Kinetics of interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics. A choice of models

in European Journal of Biochemistry (1975), 57(2), 343-351

The simplest model for the interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics involves the three following steps: (a) the formation of ... [more ▼]

The simplest model for the interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics involves the three following steps: (a) the formation of a reversible equimolar enzyme - antibiotic complex; (b) the irreversible transformation of this complex into a modified enzyme - antibiotic complex; and (c) the breakdown of this latter complex and the concomitant release of a regenerated enzyme and a modified antibiotic molecule. The dissociation constant for step 1 and the rate constants for steps 2 and 3 were measured with various beta-lactam antibiotics. With antibiotic such as benzylpenicillin, which behaves as a good 'substrate', steps 1 and 2 occur at enzymic velocities, whereas step 3 occurs at a very low velocity and hence is responsible for the low efficiency of the overall process. [less ▲]

The catalytic activity and penicillin sensitivity in the liquid and frozen states of membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61

in European Journal of Biochemistry (1975), 56(1), 57-65

The Km, app. values of the membrane-bound transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61 for the donor Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala and the acceptor Gly-Gly are not affected by temperature variations when the reaction ... [more ▼]

The Km, app. values of the membrane-bound transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61 for the donor Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala and the acceptor Gly-Gly are not affected by temperature variations when the reaction mixtures are incubated in liquid suspensions. At -5 degrees C, the incubation can be carried out either in the liquid or in the frozen state. The enzyme is active in the latter state. In the frozen state, the Km, app. value for the acceptor remains unchanged but there is a 3-fold increase in the maximum velocity, a 10-fold decrease of the Km, app. value for the donor and a 10-fold increase of the benzylpenicillin concentration required to inhibit the enzyme activity by 50% (ID50 value). Temperatures of -35 degrees C or below are required to completely inhibit the membrane-bound enzyme in the frozen state. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extracts the transpeptidase both from the isolated membranes and, with a much higher yield, from the intact mycelium. The extracted enzyme is not active in the frozen state, requires detergent for activity, has decreased Km, app. values for both donor and acceptor, exhibits the same sensitivity to benzylpenicillin and cephalosporin C as the membrane-bound transpeptidase (in liquid suspensions) and, like this latter enzyme, has no DD-carboxypeptidase activity. The detergent-extracted transpeptidase penetrates gels of Sephadex-100 and is not sedimented at 200 000 X g. [less ▲]

La paroi bactérienne

in Gasser, François (Ed.) Bactéries, bactériophages : cours de l'Institut Pasteur (1975)

Beta-lactamases (Actinomycetes species)

in Methods in Enzymology (1975), XLIII

Molecular weight, amino acid composition and physicochemical properties of the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R39

in Biochemical Journal (1974), 143(1), 233-240

The exocellular dd-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R39 was purified to protein homogeneity and in milligram amounts. The isolated enzyme consisted of one polypeptide chain of molecular ... [more ▼]

The exocellular dd-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R39 was purified to protein homogeneity and in milligram amounts. The isolated enzyme consisted of one polypeptide chain of molecular weight about 53300. Its amino acid composition and several physicochemical properties were determined and compared with those of the exo-cellular dd-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61. [less ▲]

Membrane-bound transpeptidase and penicillin binding sites in Streptomyces strain R61

in European Journal of Biochemistry (1974), 46(3), 515-523

High-affinity penicillin binding sites from which the antibiotic could not be removed by washings at 4°C in 0.017 M K2HPO4 or 0.05 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5, were shown to occur in the isolated membranes of ... [more ▼]

High-affinity penicillin binding sites from which the antibiotic could not be removed by washings at 4°C in 0.017 M K2HPO4 or 0.05 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5, were shown to occur in the isolated membranes of Streptomyces R61. These sites caused the attachment of 25 picomoles of [14C]benzylpenicillin per milligram membrane protein. Penicillins and cephalosporins competed for the same binding sites. The antibiotic concentrations which excluded [14C]benzylpenicillin from 50% of the binding sites were those which inhibited by 50% the membrane-bound transpeptidase. The same rate constant (about 1 × 10−4 s−1) for the dissociation of the benzylpenicillin membrane complex at 37°C and in 0.017 M K2HPO4, was calculated either from the release of the radioactivity (using [14C]benzylpenicillin) or from the recovery of the transpeptidase activity. These observations supported the conclusion that the high-affinity binding sites in the isolated membranes were the transpeptidase molecules. All the complexes formed between the membranes and the various penicillins and cephalosporins examined were reversible at 37°C and in 0.017 M K2HPO4 at least with regard to the transpeptidase. Depending upon the antibiotics, the rate constants for the dissociation of these complexes varied from 3.3 × 10−3 to 0.73 × 10−4 s−1. The radioactivity released through the dissociation of [14C]benzylpenicillin membrane complex occurred mainly in the form of a compound which behaved as [W]-benzylpenicilloic acid both by paper electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. It was impossible to choose between several possible mechanisms for the release of the antibiotic molecule. [less ▲]

Membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase and LD-transpeptidase of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790

in European Journal of Biochemistry (1974), 44(2), 459-468

Isolated membranes of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 exhibit DD-carboxypeptidase activity (standard reaction: Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala →d-alanine + Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala) and ld-trans-peptidase activity ... [more ▼]

Isolated membranes of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 exhibit DD-carboxypeptidase activity (standard reaction: Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala →d-alanine + Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala) and ld-trans-peptidase activity (standard reaction: Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala + acceptor →d-alanine + Ac2-l-Lys-acceptor). The DD-carboxypeptidase activity has a considerable specificity for peptides with a C-terminal l-R3-d-Ala-d-Ala sequence where R3 is an amino acid residue and a long side-chain at the l-R3 position. A corresponding DD-transpeptidation reaction yielding the product Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-[14C]Ala from the system Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala-f-d-[14C] alanine was not detected. The ld-transpeptidase activity has a considerable specificity for peptide donors that have an Nα-substituted, C-terminal l-R3-d-Ala sequence with a free ω-amino group at the end of a long side-chain at the l-R3 position, and a considerable specificity for amino group acceptors that are located on a d-carbon in α-position to a free carboxyl group. In the absence of acceptor, hydrolysis of the dipeptide Ac2-l-Lys-d-Ala (ld-carboxypeptidase activity) was not observed. Both DD-carboxypeptidase and ld-transpeptidase activities are inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics, but their relative sensitivity differs according to the particular antibiotic used. [less ▲]

The penicillin receptor in Streptomyces

in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1974), 235

Sensitivity to ampicillin and cephalothin of enzymes involved in wall peptide crosslinking in Escherichia coli K12, strain 44

in European Journal of Biochemistry (1974), 41(3), 457-463

After extraction of the membranes of Escherichia coli K12 strain 44 by Brij-36T, each of the four enzyme activities (natural transpeptidase, unnatural transpeptidase, carboxypeptidase and endopeptidase ... [more ▼]

After extraction of the membranes of Escherichia coli K12 strain 44 by Brij-36T, each of the four enzyme activities (natural transpeptidase, unnatural transpeptidase, carboxypeptidase and endopeptidase) of the wall peptide crosslinking system, occurs in two forms characterized by large differences in their sensitivity to ampicillin (but much smaller differences in their sensitivity to cephalothin). The fractionation of the enzyme activities into two groups of low and high sensitivity to ampicillin is achieved essentially by chromatography of the membrane extract on DEAE-cellulose. [less ▲]

The penicillin Target in Bacteria

in Spencer, B. (Ed.) Industrial Aspects of Biochemistry (FEBS Proceedings) (1974)

The bacterial target of beta-lactam antibiotics consists of a set of multiple, membrane-bound receptors. Some of them have been characterized as DD-carboxypeptidases. The DD-carboxypeptidases catalyse the ... [more ▼]

The bacterial target of beta-lactam antibiotics consists of a set of multiple, membrane-bound receptors. Some of them have been characterized as DD-carboxypeptidases. The DD-carboxypeptidases catalyse the opening of amide bonds and transfer the carbonyl carbon to an exogenous nucleophile, and are specifically designed to operate on the D-Ala-D-Ala linkageof L-R-D-Ala-D-Ala terminated peptides (where R is most often a diamino acid residue). The R61, R39 and several Bacilli DD-carboxypeptidases are known to be serine-enzymes and the G DD-carboxypeptidase has been characterized as a metallo (Zn ions) enzyme. Both the R61 and the G enzymes have been crystallized. In turn, the S. faecalis 43,000-Mr DD-carboxypeptidase, which is inhibited by low dose levels of pCMB, might be a thiol-enzyme. The goal pursued is the understanding of the mechanistic properties and functioning of the active centers of the DD-carboxypeptidases at the molecular and atomic levels. The research program involves 1) further characterization of the S. faecalis enzyme (which can be obtained in a water-soluble form); 2) isolation of various Streptomyces membrane-bound enzymes in a truly water-soluble form; 3) sequencing of the G and R61 enzymes; 4) the 2.8 A structure analysis of the G enzyme. (A similar study is conducted by Dr. J.R. Knox at the University of Connecticut, on the R61 enzyme, which enzyme is prepared and purified in this laboratory and then sent to Storrs); 5) conformational studies and quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR). Source du résumé : http://www.researchcrossroads.org/index.php?view=article&id=50%3Agrant-details&option=com_content&Itemid=64&grant_id=4296130 [less ▲]