Portraying the Nonprofit Sector in Official Statistics: Early Finding from NPI Satellite AccountsMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Conference given outside the academic context (-) Detailed reference viewed: 11 (2 ULg) La performance de l'entreprise sociale : définitions et limites d'une évaluation monétaireMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Marée, Michel ![]() in Revue Internationale P.M.E. (in press) In a social enterprise, the notion of "performance" must be understood in a broader sense than the sole financial profitability. Because enterprises of this type pursue a social mission, whose completion ... [more ▼] In a social enterprise, the notion of "performance" must be understood in a broader sense than the sole financial profitability. Because enterprises of this type pursue a social mission, whose completion generates collective impacts, one has to go beyond what is made possible by the sole market-based indicators. This requires to revise not only the very notion of production, but also the way in which the value of what is produced by the enterprise is measured. This is the task that the authors of the present article tackle, through building a definition of performance understood as "enlarged production" – a notion which they nevertheless define with accuracy. Whenever the notion of production is enlarged so as to take into account the impacts of the latter, the question of whether this approach is also operational unavoidably arises. In particular, one must ask oneself whether the impacts that one wants to include in an enlarged conception of production are measurable. By nature, these impacts are not taken into account by the market and measuring them sends back to the classical question of the evaluation of non-market goods. The authors draw up an inventory of the various techniques of monetary evaluation of the value of non-market goods and indicate whether these techniques are likely to lead to values that are relevant to evaluate the performance of a social enterprise. They illustrate their analysis by applying this grid of analysis to the methodology of social return on investment (SROI). Because of the theoretical limits of monetary evaluation, the authors conclude that works on performance evaluation based on multi-criteria analyses must be further pursued. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 26 (9 ULg) Managers’ competences in social enterprises: which specificities?Moreau, Charlotte ; Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() in Social Enterprise Journal (2013) The management of an organization and the context within which this organization evolves are recognized as two important aspects of any organization. Few studies have been conducted however on the ... [more ▼] The management of an organization and the context within which this organization evolves are recognized as two important aspects of any organization. Few studies have been conducted however on the management function within the specific context of social enterprises, organizations that mix social goals and economic imperatives (Darbus & Lazuech, 2010). This paper examines the specific competences of management in social enterprises, by constructing a competence model, the emblematic tool of competence-based management, relevant to the management of social enterprises (Colin & Grasser, 2007; Oiry & Sulzer, 2002; Retour & Rapiaux, 2006). Our hypothesis is that certain competences required of managers in social enterprises are specific, regarding the particular internal and external context of social enterprises, the governance model, etc. The methodology used is based on four main steps: a review of the literature and the conducting of exploratory interviews, the construction of a first draft of the competence model, the conducting of group interviews with managers of social enterprises in six European countries as this research takes place within the framework of a European research project on lifelong learning , and the final adaptation and validation of the competence model. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 32 (3 ULg) Explaining stakeholder involvement in social enterprise governance through resources and legitimacyHuybrechts, Benjamin ; Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Rijpens, Julie ![]() in Laville, Jean-Louis; Young, Dennis; Eynaud, Philippe (Eds.) Governance and Democracy: Civil Society in a Changing World (2013) In the continuity of stakeholder theory, much of the current literature on (corporate) governance and business ethics looks at how organizations involve their stakeholders at different decision-making ... [more ▼] In the continuity of stakeholder theory, much of the current literature on (corporate) governance and business ethics looks at how organizations involve their stakeholders at different decision-making levels (Carroll 2004; Clarkson 1995; de Graaf & Herkströter 2007; Freeman & Reed 1983). According to Freeman (1984), stakeholders are ‘any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of