Ecology of Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae), a Timber Species Considered as Endangered, in Southeastern CameroonBourland, Nils ; ; Lejeune, Philippe et alin Biotropica (2012), 44(6), 840-847 Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae) is a tall tree of high commercial value of the moist semi-deciduous African forests. As a result of logging which started decades ago, it is considered as threatened and ... [more ▼] Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae) is a tall tree of high commercial value of the moist semi-deciduous African forests. As a result of logging which started decades ago, it is considered as threatened and included on both IUCN Red List and CITES Appendix II even though essential biological parameters controlling its population dynamics remain unknown. This study aims at improving the knowledge of the species ecological parameters and at assessing the impact of selective logging on its populations in an 118,052 ha forest in Cameroon. After inventorying the species in 1,432 ha, mortality and growth were assessed over continuous 5- and 2-year periods in unlogged and logged areas, respectively. Phenology was monitored in the unlogged forest during 5 years. The population structure followed a bell-shaped curve. Mean annual diameter increments in both environments did not differ significantly between unlogged and logged areas. P. elata is a deciduous species that flowers at the end of the main dry season. The minimum reproduction and effective flowering diameters were, respectively, 32 and 37 cm. Fruit maturation took place during 7 months. With a minimum logging diameter of 90 cm, the recovery rate computed over a 30-year period was greater than 100%. Selective logging harvested only 12.1% of the total number of seed trees and had little influence on the species biological parameters. Securing sufficient regeneration as a post-logging action is probably the most important consideration for achieving long-term sustainability. Implications for the conservation status of the species are discussed at the regional level. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 124 (68 ULg) Définition du profil écologique de l'azobé, Lophira alata, une espèce ligneuse africaine de grande importance : synthèse bibliographique et perspectives pour des recherches futuresBiwole, Achille ; Bourland, Nils ; Daïnou, Kasso et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2012), 16(2), 217-228 Over two decades, labors made in order to promote sustainable management of African tropical forests are tackled to the lack of knowledge about this complex ecosystem. Ecological parameters of timber ... [more ▼] Over two decades, labors made in order to promote sustainable management of African tropical forests are tackled to the lack of knowledge about this complex ecosystem. Ecological parameters of timber species are no more studied, this complicates long-term sustainable forest management. This literature review related to the ecology and silviculture of ekki, Lophira alata Banks ex C.F.Gaertn. (Ochnaceae), a main African timber species recorded as “vulnerable” in the IUCN Red List, will serve as a study’s case. The planned literature review reveals the doubt about its taxonomy, as well as the lack of understanding concerning its reproductive biology, growth conditions, population dynamics parameters, and the spatial distribution of its genetic diversity. The deficiency of knowledge about its ecological needs and the factors which have historically influenced its population dynamics explain why most silvicultural trails provide hazardous and uncertain results. Remedying these gaps in order to improve its ecological characterization and innovative silvicultural trails, would be a significant contribution to the sustainable management of its populations. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 79 (26 ULg) Structuration de la diversité génétique du genre Milicia: taxonomie, phylogéographie, dynamique des populationsDaïnou, Kasso ![]() Doctoral thesis (2012) Characterizing population genetic structure using phylogeographic approach contributes to understanding of evolutionary processes that affect plant populations. The present study investigated how past ... [more ▼] Characterizing population genetic structure using phylogeographic approach contributes to understanding of evolutionary processes that affect plant populations. The present study investigated how past environmental variations can shape the spatial genetic diversity of an African timber tree species, Milicia excelsa (Welw) C.C. Berg. Given that plant responses to disturbances are closely linked to life history traits, this research also aimed to describe relationships between the reproductive traits of M. excelsa and its population genetic structure. Phylogeographic analyses were performed throughout the range of M. excelsa using nuclear and chloroplastic markers. Ecological characterization was conducted for a single population located in south-East Cameroon. Since M. excelsa is similar to the other species of its genus, M. regia (A. Chev) C.C. Berg, we first performed a morphogenetic comparison of these two taxa. The results confirmed an important morphological similarity between the two species with very rare discriminating criteria. In fact Bayesian assignment methods and reproductive isolation patterns suggest the occurrence of interspecific hybridization, which appeared to be unidirectional: hybrids displayed the M. regia morphotype. Because M. regia is known to be more adapted