%PDF-1.5
%
1 0 obj
<<
/Metadata 2 0 R
/Names 3 0 R
/Outlines 4 0 R
/PageLabels 5 0 R
/PageMode /UseOutlines
/Pages 6 0 R
/Threads [7 0 R]
/Type /Catalog
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/CreationDate (D:20150824140327+05'30')
/Creator (Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W)
/ModDate (D:20150831041251-07'00')
/Producer (Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 \(Windows\))
/Title (Rooting the tree of life: the phylogenetic jury is still out.)
/Author (Gouy, R., Baurain, D., Philippe, H.)
/Subject (This article aims to shed light on difficulties in rooting the tree of life \(ToL\) and to explore the \(sociological\) reasons underlying the limited interest in accurately addressing this fundamental issue. First, we briefly review the difficulties plaguing phylogenetic inference and the ways to improve the modelling of the substitution process, which is highly heterogeneous, both across sites and over time. We further observe that enriched taxon samplings, better gene samplings and clever data removal strategies have led to numerous revisions of the ToL, and that these improved shallow phylogenies nearly always relocate simple organisms higher in the ToL provided that long-branch attraction artefacts are kept at bay. Then, we note that, despite the flood of genomic data available since 2000, there has been a surprisingly low interest in inferring the root of the ToL. Furthermore, the rare studies dealing with this question were almost always based on methods dating from the 1990s that have been shown to be inaccurate for much more shallow issues! This leads us to argue that the current consensus about a bacterial root for the ToL can be traced back to the prejudice of Aristotle's Great Chain of Beings, in which simple organisms are ancestors of more complex life forms. Finally, we demonstrate that even the best models cannot yet handle the complexity of the evolutionary process encountered both at shallow depth, when the outgroup is too distant, and at the level of the inter-domain relationships. Altogether, we conclude that the commonly accepted bacterial root is still unproven and that the root of the ToL should be revisited using phylogenomic supermatrices to ensure that new evidence for eukaryogenesis, such as the recently described Lokiarcheota, is interpreted in a sound phylogenetic framework.)
/Keywords (Great Chain of Beings prejudice; model of evolution; simplification; systematic error; tree reconstruction artefact)
/Journal (Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences)
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 9 0 R
/Subtype /XML
/Type /Metadata
>>
stream
Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows)
Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.520/W
2015-08-31T04:12:51-07:00
2015-08-24T14:03:27+05:30
2015-08-31T04:12:51-07:00
uuid:fbf9bc19-5142-48e9-98e5-8ffd18bd2cc9
uuid:6d78d2bb-1dd2-11b2-0a00-17f638edf0ff
application/pdf
untitled
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Dests 10 0 R
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/Count 13
/First 11 0 R
/Last 11 0 R
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Nums [0 12 0 R]
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Count 12
/Kids [13 0 R 14 0 R]
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/F 15 0 R
/I 16 0 R
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
1490
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/Kids [17 0 R 18 0 R]
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/Count 12
/Dest (head1)
/First 19 0 R
/Last 20 0 R
/Parent 4 0 R
/Title (Rooting the tree of life: the phylogenetic jury is still out)
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/S /D
>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Count 10
/Kids [21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<<
/Count 2
/Kids [31 0 R 32 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<<
/N 33 0 R
/P 21 0 R
/R [40 729 191 801]
/T 7 0 R
/V 34 0 R
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Title (maintxt)
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/Limits [(bmk_RSTB20140329C1) (bmk_RSTB20140329C67)]
/Names [(bmk_RSTB20140329C1) 35 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C10) 36 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C11) 37 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C12) 38 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C13) 39 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C14) 40 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C15) 41 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C16) 42 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C17) 43 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C18) 44 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C19) 45 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C2) 46 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C20) 47 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C21) 48 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C22) 49 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C23) 50 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C24) 51 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C25) 52 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C26) 53 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C27) 54 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C28) 55 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C29) 56 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C3) 57 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C30) 58 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C31) 59 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C32) 60 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C33) 61 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C34) 62 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C35) 63 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C36) 64 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C37) 65 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C38) 66 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C39) 67 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C4) 68 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C40) 69 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C41) 70 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C42) 71 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C43) 72 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C44) 73 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C45) 74 