an organization's purpose’ (148); typically: the owners, the managers, the workers, the volunteers, the financing bodies, the partners, the suppliers, the customers/beneficiaries, etc. A continuum of involvement can be highlighted, from the rather passive strategies (stakeholder information) to the more active ones (stakeholder representation). Among the latter, involvement or ‘cooptation’ of stakeholders in the governance structures such as the general assembly and the board of directors is increasingly presented as a strategy mirroring a long-term relationship between the organization and a particular stakeholder category (Mitchell et al. 1997). Traditionally, the owners are the category of stakeholders that is co-opted in the governance structures. Indeed, the power of decision is part of the property rights (Milgrom & Roberts 1992). It allows owners to ensure that the enterprise is run according to their own objectives. Thus, in for-profit enterprises, the investors are the owners and, as such, they have the right to decide. They exercise this right by their presence at the general assembly. But not all enterprises are investors-owned firms. In some enterprises, ownership is in the hand of other stakeholders, like in producer, consumer or worker cooperatives. Others, like nonprofit organizations, can even be seen as firms without owners (Hansmann 1996). This chapter raises the question of stakeholder involvement in social enterprises, which are ‘non-investor owned’ and can broadly be defined here as organizations pursuing social aims through their economic activity (Defourny 2001; Defourny & Nyssens 2006). In these organizations, the configuration of stakeholder involvement contrasts with that of for-profit businesses in at least two ways. First, social enterprises are more likely than other types of organizations to be set up through a process of collective entrepreneurship which often involves a diversity of actors who each have a ‘stake’ in the pursuit of one or several organizational missions (Defourny & Nyssens 2006; Haugh 2007; Petrella 2003). Second, social enterprises seem to have a stronger tendency to give a voice to the actors with whom they interact –i.e., to involve their beneficiaries, supporters, funders or partners within their governance structures (Campi et al. 2006; Huybrechts 2010; Münkner 2004; Rijpens 2010). They usually use legal forms that allow and encourage economic democracy by recognizing stakeholders other than investors the right to participate formally in the governance bodies. While, as suggested by Campi et al. (2006; 2012), the presence of multiple stakeholders observed in a number of social enterprises may be linked with the diverse goals pursued by these organizations, such presence –or absence– may be due to many factors which have no direct links with organizational goals. As suggested in this chapter, the organizational need for resources (in a broad sense) and the drive to conform to external expectations may be two key factors. In any case, the diversified patterns of stakeholder involvement in social enterprises confirm the need for a more comprehensive account of stakeholder involvement in these organizations. Although several attempts have been made to theorize stakeholder involvement in social enterprise governance, it is still a much under-researched topic. We believe that this research gap is due not only to the infancy stage in which social enterprise research is located, but also to a lack of connection and integration of this research within the broader study of organizations. Indeed, while new theoretical developments centered on the specific features of social enterprise are needed, these developments cannot be made independently from the knowledge built for more than a century regarding how organizations are structured and operate. This chapter aims to examine stakeholder involvement in social enterprise governance using two types of theoretical lenses each embodying a rich research tradition in organization theory. The first lens refers to strategy and examines organizations (in this case governance structures) in terms of their dependency on a set of resources. The second lens uses legitimacy arguments to explain organizational governance as a social construct located in a broader setting of social relationships. The first two sections will present each of these views and examine their contributions to understanding stakeholder involvement in the governance structures of social enterprises. Then, a comparative case study on work integration social enterprises will serve to illustrate how both research avenues can be combined so as to better grasp social enterprise governance as a complex and multi-dimensional practice. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 154 (5 ULg) L'innovation portée par les entreprises sociales : source d'inspiration pour transformer l'économie ?Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Conference given outside the academic context (2012) Detailed reference viewed: 9 (1 ULg) Plaidoyer universitaire pour le rail; ; Crutzen, Nathalie et alArticle for general public (2012) [Chapeau] Le réseau ferré en Wallonie s’apparentera bientôt à un train touristique reliant deux gares Calatrava plutôt que d’assurer à chacun le droit à sa mobilité. Detailed reference viewed: 15 (3 ULg) Les rôles des entrprises sociales dans une perspective dynamiqueMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Scientific conference (2012, January 19) Detailed reference viewed: 7 (0 ULg) Entrepreneuriat social : enjeux pour la recherche et l'enseignementMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Scientific conference (2012, January 16) Detailed reference viewed: 6 (0 ULg) The limits of the economic value in measuring the global performance of social innovationMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Marée, Michel ![]() in Nicholls Alex; Murdock Alex (Eds.) Social innovation : Blurring boundaries to reconfigure markets (2012) Detailed reference viewed: 142 (34 ULg) Les associations de fait : quel poids économique ?Marée, Michel ; Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() in Les dossers d'ASBL Actualités (2012), 14 Detailed reference viewed: 9 (5 ULg) Le financement des associations en Belgique francophoneMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Marée, Michel ![]() E-print/Working paper (2012) En raison de la nature de leurs activités et de leur finalité non lucrative, les associations rencontrent des problèmes spécifiques de financement, que ce soit au niveau de leurs opérations courantes ou ... [more ▼] En raison de la nature de leurs activités et de leur finalité non lucrative, les associations rencontrent des problèmes spécifiques de financement, que ce soit au niveau de leurs opérations courantes ou de leurs dépenses d'investissements. Toutefois, Il existe encore peu d'études empiriques sur cette question dans les pays francophones, de sorte que nombre d'a priori - comme par exemple le fait que les associations auraient peu de garanties à offrir aux banques - sont communément admis sans qu'ils soient validés par des données de terrain. Pour mieux cerner la problématique du financement de l'associatif dans ses dimensions concrètes, on a réalisé un premier "état des lieux" du financement du secteur associatif en Belgique francophone (Wallonie et Bruxelles) en procédant à une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif. Un des enseignements de cette recherche concerne précisément les relations avec les institutions bancaires. En cas de difficultés de trésorerie, la moitié à peine des associations recourent au crédit de caisse, les autres préférant se tourner vers leurs membres, vers les pouvoirs publics ou encore vers une autre association. Moins nombreuses encore sont les associations qui s'adressent aux banques pour financer leurs investissements. Mais contrairement à l'opinion courante, la principale raison ne réside ni dans les difficultés d'obtention d'un crédit, ni dans la lourdeur des formalités nécessaires : si les associations n'empruntent guère aux banques, c'est essentiellement pour des raisons de principe (ne pas s'endetter auprès des institutions bancaires). Ces raisons sont vraisemblablement liées, d'une part, à une aversion plus marquée du risque que les PME et, d'autre part, à une prise de distance à l'égard des principes de l'économie marchande. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 7 (0 ULg) Entrepreneuriat socialMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Defourny, Jacques ![]() E-print/Working paper (2012) Detailed reference viewed: 11 (0 ULg) Comment se finance le secteur associatif? Résultats d'une enquête de terrain en Belgique francophoneMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Marée, Michel ![]() E-print/Working paper (2011) Ce rapport expose les résultats d'une enquête de terrain menée en Belgique francophone fin 2010 auprès d 'environ 500 associations employeurs. Les thèmes de l'enquête concernent la situation bilantaire ... [more ▼] Ce rapport expose les résultats d'une enquête de terrain menée en Belgique francophone fin 2010 auprès d 'environ 500 associations employeurs. Les thèmes de l'enquête concernent la situation bilantaire des associations, le financement des dépenses courantes, le financement des dépenses d'investissement, la situation de trésorerie et les apports non monétaires. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 91 (17 ULg) Atouts et limites des entreprises socialesMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Conference given outside the academic context (2011) Detailed reference viewed: 25 (2 ULg) Renewable Energy Source Cooperatives (REScoops): Assets, Obstacles and Diffusion StrategiesHuybrechts, Benjamin ; Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Conference (2011, July) While the ability of social enterprises to generate innovative solutions to social and environmental needs is increasingly documented (eg., Defourny 2001; Harrisson & Vézina 2006; Nicholls 2006), little ... [more ▼] While the ability of social enterprises to generate innovative solutions to social and environmental needs is increasingly documented (eg., Defourny 2001; Harrisson & Vézina 2006; Nicholls 2006), little is known about the processes through with social enterprises diffuse and institutionalize their innovations. These processes are important not only to understand institutionalized fields of practice (eg. Bouchard 2006), but also –and even more– to inform the creation of new fields through the diffusion (or „scaling up‟) of social innovations (Maguire et al. 2004; Mulgan et al. 2007). Institutionalization dynamics are at the core of „institutional theory‟, more particularly its recent agency-based developments, commonly grouped under the banner of „institutional entrepreneurship‟ (Battilana et al. 2009) or „institutional work‟ (Lawrence & Suddaby 2006). This approach seems particularly adequate to understand the emergence of new fields through the development of interorganizational collaborations, which enable the diffusion and replication of structures and practices across the field (Lawrence et al. 2002; Phillips et al. 2000). Fields centered on social innovations offer good examples of these dynamics (Mair & Marti 2006), with collaborations observed both among social enterprises pioneering the innovation (Davies 2009) and between social enterprises, governments (eg. Young 2000) and businesses (eg. Di Domenico et al. 2009; Le Ber & Branzei 2010). This paper examines the role of social enterprises in creating and diffusing innovative institutional arrangements in the field of renewable energy sources (RES). While social (ecological) movements have been instrumental in shifting the public attention towards the need for alternative energies (Sine & Lee 2009), the sector has in most countries become dominated by corporate actors experienced in building large-scale RES projects. In an attempt to counter the corporate hegemony and to protect available lands, a range of citizen initiatives have emerged under the term of REScoops (Coen 2010). Although not very numerous, these initiatives seem particularly efficient in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and may reach a large scale at the local level. Moreover, they seem particularly innovative in terms of organizational models, conceived as multi-stakeholder and cooperative schemes involving citizens, municipalities and local economic players. In the contest around new field boundaries and dominance (Santos & Eisenhardt 2009), including recognition by the government, we examine the legitimating strategies of social enterprises in having their organizational arrangements (= social innovations) recognized as a superior avenue to the management of RES (= technological innovation), especially in terms of democracy and participation. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 73 (5 ULg) Rôles et adaptations des entreprises socialesMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Scientific conference (2011, June 09) Detailed reference viewed: 9 (1 ULg) Finalité "management des entreprises sociales" dans un master en sciences de gestionMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Scientific conference (2011, June 08) Detailed reference viewed: 6 (0 ULg) Evaluation de la performance des entreprises socialesMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() Scientific conference (2011, June 07) Detailed reference viewed: 10 (2 ULg) L'artiste entrepreneur est-il aussi - et à quelles conditions - un entrepreneur social?Mertens de Wilmars, Sybille ; Marée, Michel ![]() in Bureau d'études SmartBe (Ed.) L'artiste, un entrepreneur? (2011) Cet article apporte le regard de deux économistes sur l’activité des artistes. En réexpliquant certaines notions centrales du vocabulaire économique, ils posent explicitement trois questions : l’activité ... [more ▼] Cet article apporte le regard de deux économistes sur l’activité des artistes. En réexpliquant certaines notions centrales du vocabulaire économique, ils posent explicitement trois questions : l’activité artistique est-elle une activité économique ? l’artiste est-il un entrepreneur ? et, dans ce cas, peut-on considérer qu’il est un entrepreneur social ? Si les auteurs reconnaissent que, à l’instar des entreprises sociales, de nombreux artistes ne poursuivent pas une finalité lucrative, ils recommandent toutefois de ne les considérer comme des entrepreneurs sociaux que si leurs pratiques révèlent leur souhait d’entreprendre une activité créatrice en adoptant des pratiques d’économie sociale : qualité des rapports aux publics, participation des travailleurs, choix éthique des fournisseurs, respect de l’environnement, etc [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 29 (1 ULg) De l'initiative citoyenne à l'entreprise d'économie socialeMertens de Wilmars, Sybille ![]() in Collard marie-Caroline (Ed.) Initiatives citoyennes, l'économie sociale de demain ? (2010) Detailed reference viewed: 267 (25 ULg) |
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