to humid tropical forests, one may expect it to occur in the Congo basin zone. However, its range is restricted to the western part of West Africa while M. excelsa occurs from Guinea-Conakry to Zimbabwe. Interestingly, in the case of M. excelsa, Central and West African specimens had no shared haplotype. This result was unexpected because long gene dispersal distances were found in Cameroonian populations, as expected from the behaviours of the main dispersal animals we identified, the bat Eidolon helvum and the parrots Psittacus erithacus and Agapornis swindernianus. In general, despite the likelihood for long distance seed dispersal, distinct genetic clusters were identified over West and Central Africa and their location may support the forest refugia hypothesis. In addition a phylogeographical signal was detected in chloroplast DNA indicating a prolonged separation between West and Central Africa populations with an accumulation of new mutations. At a smaller spatial scale, patterns of genetic structure also seemed to be weakly influenced by divergent reproduction times among sympatric individuals. The level of genetic diversity in the study populations falls within the range of values calculated for other tropical tree species. If phylogeography helps to infer population history, it also requires ecological or biological information to confirm some uncertainties. Such detailed data were often lacking to completely interpret numerous of our results. The present study raised new questions and led to new perspectives for further investigation both in phylogeography and botany. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 71 (16 ULg) Phenological patterns in a natural population of a tropical timber tree species, Milicia excelsa (Moraceae): evidence of Isolation By Time and its interaction with feeding strategies of dispersersDaïnou, Kasso ; ; Mahy, Grégory et alin American Journal of Botany (2012), 99(9), 1-11 Population genetic structuring over limited timescales is commonly viewed as a consequence of spatial constraints. Indirect approaches have recently revealed existence of reproductive isolation due to ... [more ▼] Population genetic structuring over limited timescales is commonly viewed as a consequence of spatial constraints. Indirect approaches have recently revealed existence of reproductive isolation due to flowering time (the so-called isolation by time, IBT). Since phenological processes can be subject to selection, the persistence of flowering asynchrony may be due to opposing selective pressures during mating, dispersal and regeneration phases. Our study aimed to investigate phenology, fruit-handling by animals and their interaction, in a timber tree species, Milicia excelsa. We analyzed phenological data collected over a 6-year period on 69 genotyped trees in a Cameroonian natural rainforest complemented by data from germination trials and field observations of dispersers. Initiation of flowering correlated with variation in temperature and relative humidity, but was also affected by genetic factors: pairwise differences in flowering time between nearby individuals correlated with kinship coefficient, and earliness of flowering remained stable over time. A decrease in mean seed production per fruit with increasing flowering time suggests selection against late bloomers. However, germination rate was not affected by seed collection date, and the main seed disperser, the bat Eidolon helvum, seemed to increase in abundance at the end of the reproductive season, and preferred trees in open habitats where early and late bloomers are expected. The pairwise approach performs well to detecting IBT. The persistence of different mating pools in such a case may result from a trade-off between selective forces during the mating and seed dispersal processes. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 40 (17 ULg) Identité et écologie des espèces forestières commerciales d'Afrique Centrale: le cas de Milicia spp.Daïnou, Kasso ; Doucet, Jean-Louis ; et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2012), 16 Le terme iroko regroupe les deux espèces du genre africain Milicia et désigne le bois qui en est dérivé. Malgré une importance économique reconnue depuis plus de deux siècles et une diminution sensible ... [more ▼] Le terme iroko regroupe les deux espèces du genre africain Milicia et désigne le bois qui en est dérivé. Malgré une importance économique reconnue depuis plus de deux siècles et une diminution sensible des densités de population du fait de l'exploitation, les connaissances scientifiques utiles à la gestion durable de l'iroko font défaut, particulièrement en Afrique Centrale. L'existence même d'une spéciation au sein du genre Milicia mérite d'être revérifiée: les caractères utilisés pour séparer les deux taxons M. excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg et M. regia (A. Chev.) C.C. Berg sont peu consistants et une révision de ces traits distinctifs permettrait de réétudier le niveau de vulnérabilité des populations de Milicia spp., et donc de revoir les stratégies de gestion de ce groupe taxonomique. M. regia n'a fait l'objet que de rares études écologiques tandis que M. excelsa, plus largement distribuée, a retenu l'attention scientifique en Afrique de l'Ouest, dans une certaine mesure. Dans tous les cas, les traits d'histoire de vie conditionnant la diversité génétique et le taux de régénération naturelle méritent d'être identifiés ou mieux décrits. En particulier, les connaissances existantes sur les populations reproductrices, les facteurs régulant la floraison, les patrons de fructification et de dispersion des diaspores, ainsi que d'autres caractères qui amènent à décrire l'iroko comme un arbre pionnier (besoins en lumière, dormance des graines) devraient être mieux documentés. Enfin, la dynamique même des populations naturelles de juvéniles devra également être mieux caractérisée. En l'absence de données fines en écologie, la durabilité de nombreuses ressources ligneuses commerciales est tributaire d'actions sylvicoles, lesquelles peuvent être coûteuses et ne pas être garanties sur le long terme. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 61 (16 ULg) Sylviculture in logging gaps of a Central African rainforest : first synthesis from tests with 11 timber tree speciesDaïnou, Kasso ; ; Bourland, Nils et alin CIRAD Montpellier (Ed.) IUFRO International Conference , Research Priorities in Tropical Silviculture : Towards New Paradigms ?: Abstracts (2011, November 15) Detailed reference viewed: 34 (13 ULg) Patterns of seed dispersal and implications for regeneration: example of Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg in the south-eastern part of CameroonDaïnou, Kasso ; Doucet, Jean-Louis ![]() in Primate Tidings (2011, July), 24 Detailed reference viewed: 22 (5 ULg) Le Noisetier d'Afrique (Coula edulis Baill.). Un produit forestier non ligneux méconnuMoupela, Christian ; Vermeulen, Cédric ; Daïnou, Kasso et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2011), 15(3), 485-495 Non-timber forest product (NTFP) are of significant nutritional, economic and cultural importance for the people of central Africa. However, many products have not yet been the subject of scientific ... [more ▼] Non-timber forest product (NTFP) are of significant nutritional, economic and cultural importance for the people of central Africa. However, many products have not yet been the subject of scientific studies; such is the case of Coula edulis. Although very little is known about this species, it has many uses and its fruits are regulary eaten and marketed by various communities. Cultivation of this tree species remains however very limited, mainly because of the low germination potentiel of its seeds. Its wood, renowned for its termite resistance, is used locally for construction. Mechanical tests conducted on the timber have put its technological aptitudes to the fore; it has indeed the potential to become one of the most sought-after commercial species. As in the future, Coula edulis could be managed for its wood as well as its non-timber forest product, in-depth studies aiming at the sustainable development of this natural ressource need to be implemented. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 25 (4 ULg) Le noisetier d’Afrique (Coula edulis Baill.). Un produit forestier non ligneux méconnu; Vermeulen, Cédric ; Daïnou, Kasso et alin Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement = Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment [=BASE] (2011), 15(3), 485-495 Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) représentent un enjeu alimentaire, culturel et économique considérable pour les populations d'Afrique centrale. Beaucoup d'espèces produisant des PFNL restent ... [more ▼] Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) représentent un enjeu alimentaire, culturel et économique considérable pour les populations d'Afrique centrale. Beaucoup d'espèces produisant des PFNL restent cependant scientifiquement peu étudiées, à l'instar de Coula edulis. Les connaissances encore fragmentaires montrent que les fruits de cette espèce à usages multiples sont régulièrement consommés et commercialisés par différents groupes ethniques. La culture de Coula edulis est pourtant très limitée, notamment à cause du faible taux de germination de ses graines. Son bois, renommé pour sa résistance aux termites, est utilisé localement comme matériau de construction. Les recherches sur les propriétés mécaniques du bois ont confirmé ses potentialités technologiques qui pourraient conduire à revendiquer pour cette espèce une place de choix parmi les essences commerciales. Mieux connus, les potentiels de Coula edulis pourraient permettre d'envisager une gestion durable conciliant exploitation du bois et production alimentaire. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 112 (40 ULg) Soil seed bank characteristics in Cameroonian rainforests and implications for post-logging recoveryDaïnou, Kasso ; Bauduin, Aline ; Bourland, Nils et alin Ecological Engineering (2011) The soil seed bank is considered as an important component for resilience of climacic vegetation. No investigation has ever been conducted in Central African rainforests regarding this topic. We studied ... [more ▼] The soil seed bank is considered as an important component for resilience of climacic vegetation. No investigation has ever been conducted in Central African rainforests regarding this topic. We studied the soil seed bank characteristics in relation to the standing vegetation in three Cameroonian forest zones with different disturbance regimes. There was no significant difference between sites in terms of density of the seed bank. But dissimilarities of the floristic compositions between sites were high. Overall, seeds came from 43 species including three commercial tree species. Whereas the seedlings emerging from soil samples mostly came from weedy and short-lived pioneer species, climax species predominated in the extant vegetation, leading to a very weak similarity between soil seed flora and the surrounding vegetation. Canopy openness could significantly affect the species richness of soil seed stocks but not the seed density. These results show that the soil seed bank contribution to the resilience of mature tropical forests is low. In particular, very few timber tree species could benefit from soil seed stocks for their regeneration. Therefore, the development of enrichment techniques including use of the soil seed bank as a source of tree regeneration in such a context would be irrelevant. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 93 (32 ULg) Déforestation: des niveaux très variables d'un continent à l'autreDaïnou, Kasso ![]() Conference (2010, June 02) Detailed reference viewed: 10 (1 ULg) Reproduction et régénération naturelle de l'iroko, Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg, au sud-est du CamerounDaïnou, Kasso ; Mahy, Grégory ; Doucet, Jean-Louis ![]() Poster (2010, March) Detailed reference viewed: 35 (5 ULg) Can Pleistocene refuge theory explain within-species patterns of genetic diversity in African lowland rainforest trees?; ; et al Poster (2010) Pleistocene refuge theory holds that regions which nowadays harbour high numbers of endemic species correspond to forest refuges, where rainforest persisted through periods of adverse climatic conditions ... [more ▼] Pleistocene refuge theory holds that regions which nowadays harbour high numbers of endemic species correspond to forest refuges, where rainforest persisted through periods of adverse climatic conditions. In order to test this theory, we surveyed geographical patterns of genetic diversity based on chloroplast DNA sequences in 15 rainforest tree species from 12 plant families in Atlantic Equatorial Africa. We found frequent geographic structure in the data sets, but no consistent pattern of genetic structure due to refugia. Species with gravity-dispersed oily seeds display low polymorphism whilst those with divergent lineages or ancient species display high polymorphism. Phylogeographical signals often correspond to taxa with divergent lineages. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 120 (5 ULg) Forest refugia revisited: nSSRs and cpDNA sequences support historical isolation in a wide-spread African tree with high colonization capacity, Milicia excelsa (Moraceae)Daïnou, Kasso ; Bizoux, Jean-Philippe ; Doucet, Jean-Louis et alin Molecular Ecology (2010) The impact of the Pleistocene climate oscillations on the structure of biodiversity in tropical regions remains poorly understood. In this study, the forest refuge theory is examined at the molecular ... [more ▼] The impact of the Pleistocene climate oscillations on the structure of biodiversity in tropical regions remains poorly understood. In this study, the forest refuge theory is examined at the molecular level in Milicia excelsa, a dioecious tree with a continuous range throughout tropical Africa. Eight nuclear microsatellites (nuSSRs) and two sequences and one microsatellite from chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) showed a deep divide between samples from Benin and those from Lower Guinea. This suggests both that these populations were isolated in separate geographical regions, probably for several glacial cycles of the Pleistocene, and a poor mixture of gene pools despite M. excelsa’s wind-pollination syndrome. The divide can also be related to seed dispersal patterns, which should be largely determined by the migration behaviour of M. excelsa's main seed disperser, the frugivorous bat Eidolon helvum. Within Lower Guinea, a north-south divide, observed with both markers despite weak genetic structure (nuSSRs: FST=0.035, cpDNA: GST=0.506), suggested the existence of separate Pleistocene refugia in Cameroon and the Gabon/Congo region. We inferred a pollen-to-seed dispersal distance ratio of 1.76, consistent with wide-ranging gene dispersal by both wind and bats. Simulations in an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework suggested low nuSSR and cpDNA mutation rates but imprecise estimates of other demographic parameters, probably due to a substantial gene flow between the Lower Guinean gene pools. The decline of genetic diversity detected in some Gabonese populations could be a consequence of the relatively recent establishment of a closed canopy forest which may negatively affect M. excelsa's reproductive system. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 45 (13 ULg) Spatial genetic structure in Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) indicates extensive gene dispersal in a low-density wind-pollinated tropical treeBizoux, Jean-Philippe ; Daïnou, Kasso ; Bourland, Nils et alin Molecular Ecology (2009), 18 In this study, we analysed spatial genetic structure (SGS) patterns and estimated dispersal distances in Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae), a threatened windpollinated dioecious African tree ... [more ▼] In this study, we analysed spatial genetic structure (SGS) patterns and estimated dispersal distances in Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg (Moraceae), a threatened windpollinated dioecious African tree, with typically low density ( 10 adults ⁄km2). Eight microsatellite markers were used to type 287 individuals in four Cameroonian populations characterized by different habitats and tree densities. Differentiation among populations was very low. Two populations in more open habitat did not display any correlation between genetic relatedness and spatial distance between individuals, whereas significant SGS was detected in two populations situated under continuous