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C46) 75 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C47) 76 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C48) 77 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C49) 78 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C5) 79 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C50) 80 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C51) 81 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C52) 82 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C53) 83 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C54) 84 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C55) 85 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C56) 86 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C57) 87 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C58) 88 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C59) 89 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C6) 90 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C60) 91 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C61) 92 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C62) 93 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C63) 94 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C64) 95 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C65) 96 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C66) 97 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C67) 98 0 R]
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<<
/Limits [(bmk_RSTB20140329C68) (head9)]
/Names [(bmk_RSTB20140329C68) 99 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C69) 100 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C7) 101 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C70) 102 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C71) 103 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C72) 104 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C73) 105 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C74) 106 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C75) 107 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C76) 108 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C77) 109 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C78) 110 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C79) 111 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C8) 112 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C80) 113 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C81) 114 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C82) 115 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C83) 116 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C84) 117 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C85) 118 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C86) 119 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C87) 120 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C88) 121 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C89) 122 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C9) 123 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329C90) 124 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C91) 125 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329C92) 126 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329F1) 127 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329F2) 128 0 R
(bmk_RSTB20140329F3) 129 0 R (bmk_RSTB20140329TB1) 130 0 R (bmk_s1) 131 0 R (bmk_s2) 132 0 R (bmk_s3) 133 0 R
(bmk_s4) 134 0 R (bmk_s5) 135 0 R (bmk_s6) 136 0 R (bmk_s7) 137 0 R (bmk_s8) 138 0 R
(bmk_s9) 139 0 R (head1) 140 0 R (head10) 141 0 R (head11) 142 0 R (head12) 143 0 R
(head13) 144 0 R (head2) 145 0 R (head3) 146 0 R (head4) 147 0 R (head5) 148 0 R
(head6) 149 0 R (head7) 150 0 R (head8) 151 0 R (head9) 152 0 R]
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/Dest (head2)
/Next 153 0 R
/Parent 11 0 R
/Title (Introduction)
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/Dest (head13)
/Parent 11 0 R
/Prev 154 0 R
/Title (References)
>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<<
/Annots [155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R]
/B [15 0 R 33 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R]
/Contents 161 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 162 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 163 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<<
/Annots [164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R
174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R
184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R]
/B [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R]
/Contents 197 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 198 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 199 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<<
/Annots [200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R]
/B [203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R]
/Contents 206 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 207 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 208 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<<
/Annots [209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R
219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R 228 0 R
229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R
239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R]
/B [242 0 R 243 0 R]
/Contents 244 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 245 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 246 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<<
/Annots [247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R
257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R
267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R]
/B [274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R]
/Contents 277 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 278 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 279 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<<
/Annots [280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R]
/B [284 0 R 285 0 R]
/Contents 286 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 287 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 288 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<<
/Annots [289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R
299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R]
/B [305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R]
