Gestion de l'hyperglycémie au cours de la nutrition parentérale

in Nutrition Clinique et Metabolisme (2012), 26(3), 143-147

L'obésité: un modèle d'interactions complexes entre génétique et environnement

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2012), 67(5-6), 332-336

La chirurgie metabolique, vers une (r)evolution de la chirurgie bariatrique ?

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2011), 66(4), 183-90

Bariatric surgery has proven its efficacy to obtain a marked and sustained weight loss and dramatically improves metabolic control in obese patients. The frequently observed remission of type 2 diabetes ... [more ▼]

Bariatric surgery has proven its efficacy to obtain a marked and sustained weight loss and dramatically improves metabolic control in obese patients. The frequently observed remission of type 2 diabetes occurs very early, before any marked weight reduction. Increasing evidence suggests that this favourable effect results from profound changes in gut hormones involved in the regulation of energy intake behaviour and glucose homeostasis rather than simply from mechanical food restriction or malabsorption imposed by the surgical procedure. The better knowledge of these pathophysiological mechanisms, especially well studied with Roux-en Y gastric bypass, resulted in recent innovation in the technical procedures leading to a shift from bariatric surgery to metabolic surgery. Such type of surgery is currently evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes, but with only a moderate obesity (BMI < 35 kg/m2), or even without obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2). The Belgian Metabolic Intervention (BMI) Study Group would like to contribute very soon to this evaluation in a multidisciplinary approach. [less ▲]

De la chirurgie bariatrique à la chirurgie métabolique : vers un nouveau paradigme dans le traitement du diabète de type 2

in Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques (2011), 5(3),

Bariatric surgery induces numerous hormonal changes that could contribute to reduce hunger sensation and improve glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. The better knowledge of these ... [more ▼]

Bariatric surgery induces numerous hormonal changes that could contribute to reduce hunger sensation and improve glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. The better knowledge of these pathophysiological mechanisms, especially well studied with Roux-en Y gastric bypass, resulted in recent innovation in the technical procedures and to propose them to patients with type 2 diabetes but without severe obesity (body mass index <35 kg/m² or even <30 kg/m²). Therefore, we may progress in a near future from bariatric surgery to a so-called metabolic surgery, which may open a new paradigm for the management of type 2 diabetes. This innovative approach, promising but still insufficiently validated yet, deserves further careful evaluation in a multidisciplinary approach involving digestive surgeons, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists and diabetologists. [less ▲]

Management of metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk factors.

in Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica (2010), 73(2), 261-6

Patients with metabolic syndrome have a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. The association between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases raises important ... [more ▼]

Patients with metabolic syndrome have a 1.5- to 3-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. The association between metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases raises important questions about the underlying pathological processes, especially for designing targeted therapeutic interventions. Cardiovascular risk reduction in individuals with metabolic syndrome should include at least three levels of interventions: 1) control of obesity, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity; 2) control of the individual components of metabolic syndrome, especially atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension, dysglycaemia and prothrombotic state; and 3) control of insulin resistance, a defect closely linked to metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome generally precedes and is often associated with type 2 diabetes. Because of this intimate relationship, appropriate management of metabolic syndrome should be able to prevent the progression from impaired glucose tolerance to frank diabetes and thus to prevent type 2 diabetes, another important cardiovascular risk factor. The importance of prevention of diabetes in high-risk individuals (such as people with metabolic syndrome are) is highlighted by the substantial and worldwide increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in recent years. Owing to the complex pathophysiology and phenotypic expression of metabolic syndrome, lifestyle changes are crucial as they are able to positively and simultaneously influence almost all components of the syndrome. If such measures are not sufficient or not adequately followed, a pharmacological intervention may be considered. However, no official guidelines are available yet concerning the pharmacological management of individuals with metabolic syndrome. [less ▲]

Bariatric surgery in patients with Type 2 diabetes: benefits, risks, indications and perspectives.

in Diabètes & Métabolism (2009), 35(6 Pt 2), 537-43

Obesity plays a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and weight loss is a major objective, although difficult to achieve with medical treatments. Bariatric surgery has proven its ... [more ▼]

Obesity plays a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and weight loss is a major objective, although difficult to achieve with medical treatments. Bariatric surgery has proven its efficacy in obtaining marked and sustained weight loss, and is also associated with a significant improvement in glucose control and even diabetes remission. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass appears to be more effective in diabetic patients than the restrictive gastroplasty procedure. This may be explained not only by greater weight reduction, but also by specific hormonal changes. Indeed, increased levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) may lead to improved beta-cell function and insulin secretion as well as reduced insulin resistance associated with weight loss. The presence of T2DM in obese individuals is a further argument to propose bariatric surgery, and even more so when diabetes is difficult to manage by medical means and other weight-related complications may occur. Bariatric surgery is associated with a better cardiovascular prognosis and reduced mortality, even though acute and long-term complications are present. The observation that surgical rerouting of nutrients triggers changes in the release of incretin hormones that, in turn, ameliorate the diabetic state in the absence of weight loss has led to the recent development of innovative surgical procedures. Thus, bariatric surgery may be said to be progressing towards so-called 'metabolic surgery', which merits further evaluation in patients with T2DM within a multidisciplinary approach that involves both surgeons and endocrinologists. [less ▲]

