acid-stimulated hair cell regeneration can be blocked by cytosine arabinoside, which suggests that a period of mitosis is required for the regeneration of auditory hair cells in this system. These results provide hope for a recovery of hearing function in mammals after auditory hair cell damage. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 13 (5 ULg)Tgf Beta 1 Expression Is Initiated in Adult Auditory Neurons by Sectioning of the Auditory Nerve; Martin, Didier ; et alin Neuroreport (1992), 3(4), 295-8 Neuronotrophic factors (e.g. basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF and nerve growth factor, NGF) have been demonstrated to respectively promote survival and neuritogenesis in cultures of dissociated adult ... [more ▼] Neuronotrophic factors (e.g. basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF and nerve growth factor, NGF) have been demonstrated to respectively promote survival and neuritogenesis in cultures of dissociated adult rat spiral ganglia. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta 1) has been shown to modulate the response of cultured auditory neurons to bFGF through the induction of high affinity receptors for bFGF in the neurons. In this study, we show that TGF beta is expressed in situ by adult auditory neurons in response to traumatic injury (i.e. transection of the eighth cranial nerve). Based on these in vivo results and on the results from our previous in vitro studies, we propose that TFG beta 1 acts as an early autocrine signal involved in the response to injury by neurons of the peripheral auditor system. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 14 (1 ULg)Etude des activateurs du plasminogène et de leurs inhibiteurs dans le système nerveux en développement.Schoenen, Jean ; ; et alConference (1992) Detailed reference viewed: 6 (1 ULg)Tgf-beta1 Modulates bFGF Receptor Message Expression in Cultured Adult Auditory Neurons; ; et al in Neuroreport (1991), 2(6), 305-8 Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to have neuronotrophic effects on cultured neurons. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFss1) has been implicated in the modulation of cellular ... [more ▼] Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to have neuronotrophic effects on cultured neurons. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFss1) has been implicated in the modulation of cellular receptors for bFGF in several cell types. In this study, we show that TGFss1 is expressed in cultured adult mouse auditory neurons in response to explanation injury and acts in an autocrine fashion to increase the level of expression of bFGF receptors message in these same neurons. Based on these in-vitro results, we propose that these trophic factors (i.e. TGFss1 and bFGF) play a significant role in the response to injury by the mature auditory system. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 7 (0 ULg) |
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