forest cover. SGS was weak with a maximum Sp-statistic of 0.006, a value in the lower quartile of SGS estimates for trees in the literature. Using a stepwise approach with Bayesian clustering methods, we demonstrated that SGS resulted from isolation by distance and not colonization by different gene pools. Indirect estimates of gene dispersal distances ranged from rg = 1 to 7.1 km, one order of magnitude higher than most estimates found in the literature for tropical tree species. This result can largely be explained by life-history traits of the species. Milicia excelsa exhibits a potentially wideranging wind-mediated pollen dispersal mechanism as well as very efficient seed dispersal mediated by large frugivorous bats. Estimations of gene flow suggested no major risk of inbreeding because of reduction in population density by exploitation. Different strategy of seed collection may be required for reforestation programmes among populations with different extent of SGS. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 90 (18 ULg) Reproduction et régénération naturelle de Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg au sud-est du CamerounDaïnou, Kasso ; Mahy, Grégory ; Doucet, Jean-Louis ![]() Poster (2009) Detailed reference viewed: 66 (13 ULg) Consommation de bois dans les zones humides du complexe ouest du Bénin: besoins et gestion locale des formations ligneusesDaïnou, Kasso ; Vermeulen, Cédric ; Doucet, Jean-Louis ![]() in Bois et Forêts des Tropiques (2008), (298), 13-24 L’étude propose une estimation de la consommation de bois dans les villages du complexe ouest des zones humides du Sud-Bénin. Les enquêtes ont été réalisées dans dix villages. Les résultats montrent ... [more ▼] L’étude propose une estimation de la consommation de bois dans les villages du complexe ouest des zones humides du Sud-Bénin. Les enquêtes ont été réalisées dans dix villages. Les résultats montrent l’existence de deux zones distinctes du point de vue de l’intensité de la consommation de bois et des espèces utilisées. Dans la zone 1 composée des villages bordant la mangrove, Cocos nucifera, quoique peu appréciée, est l’espèce la plus consommée des dix-huit ligneux utilisés comme combustible. Soixante-douze espèces de bois d’énergie sont recensées dans la zone 2 regroupant les villages de terre ferme. Azadirachta indica y est l’espèce la plus consommée et appréciée. Les indices de consommation moyens de ces deux zones sont respectivement de 0,88 kg/j/p et de 1,26 kg/j/p. En matière de construction, les espèces précédemment citées sont une nouvelle fois majoritairement utilisées : C. nucifera et Rhizophora racemosa dans la zone de mangrove, A. indica en milieu de terre ferme. En moyenne, une personne dispose d’une surface bâtie de 8,84 m2 nécessitant environ 117 dm3 de bois. Pour le bois d’œuvre, le complexe dépend presque entièrement de l’extérieur. Tenant compte de la population du complexe et de ses besoins, de l’état et de la productivité de ses formations boisées, l’étude prévoit une situation de dégradation sérieuse de la végétation en zone 2. Des mesures de sensibilisation et de reboisement urgentes sont préconisées pour réduire la dépendance de cette région vis-à-vis des autres contrées du pays. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 80 (15 ULg) Fitness And Genetic Variation Of Viola Calaminaria, An Endemic Metallophyte: Implications Of Population Structure And HistoryBizoux, Jean-Philippe ; Daïnou, Kasso ; et alin Plant Biology (2008), 10(6), 684-693 We investigated variations in genetic diversity and plant fitness in a rare endemic metallophyte of calamine soils, Viola calaminaria, in relation to population size, population connectivity and ... [more ▼] We investigated variations in genetic diversity and plant fitness in a rare endemic metallophyte of calamine soils, Viola calaminaria, in relation to population size, population connectivity and population history in order to evaluate and discuss potential conservation strategies for the species. Mean population genetic diversity (Hs = 0.25) of V. calaminaria was similar to endemic non-metallophyte taxa. Twenty-one per cent of the genetic variation was partitioned among populations and a low (9%) but significant differentiation was found among geographical regions. Our results did not support the hypothesis that the acquisition of metal tolerance may result in reduced genetic diversity, and suggested that strict metallophytes do not exhibit higher inter-population differentiation resulting from scattered habitats. There were no relationships between population genetic diversity and population size. Significant correlations were found between plant fitness and (i) population size and (ii) connectivity index. Recently-founded populations exhibited the same level of genetic diversity as ancient populations and also possessed higher plant fitness. There was no indication of strong founder effects in recently-established populations. The results suggest that the creation of habitats through human activities could provide new opportunities for conservation of this species. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 71 (10 ULg) Enrichissement des trouées d’abattage à la société Pallisco.Bourland, Nils ; Daïnou, Kasso ; Conference given outside the academic context (2007) Detailed reference viewed: 46 (7 ULg) Module de formation - Dynamique des peuplements forestiers d’Afrique CentraleDoucet, Jean-Louis ; ; et alLearning material (2007) Detailed reference viewed: 70 (10 ULg) |
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