Le traitement du diabète de type 2: entre insulinosensibilisateurs et insulinosécrétagogues

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2007), 62 Spec No

Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease characterized by a dual defect of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, which may vary from patient to patient, but also along the natural history of the disease ... [more ▼]

Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease characterized by a dual defect of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, which may vary from patient to patient, but also along the natural history of the disease in a particular patient. Besides the lifestyle changes, the treatment strategy comprises the administration of agents that promote insulin secretion and/or that improve insulin sensitivity. Drugs facilitating weight loss also improve glucose control by reducing insulin resistance. A global approach should be recommended to reduce the high cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients. The present article aims at summarizing our contribution to the development of drugs designed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. [less ▲]

Insuffisance cardiaque et diabete de type 2: une relation a double sens.

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2007), 62(2), 112-7

The present article analyses the intimate relationship between diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. This relationship is indeed "bidirectional". On the one hand, it is well known that diabetes ... [more ▼]

The present article analyses the intimate relationship between diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. This relationship is indeed "bidirectional". On the one hand, it is well known that diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes, predisposes to congestive heart failure due to intricated mechanisms. In most cases, there is a combination of various well-known risk factors, such as obesity, arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease, with a specific diabetic cardiomyopathy, whose pathophysiology is complex. On the other hand, several studies showed that congestive heart failure increases the risk of new type 2 diabetes, probably due to decreased muscular perfusion and excessive neurohumoral response. Remarkably, such a risk could be reduced by a drug capable of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system, as previously reported in patients with arterial hypertension. The recent launch and the increasing use of thiazolidinediones (glitazones) raise the interest for congestive heart failure in diabetic patients. Indeed, because of their positive effect on insulin resistance and various pleiotropic effects, glitazones may exert some cardiovascular protection; however, both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are associated with fluid retention, which could reveal or aggravate episodes of congestive heart failure. [less ▲]

Actualites therapeutiques dans le domaine de l'obesite.

in Revue Médicale de Liège (2007), 62(5-6), 329-34

The management of an obese patient aims not only at obtaining a durable weight loss, but also at attenuating various associated risk factors. This latter objective may already be obtained with a rather ... [more ▼]

The management of an obese patient aims not only at obtaining a durable weight loss, but also at attenuating various associated risk factors. This latter objective may already be obtained with a rather moderate weight reduction (5-10% of initial body weight). The first step should favour life-style changes (diet and physical exercise), eventually together with a psychological support. In case of insufficient success, a pharmacological approach may be considered, in addition to life-style advices. Pharmacotherapy currently includes drugs that act on the central nervous system to decrease appetite (sibutramine), in the gastrointestinal tract to diminish fat absorption (orlistat) or at both central and peripheral sites (rimonabant). In case of extreme obesity or severe obesity associated with comorbidities, refractory to medical approaches, bariatric surgery may represent the only solution to obtain a major and sustained weight loss, together with a significant improvement of associated risk factors. Gastroplasty, especially laparoscopic gastric banding, has become very popular in our country. However, because of several limitations, it is increasingly replaced by derivative procedures, especially gastric bypass. In all cases, a multidisciplinary, integrated and individualized approach should be recommended, using realistic goals and targeting long-term weight reduction and improved health. [less ▲]

Diabete sucre et decompensation cardiaque: specificites ethiopathogeniques et therapeutiques.

in Revue Médicale Suisse (2006), 2(76), 1893-61898-900

Diabetes mellitus increases by 2.5 to 5 the relative risk of congestive heart failure. Besides the classical risk factors of congestive heart failure such as obesity, arterial hypertension and coronary ... [more ▼]

Diabetes mellitus increases by 2.5 to 5 the relative risk of congestive heart failure. Besides the classical risk factors of congestive heart failure such as obesity, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease that are frequently associated to type 2 diabetes, a diabetic cardiomyopathy plays also a role. This specific complication is related to metabolic factors and oxidative stress, leading to muscular cell apoptosis and fibrosis. The management of a diabetic patient with congestive heart failure has several specificities not only concerning the treatment of cardiac insufficiency but most importantly concerning antidiabetic therapy. The relationship between glitazones, peripheral oedema and risk of congestive heart failure is currently raising much interest and controversies. [less ▲]