/Contents 308 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 309 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 310 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<<
/Annots [311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R]
/B [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R]
/Contents 320 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 321 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 322 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<<
/Annots [323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R
333 0 R 334 0 R]
/B [335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R]
/Contents 338 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 339 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 340 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<<
/Annots [341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R
351 0 R 352 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R 358 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R
361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R 364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R 367 0 R 368 0 R 369 0 R 370 0 R
371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R 374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R
381 0 R 382 0 R 383 0 R 384 0 R 385 0 R 386 0 R 387 0 R 388 0 R 389 0 R 390 0 R
391 0 R 392 0 R 393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R]
/B [398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R]
/Contents 404 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 13 0 R
/Resources 405 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 406 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<<
/Annots [407 0 R 408 0 R 409 0 R 410 0 R 411 0 R 412 0 R 413 0 R 414 0 R 415 0 R 416 0 R
417 0 R 418 0 R 419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R 426 0 R
427 0 R 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R 434 0 R 435 0 R 436 0 R
437 0 R 438 0 R 439 0 R 440 0 R 441 0 R 442 0 R 443 0 R 444 0 R 445 0 R 446 0 R
447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R 452 0 R 453 0 R 454 0 R 455 0 R 456 0 R
457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R]
/B [463 0 R 464 0 R 465 0 R]
/Contents 466 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 14 0 R
/Resources 467 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 468 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<<
/Annots [469 0 R 470 0 R 471 0 R 472 0 R 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R 476 0 R 477 0 R 478 0 R
479 0 R 480 0 R]
/B [481 0 R 482 0 R 483 0 R 484 0 R 34 0 R]
/Contents 485 0 R
/CropBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.2760009766 841.8900146484]
/Parent 14 0 R
/Resources 486 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Thumb 487 0 R
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<<
/N 158 0 R
/P 21 0 R
/R [40 311 191 711]
/T 7 0 R
/V 15 0 R
>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<<
/N 15 0 R
/P 32 0 R
/R [40 652 556 670]
/T 7 0 R
/V 484 0 R
>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 653 212 624]
>>
endobj
36 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 161 212 132]
>>
endobj
37 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 113 212 84]
>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 653 387 624]
>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 605 387 576]
>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 557 387 528]
>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 509 387 480]
>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 437 387 408]
>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 389 387 360]
>>
endobj
44 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 341 387 312]
>>
endobj
45 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 293 387 264]
>>
endobj
46 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 617 212 588]
>>
endobj
47 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 269 387 240]
>>
endobj
48 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 197 387 168]
>>
endobj
49 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 149 387 120]
>>
endobj
50 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 209 89 387 60]
>>
endobj
51 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 629 562 600]
>>
endobj
52 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 581 562 552]
>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 521 562 492]
>>
endobj
54 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 461 562 432]
>>
endobj
55 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 425 562 396]
>>
endobj
56 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 389 562 360]
>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 569 212 540]
>>
endobj
58 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 329 562 300]
>>
endobj
59 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 293 562 264]
>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 245 562 216]
>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 209 562 180]
>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 161 562 132]
>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 384 125 562 96]
>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 814 212 785]
>>
endobj
65 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 766 212 737]
>>
endobj
66 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 718 212 689]
>>
endobj
67 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 682 212 653]
>>
endobj
68 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 521 212 492]
>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 622 212 593]
>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 586 212 557]
>>
endobj
71 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 550 212 521]
>>
endobj
72 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 502 212 473]
>>
endobj
73 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 454 212 425]
>>
endobj
74 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 418 212 389]
>>
endobj
75 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 358 212 329]
>>
endobj
76 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 298 212 269]
>>
endobj
77 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 250 212 221]
>>
endobj
78 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 214 212 185]
>>
endobj
79 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 461 212 432]
>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 142 212 113]
>>
endobj
81 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 35 94 212 65]
>>
endobj
82 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 814 387 785]
