Gestion du stress et de la fatigue, que nous apprend la simulation

Conference (2013, April 26)

Nouvelles technologies : vers une conscience virtuelle de la situation

Scientific conference (2012, June 08)

Visual memory of central and marginal items in natural and complex scenes: influence of subjects’ expertise in road traffic.

Conference (2012, May 10)

Our purpose is to study the visual memory (VM) of natural complex scenes in function of subjects’ expertise. 15 subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their level of driving expertise (novices ... [more ▼]

Our purpose is to study the visual memory (VM) of natural complex scenes in function of subjects’ expertise. 15 subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their level of driving expertise (novices, <5 years and >5 years of experience) and were asked to memorize road images (divided into 3 levels of complexity). After each image presentation (5 second presentation), subjects were asked to answer 6 questions, 3 about central information for driving and 3 about marginal items (not relevant for driving) and to estimate their self-confidence. Our results showed an effect of detail type, subjects’ expertise and stimulus complexity: performance was significantly better for central items than for marginal information, for less complex images than for more complex images and with experts (level 2 and 3) than novices (level 1). We observed no interaction between these 3 variables (detail type, image complexity and subjects’ expertise). This finding suggests difference between central and marginal information in VM performance is stable independently of the image complexity and subjects’ expertise. It generalizes results from our previous study with experts in art history and from Melcher’s study (2006) that showed difference between central and marginal information was stable independently of stimulus presentation duration. [less ▲]

Communication Failure : A case study in hospital. New requirements for the design process

in Holzinger, Andreas; Simonic, Klaus Martin (Eds.) Information Quality in e-Health (2011, November)

Best practices for improving working conditions amongst nurses: a multi-foci and multi-method perspective.

Conference (2011, May 25)

From myopic coordination to resilience in socio-technical systems. A case study in a hospital

in Hollnagel, Erik; Paries, Jean; Woods, David (Eds.) et al Resilience Engineering in Practice: A guidebook (2011)

Etude des processus d’adaptation aux nouvelles technologies par l’analyse des communications : le cas de la chirurgie robotique

Conference (2010, September)

Ce papier propose d’étudier les processus d’adaptation lors de l’introduction d’une nouvelle technologie en chirurgie, par l’analyse des communications recueillies en situation réelle. Nous avons comparé ... [more ▼]

Ce papier propose d’étudier les processus d’adaptation lors de l’introduction d’une nouvelle technologie en chirurgie, par l’analyse des communications recueillies en situation réelle. Nous avons comparé les communications lors de l’utilisation de deux techniques différentes (laparoscopie classique et système robotique, étude 1) ainsi que les communications lorsque les équipes sont composées de chirurgiens experts ou novices avec la nouvelle technologie (étude 2). Nous mettons également en évidence l’existence de deux types de communications qui se distinguent selon l’expertise des acteurs: 1) les communications qui traitent de la manipulation et de l’orientation spatiale, elles disparaissent avec l’expertise et mettent en évidence un stratégie d’adaptation à court terme ; 2) les ordres et les confirmations qui restent présentes dans la pratique experte et qui témoignent d’un changement radical de structure de la tâche, induisant un mode de contrôle symbolique basé sur l’adressage verbal et augmentant le coût cognitif dans les situations de télé-opération. Centre(s) de recherche : Centre d'expertise en psychotraumatisme et psychologie légale [less ▲]

Les expériences nationales et internationales pour promouvoir ou améliorer la sécurité des patients

in Actualité et Dossier en Santé Publique [=ADSP] (2010), (71), 5-8

Quelles stratégies adopter pour améliorer la sécurité des patients ? Une analyse bibliographique des expériences de cinq pays a été effectuée à la demande du HCSP pour éclairer les travaux des experts.

Etude de l’impact des nouvelles technologies sur les stratégies opératoires des chirurgiens par l’analyse des communications sur le terrain

in Travail Humain (Le) (2010), 73(2), 123-140

This study aimed to analyse the impact of the introduction of new technologies in the complex and dynamic field of surgery according to the expertise. The medical sector is one of the most investigated in ... [more ▼]

This study aimed to analyse the impact of the introduction of new technologies in the complex and dynamic field of surgery according to the expertise. The medical sector is one of the most investigated in ergonomics and work psychology studies. Although the study of this phenomenon is not new, our purpose is relevant because of the rapid introduction of new technology in surgery (with very few studies on its organisational impact), its implication for surgeon’s training and the risks for the patient. Furthermore, our conclusions might be extended to other complex work situations. Surgery has considerably evolved and a lot of interventions are now performed by laparoscopy: in this procedure, a camera and the instruments are introduced into very small incisions in the skin and surgeons guide their movements by watching a 2D screen. This technique involves some disadvantages (principally, a 2D view and instruments with low dexterity) that are now removed by a new robotic system (Da Vinci Robotic System). Nevertheless, if this new system offers some essential advantages, it provokes many changes and new constraints in the way to operate and in the role and status of all actors: with this system, the surgeon is isolated and operates with a 3D view and high dexterity instruments while the rest of the team has to manage with a 2D view and instruments with very low dexterity. By all these aspects, the new system may generate different situational references for each actor and might be at the origin of new human errors. In this context, we evaluated the adaptation processes and the changes produced by this system using the communication analysis. In a first field study, we evaluated the impact of its introduction on short-term adaptation processes by a comparison of the communications in classical laparoscopy with the communications with the robotic system. In a second study, we analysed the difference between novices and experts using this system in order to emphasize the long-term adaptation evolution and the steps in the training with this system. Our results showed that the robotic system was more complex and necessitates a long adaptation time when subjects were novices. This complexity led to an increase in the communications between the team members in order to construct common action references despite of diverse quality images. Our data from the second study showed that all categories of communication do not have the same role in the adaptation process and that their occurrence varied according to the expertise level. Indeed, the novice-expert comparison allowed us to emphasize which communications were necessary in the learning phase and which communications were permanent and thus useful for experts too. We showed that the communications might be distinguished in two main types: (1) some were necessary for the learning and disappeared with expertise, these communications concerned the spatial orientation and manipulation categories, (2) while communications about order and confirmation did not decrease and seemed to be indispensable for an accurate cooperative work and common situation awareness. These communications show an accommodation process that transforms the activity by a work division. This last finding is relevant because robotic surgery is similar to the remote control situations in which communications constitute the only way to construct and keep a same situational reference for all involved actors. [less ▲]

Motivational mechanisms at the origin of control task violations : An analytical case study in the pharmaceutical industry

in Ergonomics (2010), 53(9), 1076-1084

The introduction of rules and procedures to guide front-line operators’ behaviour and to decrease the frequency of errors is a growing safety strategy in complex, risk systems. It is thought to be a ... [more ▼]

The introduction of rules and procedures to guide front-line operators’ behaviour and to decrease the frequency of errors is a growing safety strategy in complex, risk systems. It is thought to be a useful way of controlling and standardising human practices and of increasing safety and quality. However, merely developing procedures does not ensure that they are followed. In this study, observation was used to collect information on procedural violations in a pharmaceutical company. Interviews were conducted with the operators and the prescriptors to better understand how and why these violations were occurring. Results showed that a small number of procedures were breached by the majority of operators and that the rules which were violated were the ones associated with a perception of minimum risk. Results suggest the rationality of operators is a response to cognitive and social influences which must be taken into account when designing procedures. [less ▲]