A capillary action test for the investigation of adhesion in repair technologyCourard, Luc ; Degeimbre, Robert ![]() in Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering (2003), 30(6), 1101-1110 When repair material is laid down on a concrete substrate, the porosity of concrete allows it to penetrate the substrate, increasing the probability of physical interactions, and subsequently increasing ... [more ▼] When repair material is laid down on a concrete substrate, the porosity of concrete allows it to penetrate the substrate, increasing the probability of physical interactions, and subsequently increasing adhesion. Water absorption by immersion or usual capillary action tests do not provide enough information to understand what happens when contact occurs between the concrete substrate and the cement slurries used as a bonding layer. An adaptation of the capillary action test is presented; this is based on a continuous measurement of mass change of the sample. Major differences according to the type of surface preparation are pointed out: absorption rates as well as mass changes are greater for polished concrete substrates than for sandblasted ones. Centrifuged solutions of cement slurries modified with plasticizers and superplasticizers are used for water replacement in the adapted capillary action test. Results clearly show the influence of these admixtures: the greater the adhesion tension, the greater the wetting of the concrete substrate. Determination of these thermodynamic characteristics and performance of an adapted capillary action test provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of interface creation and promotion of adhesion. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 53 (2 ULg) Durability of mortars modified with metakaolinCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; et alin Cement & Concrete Research (2003), 33(9), 1473-1479 Results of an investigation to determine the effects of metakaolin additions on transport properties of mortars are reported. Comparisons are made to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to determine the ... [more ▼] Results of an investigation to determine the effects of metakaolin additions on transport properties of mortars are reported. Comparisons are made to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to determine the influence of addition and replacement percentage. Cement is replaced on a mass basis of 5-20% for metakaolin. A mixture with natural kaolin is also studied. The transport properties and chemical behaviors are analyzed by means of chloride diffusion tests and sulfate immersion. Obserdvations after more than 100 days are used to prescribe mixtures that reduce the rate of chloride diffusion and sulfate degradation. For metakaolin, the optimum seems to be between 10% and 15% with regard to inhibition effect on chloride diffusion and sulfate attack. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 80 (7 ULg) Surface analysis of mineral substrates for repair works: roughness evaluation by profilometry and surfometry analysisCourard, Luc ; in Magazine of Concrete Research (2003), 55(4), 355-366 Existing concrete surfaces need to be roughened to a profile necessary to achieve mechanical interlock with repair material. Surface mechanical morphometry is based on the measurement of surface profile ... [more ▼] Existing concrete surfaces need to be roughened to a profile necessary to achieve mechanical interlock with repair material. Surface mechanical morphometry is based on the measurement of surface profile - profilometry - which can be extended to 3D representation with surfometry by means of a stylus registering the profile. Profilometry and surfometry analysis enables the quantification of the profile by means of statistical and amplitude parameters lcalculated from the total profile of the surface (the waviness (lower frequencies) and roughness (higher frequencies) profiles). These parameters have been used to compare sandblasted and polished concrete surfaces. Arithmetic mean of the pro le and flatness coefficient are particularly discriminant. Bearing ratio and Abbott curve observations are also useful for clear and simple characterisation of surface profiles. Moreover, this investigation led to the calculation of the specific length of the profile and the Wenzel's coefficient. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 28 (3 ULg) Effects of environment on Repair Materials: Results of a Five-Year Research ProjectCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; Degeimbre, Robert et alin Sixth Canmet/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete (2003) Detailed reference viewed: 17 (8 ULg) Mise au point d’une procédure de caractérisation quantitative des surfaces démolies en béton en vue de travaux de réfection; ; Courard, Luc ![]() in Progression de la recherche québécoise sur les ouvrages d'art (2003) Cet article présente l’état d’avancement d’un projet visant le développement et la validation d’une technique permettant de caractériser de façon quantitative l’intégrité mécanique d’une surface en béton ... [more ▼] Cet article présente l’état d’avancement d’un projet visant le développement et la validation d’une technique permettant de caractériser de façon quantitative l’intégrité mécanique d’une surface en béton préparée (démolie) aux fins de travaux de réfections superficielles. Dans un premier temps, une étude de l’influence des variables de base (taille des pastilles métalliques, profondeur de forage, nature de l’adhésif, etc.) relatives à l’essai d’arrachement sur la cohésion du béton a été réalisée afin d’optimiser la procédure expérimentale. De plus, les performances comparatives de deux dispositifs d’essai disponibles commercialement ont été évaluées afin d’identifier l’appareil le mieux adapté (facilité et rapidité d’exécution, efficacité, reproductibilité, coût, etc.). Afin de valider le protocole expérimental retenu et d’évaluer quantitativement les effets du mode de démolition, des essais d’arrachement ont été réalisés en laboratoire sur une série d’éléments en béton dont la surface a été préparée au moyen de différentes méthodes de préparation, notamment le marteau pneumatique, la scarification, le jet de sable et le jet d’eau. Une technique de caractérisation quantitative de la rugosité de surface a également été élaborée. Sur la base de ces essais, il est possible d’établir l’influence du mode de démolition sur l’intégrité mécanique de la surface obtenue et d’émettre des recommandations préliminaires. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 11 (1 ULg) Energies libres de surface des solides et des liquides: une approche de la compréhension des phénomènes interfaciauxCourard, Luc ; Michel, Frédéric ![]() in Gagné, Richard (Ed.) Compte-rendu des Journées Scinetifiques du (RF)2B (2003) Les propriétés de surface des matériaux conditionnent leur aptitude au mélange et à la réalisation de composites incluant deux ou plusieurs types de milieux différents. A coté des liaisons chimiques ... [more ▼] Les propriétés de surface des matériaux conditionnent leur aptitude au mélange et à la réalisation de composites incluant deux ou plusieurs types de milieux différents. A coté des liaisons chimiques proprement dites et des aspects liés à l’interpénétration mécanique des matériaux, la thermodynamique des équilibres constitue une étape fondamentale pour comprendre les interactions potentielles au niveau de l’interface nouvellement créé. La loi de YOUNG-DUPRE, qui s’applique à l’équilibre entre une surface solide et un liquide, décrit les interactions qui se créent sur base des énergies libres des surfaces solides et liquides, de la tension interfaciale et de l’angle de contact solide - liquide. Les résultats présentés auront trait principalement au problème de la réparation des bétons et de la compatibilité des produits de réparation. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 5 (0 ULg) Recognition of Quality and Conformity of Concrete Repair Products and Protection Systems/ Belgian and European experiencesCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; Degeimbre, Robert et alin Vaysburd, Alex (Ed.) Bridging the Concrete Repair Industry into a New Era of Sustainable Development (2003) Recognition of product quality and conformity supposes the existence of two elements: a users’ requirements document and a certification system for product conformity with this document. The document is ... [more ▼] Recognition of product quality and conformity supposes the existence of two elements: a users’ requirements document and a certification system for product conformity with this document. The document is generally drawn up by a group representing all the interested parties (public and private users, producers, certification or monitoring bodies, testing laboratories, experts …). Depending on circumstances, the document appears as the norm approved in a certain country or as a normative document (approval guide, technical prescriptions,…) recognised by the various interested parties. The certification body is a public or private body which has the competence, independence and impartiality to certify that a duly identified product conforms to a normative document. The certification body works within a certification system that also includes inspection bodies and testing laboratories. In certain cases, the certification body is approved by a competent national authority. In Belgium, the Ministry of Communication and Infrastructures approves certification or inspection bodies and also testing laboratories for building activities. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 9 (0 ULg) Adhesion of Self-Compacting Concrete on Old Concrete StructuresCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; Degeimbre, Robert et alin Seidler, Peter (Ed.) Industrial Floors 03 (2003) The repair of concrete deck slabs or balcony needs a special composition of concrete, and self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is advantageously used for such repair operation. The rheology of the material is ... [more ▼] The repair of concrete deck slabs or balcony needs a special composition of concrete, and self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is advantageously used for such repair operation. The rheology of the material is of prime importance and needs to be adapted to ensure the penetration of SCC beneath the concrete plate structure as well as the adhesion to the old concrete substrate. Several materials have been used and characterised by means of a physical, chemical and mechanical test program. A test procedure is proposed to assess the efficiency and quality of the repair technique and material. Analysis of the interface between concrete substrate and SCC is given on the basis of a pull-off test and microscopical observations. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 32 (0 ULg) Hygro-thermal application conditions and adhesionCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; Degeimbre, Robert et alin Seidler, Peter (Ed.) Industrial Floors 03 (2003) Coatings are designed to protect concrete against environmental aggression. Water is one of the aggressive parameters able to deteriorate the concrete structure. The objectives of this paper are to ... [more ▼] Coatings are designed to protect concrete against environmental aggression. Water is one of the aggressive parameters able to deteriorate the concrete structure. The objectives of this paper are to present the effects of water (i) during application of coating on the concrete substrate and (ii) pull-off test. Semi-permanent moisty state produced by absorption from the uncoated face, total immersion or diffusion of water from the back face of the substrate are analysed. Water vapour diffusion and influence of hydrophobic treatment are also investigated. A classification based on increasing influence of the tests and application conditions on adhesion is proposed and clearly points out the negative effect of capillary action from the uncoated face. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 10 (0 ULg) Use of municipal solid waste incineration residues in the precasting of concrete pavingCourard, Luc ; Degeimbre, Robert ; Darimont, Anne et alin Materials and Structures (2002), 35(250), 365-372 Valorisation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues - excluding ashes - is a positive advance in sustainable development: saving natural resources, decrease in wastes volume stored, reduction of ... [more ▼] Valorisation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues - excluding ashes - is a positive advance in sustainable development: saving natural resources, decrease in wastes volume stored, reduction of energy consumption. If good conditions of incineration can be ensured and post-combustion treatments are realised, solid residues are in the form of granular materials usable in construction and civil engineering. Uses in road structures are classical; application for the precasting of paving is quite new and interesting due to the quantity of recycled materials. Mechanical and physical performances of municipal solid waste incineration residues let us to replace a part of the granular skeleton and to obtain similar behaviour as with reference granular composition: splitting resistance, water absorption and resistance to abrasion are optimised. Leaching behaviour is also verified in order to avoid detrimental effect on the environment; it is shown that post-combustion treatments and compacting energy combined with vibration are essential for a good quality product fabrication. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 39 (1 ULg) Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of concrete substrates and cement slurries modified with admixturesCourard, Luc ![]() in Materials and Structures (2002), 35(247), 149-155 The study of the creation and the stability of the interface between concrete substrates and repair systems needs the knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of materials. The measurement of the surface ... [more ▼] The study of the creation and the stability of the interface between concrete substrates and repair systems needs the knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of materials. The measurement of the surface free energies of liquids is realised by means of Wilhelmy plate method on reference liquid and repair products. In order to determine polar and dispersive components, it is necessary to measure the contact angle of these liquids and products on reference solid surfaces and on concrete, mortars and aggregates. Centrifuged solutions of repair product systems elements were prepared in order to measure surface free energies on pure liquids without solid particles in suspension. Evolution of properties versus time were also taken into account and analysed in comparison with well-known liquids and products. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 23 (1 ULg) Repairing Concrete with Self Compacting Concrete: Testing Methodology AssessmentCourard, Luc ; Darimont, Anne ; Degeimbre, Robert et alin Shah, S. P. (Ed.) Self-Consolidating Concrete (2002) The repair of concrete deck slabs or balcony needs a special composition of concrete and self-compacting concrete (SCS) is advantageously used for such repair operation in comparison with patch repair or ... [more ▼] The repair of concrete deck slabs or balcony needs a special composition of concrete and self-compacting concrete (SCS) is advantageously used for such repair operation in comparison with patch repair or gunite. Two compositions of concrete (classical and SCC concretes) and two repair mortars are tested according to a new testing procedure. The penetration of SCC beneath the concrete plate structure but also the adhesion to the old concrete substrate are analysed. The rheology of the material is measured by means of usual tests and rheometer. The different materials have been characterised through physical, chemical and mechanical test program. Two types of applications (vertical and horizontal) are presented and commented. Analysis of the interface between concrete substrate and SCC is given on the base of pull-off test and microscopical observations. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 136 (1 ULg) Environmental evaluation of materials and buildings processes : application of the life cycle analysis to the construction of an industrial hallCourard, Luc ; ; in Materials and Structures (2001), 34 Methodologies based on Life Cycle Assesment (L.C.A) give the opportunity to realise a global and complete evaluation of the environmental effects of products from their production to their use and ... [more ▼] Methodologies based on Life Cycle Assesment (L.C.A) give the opportunity to realise a global and complete evaluation of the environmental effects of products from their production to their use and elimination (from craddle to grave); methods used for analysis are internationally wellknown and standardised. These methods are rarely used in construction materials area, although materials flows and energy consumption are important and constructions have a long way of life. A calculation methodology, based on ecofactors/ecopoints, has been used for the analysis of industrial hall made of concrete, steel, or concrete/wood structure; materials but also construction process are compared at the point of view of their environmental impact. This analysis completes the technical and economical approaches for the construction owner and designer and gives a global view of the interaction between construction and civil engineering, and environment. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 39 (4 ULg) Parametric Study for the Creation of the Interface between Concrete and Repair ProductsCourard, Luc ![]() in Materials and Structures (2000), 33 An analysis as large as possible presents factors acting when a repair system comes into contact with a concrete support. The appetency of the first one for the second is defined from the properties of ... [more ▼] An analysis as large as possible presents factors acting when a repair system comes into contact with a concrete support. The appetency of the first one for the second is defined from the properties of the support and the new layer – essentially in its liquid phase – as well as from the environmental conditions. These properties are cited or explained for each material: roughness, porosity, superficial cohesion and interstitial water into concrete, nature and concentration of the binder, rigidity modulus, capillary succion for repair systems. The thermodynamic properties of the materials as well as transport mechanisms – diffusion, capillary succion – at the interface and roughness of the concrete support are particularly developed. A sequential flow sheet related to the parameters influencing the creation of the interface is proposed. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 15 (1 ULg) Settlements in landfills and geomembranes induced strainsCourard, Luc ![]() in Cancelli, Andrea (Ed.) Proceedings of the European Society of Geosynthetics (2000) Detailed reference viewed: 12 (0 ULg) Effects of sunshine/rain cycles on the behaviour of repairing systemsCourard, Luc ; Degeimbre, Robert ; Darimont, Anne et alin Ohama, Y.; Puterman, M. (Eds.) Adhesion between polymers and concrete (1999) Detailed reference viewed: 10 (2 ULg) Certification des soudeurs de géomembranes : expérience en BelgiqueCourard, Luc ; in Girard, H.; Gourc, Jean-Pierre (Eds.) Compye-rendu des rencontres 97 (1999) Detailed reference viewed: 3 (0 ULg) Analyse de l'effet de tassements sur le comportement d'une géomembrane en PEHDCourard, Luc ; in Girard, H.; Gourc, Jean-Pierre (Eds.) Compte-rendu des rencontres 97 (1999) Detailed reference viewed: 14 (0 ULg) How to analyse thermodynamic properties of solids and liquids in relation with adhesion?Courard, Luc ![]() in Ohama, Yoshihiko; Puterman, Moshe (Eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International RILEM Symposium ISAP 99 (1999) Detailed reference viewed: 11 (0 ULg) Contribution à l’analyse des paramètres influençant la création de l’interface entre un béton et un système de réparation. Appétence et adhérence : cause et effet d’une liaisonCourard, Luc ![]() Doctoral thesis (1998) Consacrer son temps à étudier le matériau "béton", voilà qui peut paraître anachronique, voire désuet : en effet, un matériau vieux de plus d'un siècle (sinon de plusieurs siècles si on pense aux Romains ... [more ▼] Consacrer son temps à étudier le matériau "béton", voilà qui peut paraître anachronique, voire désuet : en effet, un matériau vieux de plus d'un siècle (sinon de plusieurs siècles si on pense aux Romains), que les ingénieurs utilisent, calculent, mettent en œuvre, coulent, coffrent et ferraillent à longueur de journée, peut-il encore livrer des secrets que nous ne connaissons pas ? La réponse est à la fois oui et non. Non, parce qu'il est clair que nous pouvons donner sans hésiter la résistance en compression, en traction ou le retrait d'un béton de composition donnée. Oui, parce qu'il est beaucoup plus compliqué d'expliquer la cohésion, l'hydratation ou de chiffrer la perméabilité et la durabilité d'un béton. Ce dernier point est essentiel car il ne faut pas oublier que ce qui fait la force du béton, outre son prix, c'est qu'il est un matériau durable. Durable, mais non intemporel : d'autant que les agressions deviennent plus importantes et concentrées, qu'elles trouvent sans cesse de nouvelles formes et de nouveaux moyens de transport. Le béton n'est pas immuable et indestructible : il vit et par conséquent il faut le protéger, le soigner, le rénover comme toute "chose" vivante. La philosophie générale de la réparation des ouvrages d'art ainsi que les principaux produits sont définis et décrits dans un premier chapitre. Le deuxième chapitre tente d'appliquer les théories de l'adhésion au problèmes particuliers des liants hydrauliques et des supports poreux et rugueux. La notion de cohésion est évoquée dans le troisième chapitre, dans la mesure où elle constitue pour nous un processus tout à fait similaire à celui observé dans le cadre restreint de la réparation des bétons par des produits à base de liants hydrauliques. Nous avons réalisé dans le quatrième chapitre l'exercice qui consistait de la façon la plus exhaustive possible à dresser la liste et à classer par catégories l'ensemble des facteurs liés au support, à la couche d'apport et à l'environnement, et qui agissent sur la qualité du lien créé entre le support en béton et le système de réparation. L'étude de l'interaction du support en béton avec un produit de réparation nécessite bien entendu une connaissance approfondie des propriétés mécaniques, physiques et chimiques des matériaux en présence, ce qui a fait l'objet du cinquième chapitre. Le sixième chapitre a, quant à lui, été consacré à la mesure des propriétés d'adhérence et à la description au microscope des différentes interfaces observées. Trois paramètres réputés fondamentaux ont été étudiés, dans le but de quantifier leur effet sur l'adhésion et surtout d'analyser leur synergie éventuelle : la préparation de surface, qui définit la rugosité du support et est à la base du mécanisme d'interpénétration (septième chapitre); les propriétés thermodynamiques des phases liquides et solides en présence qui régissent la création et la stabilité de l'interface (huitième chapitre); les phénomènes de transfert à l'interface, en particulier par absorption capillaire et par diffusion, qui contribuent à la qualité et la durabilité des liaisons établies (neuvième chapitre). Pour terminer, les conclusions résument l'ensemble des résultats, avant de lancer quelques pistes pour des travaux de recherche à venir. L'observation est à la base de toute science : nous avons essayé d'adopter la démarche du naturaliste qui analyse, décrit, représente l'objet de son observation sans interférer, ou à tout le moins en tentant de le faire, sur les phénomènes observés. C'est une façon de travailler peu aisée pour un ingénieur qui, par sa formation, est plus orienté vers l'utilisation de lois ou de modèles et donc la prévision de comportements "a priori" plutôt que l'observation "a posteriori". Mais c'est aussi ce qui a fait le principal intérêt de ce travail. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 102 (4 ULg) |
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