>>
endobj
83 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 766 387 737]
>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 706 387 677]
>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 658 387 629]
>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 598 387 569]
>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 550 387 521]
>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 490 387 461]
>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 430 387 401]
>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 425 212 396]
>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 382 387 353]
>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 322 387 293]
>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 274 387 245]
>>
endobj
94 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 238 387 209]
>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 190 387 161]
>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 142 387 113]
>>
endobj
97 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 209 82 387 53]
>>
endobj
98 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 790 562 761]
>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 742 562 713]
>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 682 562 653]
>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 365 212 336]
>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 646 562 617]
>>
endobj
103 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 598 562 569]
>>
endobj
104 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 574 562 545]
>>
endobj
105 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 514 562 485]
>>
endobj
106 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 478 562 449]
>>
endobj
107 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 454 562 425]
>>
endobj
108 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 430 562 401]
>>
endobj
109 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 382 562 353]
>>
endobj
110 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 346 562 317]
>>
endobj
111 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 310 562 281]
>>
endobj
112 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 293 212 264]
>>
endobj
113 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 262 562 233]
>>
endobj
114 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 214 562 185]
>>
endobj
115 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 166 562 137]
>>
endobj
116 0 obj
<<
/D [31 0 R /FitR 384 106 562 77]
>>
endobj
117 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 35 814 212 785]
>>
endobj
118 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 35 766 212 737]
>>
endobj
119 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 35 718 212 689]
>>
endobj
120 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 209 814 387 785]
>>
endobj
121 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 209 778 387 749]
>>
endobj
122 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 209 718 387 689]
>>
endobj
123 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 221 212 192]
>>
endobj
124 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 384 814 562 785]
>>
endobj
125 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 384 778 562 749]
>>
endobj
126 0 obj
<<
/D [32 0 R /FitR 384 730 562 701]
>>
endobj
127 0 obj
<<
/D [23 0 R /FitR 35 808 562 207]
>>
endobj
128 0 obj
<<
/D [27 0 R /FitR 35 808 562 508]
>>
endobj
129 0 obj
<<
/D [28 0 R /FitR 35 808 562 328]
>>
endobj
130 0 obj
<<
/D [26 0 R /FitR 35 808 562 446]
>>
endobj
131 0 obj
<<
/D [21 0 R /FitR 233 314 562 279]
>>
endobj
132 0 obj
<<
/D [22 0 R /FitR 304 757 562 722]
>>
endobj
133 0 obj
<<
/D [23 0 R /FitR 304 134 562 99]
>>
endobj
134 0 obj
<<
/D [24 0 R /FitR 304 236 562 201]
>>
endobj
135 0 obj
<<
/D [25 0 R /FitR 35 541 292 506]
>>
endobj
136 0 obj
<<
/D [26 0 R /FitR 35 446 292 411]
>>
endobj
137 0 obj
<<
/D [27 0 R /FitR 304 421 562 386]
>>
endobj
138 0 obj
<<
/D [28 0 R /FitR 304 265 562 230]
>>
endobj
139 0 obj
<<
/D [29 0 R /FitR 304 815 562 780]
>>
endobj
140 0 obj
<<
/D [21 0 R /FitR 0 842 596 0]
>>
endobj
141 0 obj
<<
/D [29 0 R /FitR 304 810 562 789]
>>
endobj
142 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 304 767 562 753]
>>
endobj
143 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 304 755 562 741]
>>
endobj
144 0 obj
<<
/D [30 0 R /FitR 35 680 562 659]
>>
endobj
145 0 obj
<<
/D [21 0 R /FitR 233 308 562 288]
>>
endobj
146 0 obj
<<
/D [22 0 R /FitR 304 751 562 731]
>>
endobj
147 0 obj
<<
/D [23 0 R /FitR 304 128 562 107]
>>
endobj
148 0 obj
<<
/D [24 0 R /FitR 304 230 562 209]
>>
endobj
149 0 obj
<<
/D [25 0 R /FitR 35 535 292 515]
>>
endobj
150 0 obj
<<
/D [26 0 R /FitR 35 440 292 419]
>>
endobj
151 0 obj
<<
/D [27 0 R /FitR 304 415 562 395]
>>
endobj
152 0 obj
<<
/D [28 0 R /FitR 304 259 562 239]
>>
endobj
153 0 obj
<<
/Dest (head3)
/Next 488 0 R
/Parent 11 0 R
/Prev 19 0 R
/Title (The complexity of the evolutionary process makes phylogenetic inference difficult)
>>
endobj
154 0 obj
<<
/Dest (head12)
/Next 20 0 R
/Parent 11 0 R
/Prev 489 0 R
/Title (Funding)
>>
endobj
155 0 obj
<<
/A 490 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/Rect [151.483001709 661.9460449219 188.5040130615 707.9810180664]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
156 0 obj
<<
/A 491 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/Rect [67.3509979248 325.2470092773 176.9389953613 335.2820129395]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
157 0 obj
<<
/A 492 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/Rect [226.2359924316 827 358.0679931641 837]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
158 0 obj
<<
/N 159 0 R
/P 21 0 R
/R [40 36 191 118]
/T 7 0 R
/V 33 0 R
>>
endobj
159 0 obj
<<
/N 160 0 R
/P 21 0 R
/R [238 323 556 819]
/T 7 0 R
/V 158 0 R
>>
endobj
160 0 obj
<<
/N 194 0 R
/P 21 0 R
/R [238 70 556 303]
/T 7 0 R
/V 159 0 R
>>
endobj
161 0 obj
<<
/Filter /FlateDecode
/Length 493 0 R
>>
stream
HWێ}ﯨGRUʀ,[a
Vezfiz0`k'.=xm4]*3#22s3';Mw.0ySj]ru7f1Nw?"& MS0RC5c곌/q|n-и[KnlhDC_~nσnŤ2HՓÇiL\Nʻf1%2g~C4@.]b:O)-a7"覡A>l~iMpؽ O/)el^G'&-DX3-(Opo
)?nNrSCy8`E֩SH96eQk=ǸD
͚xk%18\b39n}SPR̞tm(0\ޢ\yQ
F.OaYrQp@пe{jPZ&L:e9ScMrb{ : _21vk
8P TJʤյdYlUh3w!~ӆ,J.1W%u֊|Jpґ(8G`1#VN"X>'.NPAQw$5|aI5@&CNuIkfg2De1N1Z|ah0`F/%}N\t4uquAJnP
abL,`{hN'ۊHcEı"ZqSiS*b-CCz(zȟM9Rdn泽.oz]&4u.ne8;K"+MK;R^!-{]t"ɖx[->u*H WBwJ?*l(u++ ǑvLdrA\
ZR/f1P#-H cxvة۳}lfouQ)ߛHeaxmDJ
IF8"yVObhC(tvlAV:5BWsiO4bc_I:jh ;=(ը'Q
0w,4|&e#ִ_|ƿNzډi㫌DYn1ƶhaM
)E:k"nk"DU5a(Vt2vcy(qVD⣓C67b,!ROoע*q1
sLE *'%>T]fv=0WtkRWT\*S>?YOԷBZڦilM8Ѩ<